U23CS302-Object Oriented Programming using JAVA UNIT – V

FILES AND JAVA NETWORKING

Working With Files: InputStream, OutputStream, Reader, Writer - Creating, deleting,
and inspecting file properties - Reading from and writing to text files - Renaming,
moving, and copying files using Files class - EOF Detection - Updating a File - Command
Line Arguments Handling
Networking with Java: TCP Sockets - Using ‘ServerSocket’ and ‘Socket’ classes - UDP
Sockets - Using ‘DatagramSocket’ and ‘DatagramPacket’ - Networking Utilities - Using
‘InetAddress’ class

: INPUT / OUTPUT BASICS

Java I/O (Input and Output) is used to process the input and produce the output.

 Java uses the concept of stream to make I/O operation fast.

 These streams support all the types of objects, data-types, characters, files etc to fully
execute the I/O operations.
 The [Link] package contains all the classes required for input and output
operations.

 Java Input
There are several ways to get input from the user in Java. To get input by using
Scanner object, import Scanner class using:
import [Link];
Then, we will create an object of Scanner class which will be used to get input from the user.
Scanner input = new Scanner ([Link]);
int number = [Link](); Example : Get Integer Input From the User
import [Link];
class Input{
public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner input =newScanner ([Link]); [Link]
("Enter an integer: "); int number =[Link] ();
[Link] ("You entered”+ number);
}
}

Output
Enter an integer: 23
You entered 23
Java Output
Simply use [Link](), [Link]() or [Link]() to send output to
standard output (screen).system is a class and out is a public static field which accepts
output data.

Example to output a line:

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class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
[Link]("Java programming is interesting.");
}
}
Output:
Java programming is interesting.

What's the difference between println (), print () and printf ()?
 print () - prints string inside the quotes.
 println () - prints string inside the quotes similar like print() method. Then the cursor
moves to the beginning of the next line.
 printf () - it provides string formatting.

4.1.1: STREAMS

A Stream is a sequence of data or it is an abstraction that either produces or consumes

information. In other simple words it is a flow of data from which you can read or write
data to it. It’s called a stream because it's like a stream of water that continues to flow.

 PREDEFINED STREAMS:
In java, 3 streams are created for us automatically. All these streams are attached with console.

1) [Link]: This is used to feed the data to user's program and usually a keyboard is used as
standard input stream and represented as [Link]. – It is an object of type InputStream.

2) [Link]: This is used to output the data produced by the user's program and usually a
computer screen is used to standard output stream and represented as [Link]. - It is an object
of type PrintStream

3) [Link]: This is used to output the error data produced by the user's program and usually
a computer screen is used to standard error stream and represented as [Link]. - It is an object
of type PrintStream

 TYPES OF STREAMS:

1. Byte Stream – Byte Streams provide a convenient means of handling input and output
in terms of bytes. Byte streams are used when reading or writing binary data.
2. Character Stream – Character streams provide a convenient means of handling input or output

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in terms of characters. In some cases, character streams are more efficient than byte streams.

Some important Byte stream classes:

Stream class Description

BufferedInputStream Used for Buffered Input Stream.
BufferedOutputStream Used for Buffered Output Stream.
DataInputStream Contains method for reading java standard datatype
An output stream that contain method for writing java standard data
DataOutputStream type
FileInputStream Input stream that reads from a file
FileOutputStream Output stream that write to a file.
InputStream Abstract class that describe stream input.
OutputStream Abstract class that describe stream output.
PrintStream Output Stream that contain print() and println() method

Some important Charcter stream classes.

Stream class Description
BufferedReader Handles buffered input stream.
BufferedWriter Handles buffered output stream.
FileReader Input stream that reads from file.
FileWriter Output stream that writes to file.
InputStreamReader Input stream that translate byte to character
OutputStreamReader Output stream that translate character to byte.
PrintWriter Output Stream that contain print() and println() method.
Reader Abstract class that define character stream input
Writer Abstract class that define character stream output

INPUTSTREAM AND OUTPUTSTREAMS:

 OutputStream
Java application uses an output stream to write data to a destination, it may be a file, an array,
peripheral device or socket.

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InputStream
Java application uses an input stream to read data from a source, it may be a file, an array,
peripheral device or socket.

Working of Java OutputStream and InputStream by the figure given below.

OutputStream class

OutputStream class is an abstract class. It is the superclass of all classes representing an output
stream of bytes. An output stream accepts output bytes and sends them to some sink.

Commonly used methods of OutputStream class

Method Description
1) public void write(int)throws IOException is used to write a byte to the current output
stream.
2) public void write(byte[])throws IOException is used to write an array of byte to the
current output stream.
3) public void flush()throws IOException flushes the current output stream.

4) public void close()throws IOException is used to close the current output stream.

Working of Java OutputStream and InputStream by the figure given below.

OutputStream class

OutputStream class is an abstract class. It is the superclass of all classes representing an output
stream of bytes. An output stream accepts output bytes and sends them to some sink.

Commonly used methods of OutputStream class

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Method Description
1. public void write(int)throws IOException is used to write a byte to the current output
stream.
2. public void write(byte[])throws IOException is used to write an array of byte to the
current output stream.
3. public void flush()throws IOException flushes the current output stream.

4. public void close()throws IOException is used to close the current output stream.

InputStream class
InputStream class is an abstract class. It is the superclass of all classes representing
an input stream of bytes.
Commonly used methods of InputStream class

Method Description
1) public abstract int read() throws IOException reads the next byte of data from the input
[Link] returns -1 at the end of file.
2) public int available() throws IOException returns an estimate of the number of bytes
that can be read from the current input stream.

3) public void close()throws IOException is used to close the current input stream.

1. FileInputStream and FileOutputStream (File Handling):

In Java, FileInputStream and FileOutputStream classes are used to read and write data in file. In
another words, they are used for file handling in java.

 FileOutputStream class
Java FileOutputStream is an output stream for writing data to a file.
If you have to write primitive values then use FileOutputStream. Instead, for character-oriented
data, prefer FileWriter. But you can write byte-oriented as well as character-oriented data.

Method Description
protected void finalize() It is used to clean up the connection with the file output stream.

void write(byte[] ary) It is used to write [Link] bytes from the byte array to the file
output stream.
void write(byte[] ary, int off, It is used to write len bytes from the byte array starting at offset off to
int len) the file output stream.
void write(int b) It is used to write the specified byte to the file output stream.

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void close() It is used to closes the file output stream.

Example of Java FileOutputStream class

1. import [Link].*;
2. class Test{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. FileOutputstream fout=new FileOutputStream("[Link]");
6. String s="java is my favourite language";
7. byte b[]=[Link]();//converting string into byte array
8. [Link](b);
9. [Link]();
10. [Link]("success...");
11. }catch(Exception e){[Link](e);}
12. }
13. }

Output: success...
 FileInputStream class
Java FileInputStream class obtains input bytes from a [Link] is used for reading streams of raw
bytes such as image data. For reading streams of characters, consider using FileReader.
It should be used to read byte-oriented data for example to read image, audio, video etc

.
Method Description
int available() It is used to return the estimated number of bytes that can
be read from the input stream.
int read() It is used to read the byte of data from the input stream.
int read(byte[] b) It is used to read up to [Link] bytes of data from the
input stream.
int read(byte[] b, int off, It is used to read up to len bytes of data from the input
int len) stream.
long skip(long x) It is used to skip over and discards x bytes of data from the
input stream.
protected void finalize() It is used to ensure that the close method is call when
there is no more reference to the file input stream.
void close() It is used to closes the stream.

Example of FileInputStream class

1. import [Link].*;
2. class SimpleRead{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("[Link]");
6. int i=0;
7. while((i=[Link]())!=-1){
8. [Link]((char)i);

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9. }
10. [Link]();
11. }catch(Exception e){[Link](e);}
12. }
13. }

Output: java is my favourite language

2. BufferedOutputStream and BufferedInputStream

 BufferedOutputStream class
Java BufferedOutputStream class uses an internal buffer to store data. It adds more efficiency
than to write data directly into a stream. So, it makes the performance fast.

Constructor Description
BufferedOutputStream(Output It creates the new buffered output stream which is used for
Stream os) writing the data to the specified output stream.
BufferedOutputStream(Output It creates the new buffered output stream which is used for
Stream os, int size) writing the data to the specified output stream with a specified
buffer size.

Method Description
void write(int b) It writes the specified byte to the buffered output stream.
void write(byte[] b, int off, int It write the bytes from the specified byte-input stream into a
len) specified byte array, starting with the given offset
void flush() It flushes the buffered output stream.

Example of BufferedOutputStream class:

In this example, we are writing the textual information in the BufferedOutputStream object
which is connected to the FileOutputStream object. The flush() flushes the data of one stream
and send it into another. It is required if you have connected the one stream with another.

1. import [Link].*;
2. class Test{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4. FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("[Link]");
5. BufferedOutputStream bout=new BufferedOutputStream(fout);
6. String s="Java is my favourite language";
7. byte b[]=[Link]();
8. [Link](b);
9. [Link]();
10. [Link]();
11. [Link]();
12. [Link]("success");
13. }
14. }
Output: success...

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Constructor Description
BufferedInputStream(InputStream It creates the BufferedInputStream and saves it argument,
IS) the input stream IS, for later use.
BufferedInputStream(InputStream It creates the BufferedInputStream with a specified buffer
IS, int size) size and saves it argument, the input stream IS, for later
use.

 BufferedInputStream class
Java BufferedInputStream class is used to read information from stream. It internally uses
buffer mechanism to make the performance fast.

Method Description
int available() It returns an estimate number of bytes that can be read from the input
stream without blocking by the next invocation method for the input
stream.

int read() It read the next byte of data from the input stream.
int read(byte[] b, int off, int It read the bytes from the specified byte-input stream into a specified
ln) byte array, starting with the given offset.
void close() It closes the input stream and releases any of the system resources
associated with the stream.
void reset() It repositions the stream at a position the mark method was last called
on this input stream.
void mark(int readlimit) It sees the general contract of the mark method for the input stream.

long skip(long x) It skips over and discards x bytes of data from the input stream.

boolean markSupported() It tests for the input stream to support the mark and reset methods.

1. import [Link].*;
2. class SimpleRead{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("[Link]");
6. BufferedInputStream bin=new BufferedInputStream(fin);
7. int i;
8. while((i=[Link]())!=-1){
9. [Link]((char)i);
10. }
11. [Link]();
12. [Link]();

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13. }catch(Exception e){[Link](e);}

14. }
15. }

Output: Java is my favorite language

3. DataInputStream and DataOutputStream:

 DataInputStream class
DataInputStream class allows the programmer to read primitive data from the input source.

Example of Java BufferedInputStream

Method Description
int read(byte[] b) It is used to read the number of bytes from the input stream.

int readInt() It is used to read input bytes and return an int value.
byte readByte() It is used to read and return the one input byte.
char readChar() It is used to read two input bytes and returns a char value.
double readDouble() It is used to read eight input bytes and returns a double value.

boolean readBoolean() It is used to read one input byte and return true if byte is non zero,
false if byte is zero.
int skipBytes(int x) It is used to skip over x bytes of data from the input stream.

void readFully(byte[] b) It is used to read bytes from the input stream and store them into the
buffer array.
void readFully(byte[] b, int off, It is used to read len bytes from the input stream.
int len)

 DataOutputStream class
The DataOutputStream stream let you write the primitives to an output source. Example:
Following is the example to demonstrate DataInputStream and DataInputStream. This example
reads 5 lines given in a file [Link] and converts those lines into capital letters and finally copies
them into another file [Link].

Method Description
int size() It is used to return the number of bytes written to the data output
stream.
void write(int b) It is used to write the specified byte to the underlying output
stream.
void writeChar(int v) It is used to write char to the output stream as a 2-byte value.

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void writeChars(String s) It is used to write string to the output stream as a

sequence of characters.

void writeByte(int v) It is used to write a byte to the output stream as a 1-byte value.

void writeBytes(String s) It is used to write string to the output stream as a sequence of

bytes.
void writeInt(int v) It is used to write an int to the output stream
void writeShort(int v) It is used to write a short to the output stream.
void writeShort(int v) It is used to write a short to the output stream.
void writeLong(long v) It is used to write a long to the output stream.
void flush() It is used to flushes the data output stream.

[Link]
this is test 1 , this is test 2 , this is test 3 , this is test 4 , this is test 5 ,

[Link]
import [Link].*;
public class Test{
public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{
DataInputStream d = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream("[Link]")); DataOutputStream
out = new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("[Link]")); String count;
while((count = [Link]()) != null){ String u = [Link](); [Link](u);
[Link](u + " ,");}
[Link]();
[Link]();
}}

Output:
THIS IS TEST 1 , THIS IS TEST 2 , THIS IS TEST 3 , THIS IS TEST 4 , THIS IS TEST 5 ,

4. PrintStream
The PrintStream class provides methods to write data to another stream. The PrintStream class
automatically flushes the data so there is no need to call flush() method. Moreover, its methods
don't throw IOException.

Commonly used methods of PrintStream class:

There are many methods in PrintStream class. Let's see commonly used methods of
PrintStream class:
 public void print(boolean b): it prints the specified boolean value.
 public void print(char c): it prints the specified char value.
 public void print(char[] c): it prints the specified character array values.
 public void print(int i): it prints the specified int value.
 public void print(long l): it prints the specified long value.
 public void print(float f): it prints the specified float value.
 public void print(double d): it prints the specified double value.
 public void print(String s): it prints the specified string value.
 public void print(Object obj): it prints the specified object value.

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 public void println(boolean b): it prints the specified boolean value and terminates the
line.
 public void println(char c): it prints the specified char value and terminates the line.
 public void println(char[] c): it prints the specified character array values and terminates the
line.
 public void println(int i): it prints the specified int value and terminates the
line.
 public void println(long l): it prints the specified long value and terminates the line.
 public void println(float f): it prints the specified float value and terminates the
line.
 public void println(double d): it prints the specified double value and terminates the
line.
 public void println(String s): it prints the specified string value and terminates the line./li>
 public void println(Object obj): it prints the specified object value and
terminates the line.
 public void println(): it terminates the line only.
 public void printf(Object format, Object... args): it writes the formatted string to the
current stream.
 public void printf(Locale l, Object format, Object... args): it writes the formatted
string to the current stream.
 public void format(Object format, Object... args): it writes the formatted string
to the current stream using specified format.
 public void format(Locale l, Object format, Object... args): it writes the formatted
string to the current stream using specified format.

Example of [Link] class:

In this example, we are simply printing integer and string values.

1. import [Link].*;
2. class PrintStreamTest{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4. FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("[Link]");
5. PrintStream pout=new PrintStream(fout);
6. [Link](1900);
7. [Link]("Hello Java");
8. [Link]("Welcome to Java");
9. [Link]();
10. [Link]();
11. }
12. }

Example of printf() method of [Link] class:

Example of printing integer value by format specifier:
1. class PrintStreamTest{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a=10;
4. [Link]("%d",a);//Note, out is the object of PrintStream class
5. }
6. } Output:10
 CHARACTER STREAMS (READER & WRITER):
Java IO's Reader and Writer work much like the InputStream and OutputStream with the
exception that Reader and Writer are character based. They are intended for reading and writing
text. The InputStream and OutputStream are byte based.

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Reader class:
The [Link] class is a abstract class for writing to character streams.

Methods defined by Reader class:

Writer class:
The [Link] class is a abstract class for writing to character streams
Methods defined by Writer class:

Method Description
This methodappends the specified
Writer append(char ch) character to this writer.
This methodappends the specified
Writer append(CharSequence chars) character sequence to this writer.
Writer append(CharSequence chars, int begin, This methodappends the specified
int end) character sequence to this writer.
This method loses the stream, flushing it first.
abstract void close()
abstract void flush() This method flushes the stream.
void write(int ch) This method writes a single character.
void write(char buffer[]) This method writes an array of characters.

1. Java FileWriter and FileReader (File Handling in java)

Java FileWriter and FileReader classes are used to write and read data from text files. These are
character-oriented classes, used for file handling in java.
Java has suggested not to use the FileInputStream and FileOutputStream classes if you have to
read and write the textual information.

Java FileWriter class

Java FileWriter class is used to write character-oriented data to the file. Constructors of
FileWriter class

Constructor Description
FileWriter(String file) creates a new file. It gets file name in string.
FileWriter(File file) creates a new file. It gets file name in File object.

Methods of FileWriter class

Method Description

1) public void write(String text) writes the string into FileWriter.

2) public void write(char c) writes the char into FileWriter.

3) public void write(char[] c) writes char array into FileWriter.

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4) public void flush() flushes the data of FileWriter.

5) public void close() closes FileWriter.

 Java FileReader class

Java FileReader class is used to read data from the file. It returns data in byte format like
FileInputStream class.

Constructors of FileWriter class

Constructor Description
FileReader(String file) It gets filename in string. It opens the given file in read mode. If file
doesn't exist, it throws FileNotFoundException.
FileReader(File file) It gets filename in file instance. It opens the given file in read mode.
If file doesn't exist, it throws FileNotFoundException.

Methods of FileReader class

Method Description
public int read() returns a character in ASCII form. It returns -1 at the end of file.
public void close() closes FileReader.

2. BufferedReader and BufferedWriter classes:

 BufferedWriter class:
This can be used for writing character data to the file.

Constructors
BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(writer w) BufferedWriter bw = new
BufferedWriter(writer r, int size)
BufferedWriter never communicates directly with the file. It should be communicate through
some writer object only.

Important methods of BufferedWriter Class

void write(int ch) thorows IOException void write(String s) throws IOException void
write(char[] ch) throws IOException
void newLine() for inserting a new line character. void flush()
void close()

 BufferedReader
BufferedReader class can read character data from the file.

Constructors
1. BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(Reader r)
2. BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(Reader r, int buffersize)
3. BufferedReader never communicates directly with the file. It should Communicate through
some reader object only.

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Important methods of BufferedReader Class

1. int read()
2. int read(char [] ch)
3. String readLine(); - Reads the next line present in the file. If there is no nextline this method
returns null.
4. void close()

Example for Java FileWriter and FileReader , BufferedReader and BufferedWriter

classes:
import [Link].*;
class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
FileWriter fw=new FileWriter("d:/archana/[Link]"); BufferedWriter bw = new
BufferedWriter(fw); [Link](" Java");
[Link]();
[Link]();
FileReader fr=new FileReader("d:/archana/[Link]"); BufferedReader br = new
BufferedReader(fr);
int i;
while((i=[Link]())!=-1) [Link]((char)i); [Link]();
[Link]();
}catch(Exception e){[Link](e);} [Link]("success");
} } Output Java success

3. InputStreamReader and OutputStreamWriter classes:

OutputStreamWriter
OutputStreamWriter behaves as a bridge to transfer data from character stream to byte stream. It
uses default charset or we can specify charset for change in character stream to byte
stream.

Constructors
1. OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream out)
2. OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream out, Charset cs)
3. OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream out, CharsetEncoder enc)
4. OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream out, String charsetName)

Important methods of OutputStreamWriter

1. void close()
2. void flush()
3. String getEncoding()
4. void write(int c)
5. void write(String str, int off, int len)

[Link]

import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class OutputStreamWriterDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {

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String str = "Hello World! \nThis is OutputStreamWriter Code Example.”

BufferedWriter bw = null;
try {
Writer w = new OutputStreamWriter([Link]);
bw = new BufferedWriter(w);
[Link](str);
} catch (IOException e) {
[Link]();
}finally {
try {
[Link]();
} catch (IOException ex) {
[Link]();
}
}
}
}

Output
Hello World!
This is OutputStreamWriter Code Example.

 InputStreamReader
InputStreamReader behaves as bridge from bytes stream to character stream. It also uses charset
to decode byte stream into character stream.

Constructors
1. InputStreamReader(InputStream in_strm)
2. InputStreamReader(InputStream in_strm, Charset cs)
3. InputStreamReader(InputStream in_strm, CharsetDecoder dec)
4. InputStreamReader(InputStream in_strm, String charsetName)

Important methods of InputStreamReader

1. public boolean ready() – tells whether the character stream is ready to be read or not.
2. public void close() – closes InputStreamReader and releases all the Streams associated
with it.
3. public int read() – returns single character after reading.
4. public String getEncoding() – returns the name of the character encoding being used by this
stream.

[Link] import [Link]; import [Link];

import [Link];
public class InputStreamReaderDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader([Link]); BufferedReader br = new
BufferedReader(isr);
int a=0;
int b=0;
try {
[Link]("Enter a number.."); a = [Link]([Link]());
[Link]("Enter another number.."); b = [Link]([Link]());
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
[Link]();
} catch (IOException e) {

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[Link]();
}
[Link]("you entered "+a+" and "+b); }}

Output
Enter a number..
10
Enter another number..
14
you entered 10 and 14
4. PrintWriter Class
The [Link] class prints formatted representations of objects to a text- output
stream.
 PrintWriter defines several constructors. The one we will use is shown here:
PrintWriter(OutputStream outputStream, boolean flushOnNewline)
Here, outputStream is an object of type OutputStream, and flushOnNewline controls whether
Java flushes the output stream every time a newline ('\\n') character is output. If flushOnNewline
is true, flushing automatically takes place. If false, flushing is not automatic.
 PrintWriter supports the print( ) and println( ) methods for all types including Object.
Thus, you can use these methods in the same way as they have been used with [Link]. If
an argument is not a simple type, the PrintWriter methods call the object's toString( )
method and then print the result.
 To write to the console by using a PrintWriter, specify [Link] for the output stream
and flush the stream after each newline. For example, this line of code creates a PrintWriter
that is connected to console output:
PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter([Link], true);

The following application illustrates using a PrintWriter to handle console output:

// Demonstrate PrintWriter
import [Link].*;
public class PrintWriterDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter([Link], true);
[Link]("This is a string");
int i = -7; [Link](i); double d = 4.5e-7; [Link](d); } }
The output from this program is shown here:
This is a string
-7
4.5E-7

4.2: READING AND WRITING CONSOLE

3 Ways to read input from console in Java
1. Using Buffered Reader Class
Advantages
The input is buffered for efficient reading. Drawback:
The wrapping code is hard to remember.
2. Using Scanner Class
Advantages:
 Convenient methods for parsing primitives (nextInt(), nextFloat(), …) from the
tokenized input.
 Regular expressions can be used to find tokens. Drawback:
The reading methods are not synchronized
3. Using Console Class
Advantages:

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 Reading password without echoing the entered characters.

 Reading methods are synchronized.
 Format string syntax can be used. Drawback:
Does not work in non-interactive environment (such as in an IDE).
Java Console Class

The Java Console class is be used to get input from console. It provides methods to read texts
and passwords.
If you read password using Console class, it will not be displayed to the user. The
[Link] class is attached with system console internally.

Let's see a simple example to read text from console.

1. String text=[Link]().readLine();
2. [Link]("Text is: "+text);

Java Console class declaration

public final class Console extends Object implements Flushable

Java Console class methods

Method Description
It is used to retrieve the reader object associated with the
Reader reader() console

It is used to read a single line of text from the console.

String readLine()

String readLine(String fmt, Object... It provides a formatted prompt then reads the single line of
args) text from the console.

It is used to read password that is not being displayed on the

char[] readPassword() console.

char[] readPassword(String fmt, It provides a formatted prompt then reads the password that
Object... args) is not being displayed on the console.

Console format(String fmt, Object... It is used to write a formatted string to the console output
args) stream.

Console printf(String format, Object... It is used to write a string to the console output stream.
args)

It is used to retrieve the PrintWriter object associated with

PrintWriter writer() the console.

void flush() It is used to flushes the console.

How to get the object of Console

System class provides a static method console() that returns the singleton instance of
Console class.
public static Console console(){}

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Let's see the code to get the instance of Console class.

Console c=[Link]();

Java Console Example

1. import [Link];
2. class ReadStringTest{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. Console c=[Link]();
5. [Link]("Enter your name: ");
6. String n=[Link]();
7. [Link]("Welcome "+n);
8. }
9. }

Output

Enter your name: abcd

Welcome abcd

Java Console Example to read password

1. import [Link];
2. class ReadPasswordTest{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. Console c=[Link]();
5. [Link]("Enter password: ");
6. char[] ch=[Link]();
7. String pass=[Link](ch);//converting char array into string
8. [Link]("Password is: "+pass);
9. }
10. }

Output

Enter password: Password is: 123

4.3: READING AND WRITING FILES

What is File Handling in Java?

 File handling in Java implies reading from and writing data to a file.
 The File class from the [Link] package, allows us to work with different formats of files.
 In order to use the File class, you need to create an object of the class and specify the
filename or directory name.

For example:
1)import [Link] // Import the File class
2)File obj = new File("[Link]"); // Specify the filename
3)
4)

Java uses the concept of a stream to make I/O operations on a file.

The File class has many useful methods for creating and getting information about files.
For example:

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Method Type Description

canRead() Boolean Tests whether the file is readable or not

canWrite() Boolean Tests whether the file is writable or not

createNewFile() Boolean Creates an empty file

delete() Boolean Deletes a file

exists() Boolean Tests whether the file exists

getName() String Returns the name of the file

getAbsolutePath() String Returns the absolute pathname of the file

length() Long Returns the size of the file in bytes

list() String[] Returns an array of the files in the directory

mkdir() Boolean Creates a directory

 File Operations in Java

Basically, you can perform four operations on a file. They are as follows:
1) Create a File
2) Get File Information
3) Write To a File
4) Read from a File

1) Create a File
To create a file in Java, you can use the createNewFile() method. This method returns a boolean
value: true if the file was successfully created, and false if the file already exists.

Example:
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class CreateFile {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
File myObj = new File("[Link]");
if ([Link]()) {
[Link]("File created: " + [Link]());
} else {
[Link]("File already exists.");
}
} catch (IOException e) { [Link]("An error occurred."); [Link]();
}
}
}

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The output will be:

File created: [Link]

2) Write To a File
In the following example, we use the FileWriter class together with its write() method to write
some text to the file we created in the example above. Note that when we are done writing to the
file, we should close it with the close() method:
Example:
import [Link]; // Import the FileWriter class
import [Link]; // Import the IOException class to handle errors public class
WriteToFile {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
FileWriter myWriter = new FileWriter("[Link]"); [Link]("Files in Java might be
tricky, but it is fun enough!"); [Link]();

[Link]("Successfully wrote to the file.");

} catch (IOException e) { [Link]("An error occurred.");
[Link]();
}
}
}
Output:
Successfully wrote to the file.

3) Read a File
In the following example, we use the Scanner class to read the contents of the text file we
created in the previous example:
Example:
import [Link]; // Import the File class
import [Link]; // Import this class to handle errors import
[Link]; // Import the Scanner class to read text files

public class ReadFile {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
File myObj = new File("[Link]"); Scanner myReader = new Scanner(myObj); while
([Link]()) {
String data = [Link]();
[Link](data);
}
[Link]();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) { [Link]("An error occurred.");
[Link]();
}}}
Output:
Files in Java might be tricky, but it is fun enough!

4) Get File Information

To get more information about a file, use any of the File methods:
Example:

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import [Link]; // Import the File class public class GetFileInfo {

public static void main(String[] args) { File myObj = new File("[Link]"); if
([Link]()) {
[Link]("File name: " + [Link]()); [Link]("Absolute path: " +
[Link]()); [Link]("Writeable: " + [Link]());
[Link]("Readable " + [Link]()); [Link]("File size in bytes " +
[Link]());
}
else
{
[Link]("The file does not exist.");
}
}
}
Output:
File name: [Link]
Absolute path: C:\Users\MyName\[Link]
Writeable: true
Readable: true
File size in bytes: 0

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