Fluid Mechanics: Viscosity and Motion Calculations
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Powered by AIThe rate of descent \( v \) of a solid circular cylinder inside a vertical smooth pipe can be derived based on the balance of forces. The gravitational force is countered by the viscous resistance due to the thin film of oil. The derived formula is \( v = \frac{W}{\mu \pi d l} \log \left(\frac{D}{d}\right) \) where \( W \) is the weight of the cylinder, \( \mu \) is the viscosity, \( d \) the diameter of the cylinder, \( l \) its length, and \( D \) the internal diameter of the pipe. Substituting \( W = 20 \) N, \( \mu = 0.35 \) Ns/m², \( d = 0.1 \) m, \( l = 0.2 \) m, and \( D = 0.1005 \) m, results in a rate of descent of approximately \( 0.065 \) m/s .
The capillary rise \( h \) of water between two vertical glass plates is determined by the balance between surface tension force and gravitational force. The formula \( h = \frac{2\sigma \cos \theta}{\rho g t} \) can be used, where \( \sigma \) is the surface tension, \( \theta \) is the contact angle, \( \rho \) is the fluid density, \( g \) is the gravitational acceleration, and \( t \) is the gap between the plates. For water with \( \sigma = 0.073 \) N/m, \( \theta = 0° \), \( \rho = 1000 \) kg/m³, \( g = 9.81 \) m/s², and \( t = 0.0005 \) m, the rise \( h \) is calculated to be approximately \( 0.0299 \) m .
The viscosity \( \mu \) of a fluid can be determined using a rotating disc viscometer by measuring the torque required to maintain a constant angular velocity. Assuming a linear velocity profile, the viscous torque \( T \) on the disc is \( T = 2\pi R^2 h \mu \Omega \), where \( R \) is the disc radius, \( h \) is the gap height, \( \mu \) is fluid viscosity, and \( \Omega \) is angular velocity. Rearranging gives \( \mu = \frac{T}{2\pi R^2 h \Omega} \). For a numerical case with \( R = 0.05 \) m, \( h = 0.001 \) m, \( T = 0.537 \) Nm, and \( \Omega = 900 \times 2\pi / 60 \) rad/s, the fluid viscosity is approximately \( 0.35 \) Ns/m² .
To calculate the terminal speed of a rectangular block sliding down a 30° inclined plane on a film of oil, use the balance between gravitational force component along the plane and the viscous force due to oil. The gravitational force component along the incline is given by \( F_g = W \sin \theta \) where \( W \) is the weight of the block. The viscous force \( F_v \) is given by \( F_v = \mu \cdot A \cdot (v/h) \) where \( \mu \) is the oil's viscosity, \( A \) is the contact area, \( v \) is velocity, and \( h \) is the oil film thickness. Setting these equal gives \( W \sin \theta = \mu \cdot A \cdot (v/h) \). Solving for the terminal velocity \( v \), with \( W = 200 \) N, \( \mu = 0.5 \) Ns/m², \( A = 0.2 \times 0.3 \) m², and \( h = 0.5 \) mm, yields \( v = 1.2 \) m/s .