MODULE 3

RECOGNIZING SAFETY HAZARDS AND

APPLICATION OF APPROPRIATE
SAFETY RULES AND CONTROL
MEASURES
Engr. Mark Anthony C. Conde
Accredited OSH Consultant – DOLE (OSHC)
Objective of Module 3:
Students will be able to
recognize safety hazards and
corresponding applicable basic
safety rules and control
measures
Basic Safety Rules and Measure for
workplace hazards

Topics:
Workplace Housekeeping
Machine Safety
Electrical Safety
Fire Safety
Chemical Safety
WORKPLACE HOUSEKEEPING
 What is the purpose of workplace
housekeeping?
Poor housekeeping can be a cause of incidents, such as:
• tripping over loose objects on floors, stairs and platforms
• being hit by falling objects
• slipping on greasy, wet or dirty surfaces
• striking against projecting, poorly stacked items or misplaced
material
• cutting, puncturing, or tearing the skin of hands or other parts of the
body on projecting nails, wire or steel strapping
 5s Principles in Housekeeping

• 5S is a tool that represents the basic principles of housekeeping

and workplace organization. It is more than cleaning and painting. It
is a disciplined approach to keep the workplace efficient and
effective.
• 5S practice is a technique used to establish and maintain Safe and
Quality environment in an organization.
• 5S stands for five Japanese words.
JAPANESE ENGLISH FILIPINO

SEIRI SORT SURIIN

• TAKE OUT
UNNECESSARY
ITEMS AND DISPOSE
PROPERLY.
JAPANESE ENGLISH FILIPINO

SEITON SEGREGATE SINUPIN

• ARRANGE NECESSARY
ITEMS IN GOOD
ORDER FOR USE.
SEITON (SYSTEMATIZE)
 SEIRI SEITON
Constantly Needed Put closest to you

Needed Occasionally Needed Put a little further

Seldom Needed Put in storage

Sort
No Potential Use Recycle/ dispose

Not Needed With Potential Use Find use/post

Requires special Arrange proper

disposal disposal
JAPANESE ENGLISH FILIPINO

SEISO SANITIZE SIMUTIN

• CLEAN YOUR
WORKPLACE.
JAPANESE ENGLISH FILIPINO

SEIKETSU STANDARDIZE SIGURUHIN ANG

KALINISAN

• MAINTAIN HIGH
STANDARD OF
HOUSEKEEPING.
JAPANESE ENGLISH FILIPINO
SELF- SARILING-
SHITSUKE
DISCIPLINE KUSA

• DO THINGS
SPONTANEOUSLY
WITHOUT BEING TOLD
OR ORDERED.
5s Principles in Housekeeping
JAPANESE ENGLISH TAGALOG

SEIRI SORT SURIIN

SEITON SYSTEMATIZE/ SET IN SINUPIN

ORDER
SEISO SWEEP SIMUTIN

SEIKETSU STANDARDIZE SIGURUHIN

SHITSUKE SELF-DISCIPLINE SARILING-KUSA

 FOR A 5S & HOUSEKEEPINMG
PROGRAM TO BE EFFECTIVE
You need:

o Choose a reliable, engaged and committed team.

o Measure, audit and act.
o A two-day 5S training workshop is a good way to begin the implementation.
o The 30 seconds test.
o Encourage people – award system.
 POINTS ON SAFETY STORAGE OF MATERIALS

1. Materials that can react

with each other should be
stored in separate areas.

2. Storage areas should be

well ventilated and lighted.
 POINTS ON SAFETY STORAGE
OF MATERIALS
3. In storage areas of flammable
materials, explosion proof
lighting fixtures and switches
to be used. Non-spark tools
should also be used.
POINTS ON SAFETY STORAGE
OF MATERIALS

4. Fire extinguishers should

be sufficient for the amount
and the type of materials in
the storage area.

- Fire Extinguishers should be

accessible.
POINTS ON SAFETY STORAGE
OF MATERIALS
5. Adequate spacing for access
(at least 4 feet of space from any structure or shelf)
 POINTS ON SAFETY STORAGE
OF MATERIALS

6. Compressed gas (high-

pressure) tanks and cylinders
should be stored in upright
position and should be secured
with ropes, slings or chain to a
rigid structure.
 POINTS ON SAFETY STORAGE
OF MATERIALS

7. No open flame work near the storage of combustible and

flammable materials. Hot work permit is mandatory should
welding is extremely necessary.
SAFE METHOD OF MANUAL
LIFTING OF MATERIALS
 Manual Handling

• is the of lifting, transporting and

packaging of products using own
physical strength.
• Hand operated handling, transporting
and packaging of products.
 Reducing or eliminating manual handling
risks
• change the task.
• change the object.
• change the workspace change the environmental conditions.
• use mechanical aids.
• change the nature of the work.
• offer proper training.
 Preventing Injuries from Manual handling

▪ Assess the weight. Make sure you can lift the load without over-
exertion.
▪ Do not lift objects beyond your physical strength. Get help.
▪ Use mechanical aid such as trolleys, pushcarts, hoists or
conveyors if available.
▪ Push rather than pull.
▪ Prepare for the lift by warming up the muscles.
 Preventing Injuries from Manual handling

• Use the muscle power of the legs, not the back when lifting. Stand
over the object and bend your knees.
• Keep your back comfortably straight.
• Hold the object securely and check for slipping.
• Make sure you can see over the object while carrying it.
• Avoid sudden movements or jerking.
• Avoid twisting and bending to the side while lifting.
• Do not bend over when setting a load down.

26
 LIFTING COMPARISON

Wrong Way Right Way

 HUMAN BODY ANATOMY

Meet you body

Your Back WEAK

Protect it

Your Legs STRONG

Use their power to lift

correctly…. And safely
MECHANICAL SAFETY
MECHANICAL SAFETY

WHAT IS WRONG
WITH THIS
EQUIPMENT?
 MECHANICAL SAFETY

THE PRINCIPLE

A good rule to remember is:

• Any machine part, function, or process which
may cause injury must be safeguarded.

Where the operation of a machine can injure the

operator or other workers, the hazard must be
controlled or eliminated.
MECHANICAL SAFETY
MECHANICAL SAFETY
 MECHANICAL SAFETY

USUAL REASONS FOR MACHINERY INCIDENTS

• Bypassing protocols, procedures and safeguards

• Not using Lockout/Tagout
• Unauthorized person doing maintenance or using the
machines
• Missing or loose machine guards
• Lack of training
 MECHANICAL SAFETY

"Lockout/tagout" refers to
specific practices and
procedures to safeguard
employees from the
unexpected energization or
startup of machinery and
equipment, or the release
of hazardous energy
during service or
maintenance activities.
 MECHANICAL SAFETY

3 Basic Areas To Be Safeguarded

• Point of Operation
• Power Transmission Apparatus
• Other Moving Parts
 Point of Operation

That point where

work is performed on
the material, such as
cutting, shaping,
boring, or forming of
stock must be
guarded.
Point of Operation
Rotating Parts
In-Running Nip Points
Rotating Belt and
cylinders pulley

Chain and Rack and

sprocket pinion
In-Running Nip Points
 MECHANICAL SAFETY

Hazard Identification

• Motions • Actions
– Rotating – Cutting
(including in- – Punching
running nip points) – Shearing
– Transverse
– Bending
– Reciprocating
 MECHANICAL SAFETY
Guards: physical barriers that enclose dangerous machine
parts and prevent employee contact

Devices: Controls or attachments that, when properly

designed, applied and used, usually prevent inadvertent
access by employees to hazardous machine areas.

Location/distance: may involve an operator holding and

supporting a work-piece with both hands at a
predetermined minimum safe distance or, if both hands
cannot be used to hold the work-piece at a distance so
that the operator cannot reach the hazard with the free
hand.
#1 Fixed Guard
Provides a barrier - a permanent part of the
machine, preferable to all other types of guards.
MECHANICAL SAFETY
GUARDS
Interlocked Guard
When this type of guard is opened or removed, the
tripping mechanism and/or power automatically
shuts off or disengages, and the machine cannot
cycle or be started until the guard is back in place.

Interlocked
guard on
revolving drum
 Adjustable Guard

Provides a barrier
which may be
adjusted to
Bandsaw blade
facilitate a variety
adjustable guard
of production
operations.
Self-Adjusting Guard
Provides a barrier which moves according to
the size of the stock entering the danger area.

Circular table saw

self-adjusting guard
 #2 Pullback Device

 Utilizes a series of cables

attached to the operator’s hands,
wrists, and/or arms
 Primarily used on machines with
stroking action
 Allows access to the point of
operation when the slide/ram is
up
 Withdraws hands when the
slide/ram begins to descend
Pullback Device (cont’d)

 Hands in die, feeding  Die closed

 Point of operation exposed  Hands withdrawn from point
of operation by pullback
 Pullback device attached
device
and properly adjusted
Restraint Device
 Uses cables or straps
attached to the operator’s
hands and a fixed point
 Must be adjusted to let the
operator’s hands travel
within a predetermined safe
area
 Hand-feeding tools are often
necessary if the operation
involves placing material
into the danger area
Safety Tripwire Cables

 Device located around

the perimeter of or
near the danger area
 Operator must be able
to reach the cable to
stop the machine
Two-Hand Control
 Requires constant,
concurrent pressure to
activate the machine
 The operator’s hands are
required to be at a safe
location (on control
buttons) and at a safe
distance from the danger
area while the machine
completes its closing cycle
Gate
 Movable barrier device which protects the operator at the point of
operation before the machine cycle can be started
 If the gate does not fully close, machine will not function

Gate Open Gate Closed

#3 Safeguarding by Location/Distance

 Locate the machine or

its dangerous moving
parts so that they are
not accessible or do not
present a hazard to a
worker during normal
operation
 Maintain a safe distance
from the danger area
#4 Automatic Feed (shown on power press)

Transparent
Enclosure
Guard

Stock Feed
Roll

Danger
Area

Completed Work
Robots
 Machines that load and
unload stock, assemble
parts, transfer objects,
or perform other tasks
 Best used in high-
production processes
requiring repeated
routines where they
prevent other hazards
to employees
Protective Shields
These do not give complete protection from machine
hazards, but do provide some protection from flying
particles, splashing cutting oils, or coolants.
 Holding Tools

Used to place and

remove stock in the
danger area
Not to be used instead of
other machine
safeguards, but as a
supplement
Machine Safety Responsibilities
 Management
 ensure all machinery is properly guarded
 Supervisors
 train employees on specific guard rules in their areas
 ensure machine guards remain in place and are functional
 immediately correct machine guard deficiencies
 Employees
 do not remove guards unless machine is locked and tagged
 report machine guard problems to supervisors immediately
 do not operate equipment unless guards are in place
Training
Operators should receive training on the
following:
 Hazards associated with particular machines
 How the safeguards provide protection and the hazards for
which they are intended
 How and why to use the safeguards
 How and when safeguards can be removed and by whom
 What to do if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or unable
to provide adequate protection
Summary

Safeguards are essential for

protecting workers from needless and
preventable machinery-related
injuries
The point of operation, as well as all
parts of the machine that move while
the machine is working, must be
safeguarded
A good rule to remember is:
Any machine part, function,
or process which may
cause injury must be
safeguarded
Electricity
- Electricity is the set of physical phenomena
associated with the presence and flow of
electric charge.

- Electrons

- Protons
Electricity
Voltage – force or measure of electrical
potential

Current – flow of electrically charged

particles

Resistance – property to resist the

current/flow of particles
- Insulator

- Conductor
Effects of Fault Current to People
0.7 mA Perception current –women
1.1 mA Perception current – Men
5.0 mA Trip level established by UL (Underwriter’s Laboratory)
10 mA Lowest current that can cause death
10.5 mA Let-go Current –Women
16.0 mA Let-go current –Men
50-150 mA Electrocution level- Adults
150-4300 mA Ventricular Fibrillation
10,000 mA Cardiac arrest, Severe burns
 Factors affecting degree of electrocution

[Link] amount of current.

2. Direction of current through the body
Damp
3. Environmental conditions affecting or dry?
body’s contact resistance.

4. Duration of the contact (time).

Critical path
is the chest
cavity

Bare foot or w/ shoes? With Mat

insulator or direct to ground?
Electrical Injuries
There are four main types of electrical injuries:
 Direct:
➢ Electrocution or death due to electrical shock
➢ Electrical shock
➢ Burns
 Indirect - Falls
Burns
 Most common shock-
related injury
 Occurs when you touch
electrical wiring or
equipment that is
improperly used or
maintained
 Typically occurs on hands
 Very serious injury that
needs immediate attention

[Link] - The Unofficial Guide To the OSHA 77

Falls
 Electric shock can also
cause indirect injuries

 Workers in elevated
locations who experience
a shock may fall,
resulting in serious injury
or death
 Electrical Hazards and How to
Control Them
Electrical accidents are
caused by the combination
of these three factors:
 Unsafe equipment and/or
installation,
 Workplaces made unsafe
by the environment, and
 Unsafe work practices.
Hazard – Exposed Electrical Parts

Detached cover from mounting

Control – Isolate Electrical Parts

 Use guards or
barriers

 Replace covers

Guard live parts of electric

equipment operating at 50 volts or
more against accidental contact
Control – Isolate Electrical Parts -
Cabinets, Boxes & Fittings

Conductors going into them must be protected, and

unused openings must be closed
 Control – Close Openings
 Junction boxes, pull
boxes and fittings must
have approved covers
 Unused openings in
cabinets, boxes and
fittings must be closed
(no missing knockouts)

83
 Hazard – Overloaded Circuits
Hazards may result from:

 Too many devices plugged into a circuit,

causing heated wires and possibly a fire

 Damaged tools overheating

 Lack of overcurrent protection

 Wire insulation melting, which may cause arcing

and a fire in the area where the overload exists,
even inside a wall

[Link] - The Unofficial Guide To the OSHA 84

Circuit Breaker
Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist

[Link] - The Unofficial Guide To the OSHA 86

Avoid octopus connection
 Safety-Related Work Practices
To protect workers from electrical shock:

 Use barriers and guards to prevent passage

through areas of exposed energized
equipment

 Pre-plan work, post hazard warnings and use

protective measures

 Keep working spaces and walkways clear of

cords
88
Preventing Electrical Hazards -
Planning
 Plan your work with
others
 Plan to avoid falls
 Plan to lock-out and tag-
out equipment
 Remove jewelry
 Avoid wet conditions and
overhead power lines

89
Lockout and Tagging of Circuits
 Apply locks to power source after
de-energizing
 Tag deactivated controls
 Tag de-energized equipment and
circuits at all points where they can
be energized
 Tags must identify equipment or
circuits being worked on

90
 LOTO – Lock Out Tag Out
a safety procedure to ensure that
equipment are;

- properly shut off

- prohibited from starting again
 6 STEPS in LOTO

1) PREPARE FOR SHUTDOWN

2) SHUTDOWN OF EQUIPMENT
3) ISOLATE ALL ENERGY SOURCES
4) APPLY THE LOCKS AND TAGS
5) CONTROL
6) VERIFY EQUIPMENT ISOLATION
Controls of Electrical Hazard
Protection Against Hazards of Electricity

Internationally creating
Maintain adequate
low-resistance path
grounding of circuit
that connects to the
and equipment
earth

Enclosing electrical
equipment to make
Properly install guarding sure people don’t
accidentally come into
contact with its live
parts
Protection Against Hazards of Electricity

• Properly foot protection

(not tennis shoes)
Use of adequate and
• Rubber insulating
approved type of
gloves, hoods, sleeves,
personal protective
matting, and blankets
equipment
• Hard hat (Insulated –
nonconductive)
Placement of a lockout
Use of lockout/ device on an energy
Tagout in maintaining isolating device, in
electrical equipment accordance with an
established procedure
Protection Against Hazards of Electricity

• Protects operator from

electrical shock
• Detects difference in
current going into the
Use of Ground Fault
equipment and
Circuit interrupters r
returning from it.
(GFCI)
• If ground fault
detected, GFCI shuts
off electricity in 1/40th
of a seconds
FIRE SAFETY
UNDERSTANDING FIRE
FIRE – is a chemical process in the form of
OXIDATION OF FUEL (COMBUSTION) in
the right amount of heat

CHEMICAL REACTION
FUEL
 CLASSES OF FIRE
Class A - Ordinary Combustibles
E.g. wood, paper, rubber, plastic etc
A Class B - Surface Fire (flammable/combustible
liquids and gases)
B
E.g. gasoline, alcohol, paints, thinner, grease,
LPG release of gas
C Class C - Electrical Fire (Involves live electrical equipment)
E.g. motors, electric fan, air-conditioning unit, computer etc
Class D - Combustible Metals
E.g. magnésium, sodium, titatium, etc. D
Class K – Kitchen Fires
Fires involving combustible vegetable or animal non-saturated cooking fats in
commercial cooking equipment.
K
OXYGEN

• Most fuels need at least 16 % of oxygen to

burn.
• In excess of 21 % oxygen may cause rapid
intense combustion leading to explosion.
Sources of Oxygen:
Cutting and welding operations
Piped –in supply for process operations
Oxygen released by oxidizers
SOURCES OF IGNITION

- Chemical Reaction
- Spontaneous Combustion
- Static Electricity
- Lighting/Electrical Equipment
- Mechanical Sources
- Radiant Heat
- Open Flames
HEAT TRANSFER MODES

CONDUCTION

CONVECTION

RADIATION
Heat Transfer by Conduction

M
Ordinary combustible materials E
T
A
metal L
Heat Transfer by Convection

HOT GASES
Heat Transfer by Radiation

Radiation
FIRE FIGHTING PRINCIPLE

Isolation/Starvation – by eliminating the combustible

material.

Smothering/Blanketing – by cutting off the oxygen

supply.

Quenching/Cooling – by cooling to a point below the

ignition temperature.

Inhibition – by inhibiting the rapid oxidation of the

fuel
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

WATER
CARBON DIOXIDE

AFFF
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

DRY CHEMICAL

DRY POWDER
HCFC-123

D
PARTS OF A PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

DRY CHEM TYPE MOUNTING/

TRIGGER
PORTABLE FIRE BRACKET
EXTINGUISHER
GAUGE
PIN

GAUGE

HOSE

SEAL
PIN
NOZZLE
(DISCHARGE OUTLET)

TANK/
CYLINDER

TANK BASE LABEL/INSTRUCTIONS

How to Use the Fire Extinguisher?
It’s easy to remember how to use a fire
extinguisher if you remember the acronym TPASS:

T
▪ Twist P
▪ Pull A
▪ Aim
▪ Squeeze S
S
▪ Sweep
 USING FIRE EXTINGUISHER

❑Start approximately 6-8 feet from the fire then squeeze the trigger slowly while
moving towards the fire.
❑10-lb fire extinguishers lasts only 10-20 seconds. It should be used correctly.
❑When the fire is extinguish, stop pulling the trigger. In the event of a re-ignition, at
least there would still be contents inside the unit.
❑Ensure that you have an escape path in case the fire is not extinguished.
EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE

❑ Removal of Fuel.

❑ Excluding or Limiting Oxygen.

❑ Cooling.

❑ By Interrupting the Chain Reaction.

FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM

➢ Complete protective signaling and control

system i.e. fire detection, alarm and
communication primarily intended to provide the
indication and warning of abnormal conditions,
Summoning of appropriate aid FIRE PREVENTION
TYPES OF DETECTORS

• Smoke detectors.
• Flame detectors.
• Thermal/heat detectors.
EXIT SAFETY

Travel
Distance
Clear,
Unobstructed &
Lighted
At least 2
ways out

Correct Exit
Design
Regular
Exit Drills
HOT WORK PERMIT

• An administrative control of
controlling fire hazards (fire
prevention).
HOTWORKS
Welding and Cutting Sparks
ORGANIZING THE FIRE BRIGADE

 FIRE BRIGADE – a group of employees organized & trained to respond

to fire emergency in the plant before professional help arrives.

 The SIZE OF THE FIRE BRIGADE depends on:

 Size and area of the plant

 Manufacturing process
 Materials handled
 Plant location in relation to outside help
ORGANIZING THE FIRE BRIGADE

FIRE BRIGADE CHIEF FIRE BRIGADE MEMBERS

 Sincerity  Able-bodied

 Capacity to do the job  Willing to do the extra work

 Leadership  Capacity and desire to be

trained

 Available for fire duty

DUTIES OF THE FIRE BRIGADES

Fire Prevention

 Conduct fire safety inspections.

 Repair and maintain fire fighting equipment.

Fire Control & Extinguishment

 Fire alarm/call from the fire department.

 Direct the evacuation of personnel, important documents, equipment, etc.
 Shut off power/machinery, gas, etc.
 Extinguish fires.
 Move motor vehicles away from plant.
 Conduct salvage operations.
 Take steps to prevent recurrence.
FIRE FIGHTING TEAM
FIRE BRIGADE CHIEF SAFETY
OFFICER

Assistant FIRE BRIGADE CHIEF

FIRE FIRE Stationary Portable Automatic

NOZZLE
EXTINGUISHER HOSE FIRE PUMP FIRE PUMP FIRE ALARM
HANDLERS
HANDLERS HANDLERS OPERATOR OPERATOR SYSTEM

Other FIRE WATER WATER FIRE

WATER FIRE
EQUIPMENT, SPRAY SPRINKLER SUPPRESSION
SUPPLY TRUCK
Ladder, SCBA, Etc. OPERATOR SYSTEM SYSTEM
EMERGENCY CONTROL ORGANIZATION

SAFETY Emergency Control Commander COMMUNICATION

Chief Executive Officer TEAM
OFFICER

INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER CONTROL EXTERNAL
OFFICER
Assistant CEO

FIRE UTILITIES FINANCE & SEARCH &

SALVAGE TRANSPORT SECURITY
FIGHTING CONTROL INSURANCE RESCUE
TEAM TEAM TEAM
TEAM TEAM TEAM TEAM

DOCTOR
See FB WATER PAYLOADER NURSES Plant Gates
Service
Organization FUEL Oil & LPG TRUCKS FIRST AIDERS Plant Traffic
Vehicles
ELECTRICITY FORKLIFT SEARCHERS Evacuation
Pick-Up
GENERATORS Etc. MONITORS sites
Points
Compressed Air EXIT GUIDES Fire Trucks
Ambulance
WW Treatment FIRST AID Visitor
Facility Station Control
FIRE SAFETY PROGRAM

An effective Fire Safety Program must have the following:

 Fire Detection and Alarm System • Fire Safety Training

 Fire Alarms, Detectors, annunciators • Fire Principle
 First Aid Fire Protection System • Use of Portable fire Extinguishers and other fire fighting
equipment.
 Portable Fire Extinguisher
• Conduct of drills
 Fixed Fire Protection System • Working/active fire brigade team/ emergency response team
 Sprinklers, Hydrants, Fire Hose/ Fire Hose • Working/updated Emergency Response Plans
Cabinets
• Response Procedures (What to do’s)
 Fire Exit Doors, Fire Exit Signs, directional arrows • Emergency contact numbers
 Fire emergency evacuation route maps/evacuation • Contingency and communication plan
plans
• Assembly area/assembly plan.
 Inspection and maintenance system of fire • Compliance to standards (OSHS, Fire Code)
detection, alarm, control and suppression systems.
 Hot work permit system
Enumerate step by step procedure on how to operate
portable Fire Extinguisher
CHEMICAL
HAZARD
 Definition
• Chemical Hazard is the danger
caused by chemicals to the
environment and people.

▪ Exposure to these chemicals pose a wide range of health effects that

can range from acute irritations, chronic diseases such as cancer, and
can even cause fatality.
CHEMICAL HAZARD

ORGANIC
SOLVENTS
 What is a solvent?
• A solvent is a substance, that
becomes a solution by dissolving
a solid, liquid or gaseous solute.
 Uses of organic solvents (OS)

TO DISSOLVE TO EXTRACT ONE AS MEDIA FOR AS CLEANING

SUBSTANCES (SUCH MATERIAL FROM CHEMICAL AGENTS
AS OIL, FATS, ANOTHER REACTIONS
RESINS, RUBBER AND
PLASTICS)
 Hazards of OS
Flammability Health Hazard

Irritant Hazardous to the

Environment
Nature of Exposure to Solvents

Vapors
- a chemical, or other item, that is
either solid or liquid when at
normal room temperature and at
normal pressure may turn into a
vapor when heated sufficiently, or
when the pressure is increased.
 Occupational Exposure to
Organic Solvents
[Link]

• Painting jobs using Paints,

Thinners and Coatings
• Printing Inks
• Degreasing of metal parts
[Link]
• Installation of insulation using onsite-fuel-tanks/

glues and adhesives

• Filling Heavy equipment with
gasoline, diesel and other fuels.
[Link]
CHEMICAL HAZARD

ACID
and BASE
What is an ACID?

• Have a sour taste. (If Edible)

• Change the color of acid-base
indicators (litmus paper) to red
• Some acids react with metals to
release hydrogen gas.
• Reacts with bases to produce
salts and water. (neutralization)
• Acids conduct electric current.
What is a BASE?

• Taste bitter.
• Change the color of acid- base
indicators (litmus paper) to blue.
• Dilute aqueous solutions of bases
feel slippery. (like soap)
• Bases react with acids to
produce salts and water.
• Conducts electricity.
Hazards of Acids and Bases
Nature of Exposure to Acids

Mists
- Dispersion of liquid
particles in the air.
 Occupational Exposure to Acids

• Wastewater treatment.
• Manufacturing of Batteries.
• Electroplating in Electronic and
Semiconductor Industry.
• Installation of Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC) to carry water underground
• Cleaning of toilets with the use of
Muriatic Acid.
CHEMICAL HAZARD

DUST
DUST
Suspension of solid particles in air
that is released whenever processes
involve free falling or handling of such
materials, e.g., transferring, dumping,
filling (bagging) or emptying bags or
other containers, dropping material
from a hopper to a weighing station,
weighing, mixing, conveying and
other mechanical processes like
grinding, crushing, drilling etc.
[Link]
Classification of Industrial Dust

• Metals and metal compounds (Metallic Dust)

• Example: Lead, cadmium, nickel, beryllium dust
• Plant and animal dust (Organic and vegetable dust)
• Example: Flour, wood, cotton, tea dust,
pollens
• Quartz and mixtures containing quartz
• Example: Coal, mineral, ores, rock, sand
• Asbestos and mixtures containing asbestos
• Example: Raw asbestos, asbestos cement, talc
[Link]
Nature of Exposure to Dust

Particulates – are microscopic

particles of solid or liquid matter
suspended in the air.
Ambient Particulate Matter

• PM 2.5 are inhalable

particles that are generally
2.5 micrometers and
smaller
• PM 10 are inhalable
particles with diameters
that are generally 10
micrometers and smaller
 Hazards of Dust

Explosion hazard
• Example: Starch, sugar,
flour, coal, wood, plastic,
metallic dust with sulfur
• Note: These type of dust are
sometimes ignited by
electrical discharges or
mechanical friction.
Occupational Exposure to
Dust

• Furniture or cabinet making

• Fabrication of Metal
• Silica found in Construction jobs
• Refining of Metals
• Concrete Highway work
• Refractory
• Sandblasting
[Link]
CHEMICAL HAZARD

HEAVY METALS

[Link]
metals
What are Heavy Metals?
they cannot be degraded or destroyed

to a small extent they enter our bodies via food,

drinking water and air
as trace elements, some heavy metals (e.g. iron, copper, zinc) are
essential to maintain the metabolism of the human body but can be
toxic in larger amounts or certain forms.

however, at higher concentrations they can lead to

poisoning (cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic)

Hazard of Heavy
Metals
 Nature of Exposure to Heavy Metals
FUMES
▪ OSHA defines fumes as “particles
formed when a volatilized solid, such
as a metal, condenses in cool air.

The particles may be metal or metal

compounds and are often have a particle
size smaller than one micrometer (<1um) [Link]
of the width of human hair.
 Examples of Heavy Metals

[Link]
Examples of Occupational
Exposure to Heavy Metals

• Metal Fabrication of Racks

• Smelting
• Welding Activities
• Soldering
• Heating of Metals
• Painting
[Link]
brazing/
CHEMICAL HAZARD

GASES
What is a Gas?

• Is a swarm of
molecules moving
randomly and
chaotically, constantly
colliding with each
other and anything
else around them. [Link]
What is a Gas?

• Air is a mixture of gases, any deviation than the normal poses a

serious threat in the working environment

• Gases can be lighter, heavier or about the same density as air.

• Gases can have an odour or be odourless.

• Gases can have colour or be colourless.

If you can’t see it, smell it or touch it, it doesn’t mean that it is not there
Characteristics of Gases

According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, gaseous

particles are in a constant state of motion,
moving at random speeds and in many
different directions. That’s why gases can:
• Expand
• Flow
• Have low densities
• Be compressed
• Undergo diffusion and effusion
 3 Basic Kinds of Gas Hazards

• Oxygen • Methane • Carbon Monoxide

Deficiency • Butane • Hydrogen Sulfide
• Propane • Chlorine
• Ammonia
• Pentane
• Nitrogen Dioxide
• Sulfur Dioxide
Examples of Occupational Exposure to Gases

• Welding And Flame Cutting Breathing

(e.g., Emergency Rescue)
• Fuel For Vehicles (e.g., Fork-Lift Trucks)
• Extinguishing Fires
• Heating And Cooking
 CHEMICAL SAFETY
GHS REQUIREMENTS

Product
Identifier Pictograms

Hazard
Statement

Precautionary
Statement

Supplier
Identification
 Chemical Safety

• Know the where safety data

sheet are kept
• Store chemical in an
appropriate storage
• Put chemical away when not in
use. No sources of ignition
 Chemical Safety
• Keep chemicals in their
original containers
• Dispose chemicals in an
appropriate manner
• Ensure GHS label is in
place
• Wear appropriate PPE