MODULE 2
UNDERSTANDING OSH
Engr. Mark Anthony C. Conde
Accredited OSH Consultant– DOLE (OSHC)
Objective of Module 2:
Students will be able to
understand, learn and discuss
basic concepts of OSH towards
an effective OSH
implementation in the
workplace
Topics:
Accident Causation Theory
Accident Causation and Prevention
Unsafe Act & Unsafe Condition
Accident Prevention
Benefits of having Safety & Health
Practice in the workplace
ACCIDENT is usually the
RESULT of a contact with a
source of energy above the
threshold limit of the body
or structure.
Example:
“A worker was lifting a
five-gallon can from a
storeroom shelf when it
slipped from his grip,
falling to the floor and
striking him on his foot,
causing immediate
swelling and
discomfort.”
Accident
Interrupt Activity
Injury or Death
Damaged Property
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY & HEALTH TENETS
ACCIDENT
• Is an undesired event that RESULTS IN harm to
people, damage to property or loss to process.
• It is usually a contact with a source of energy
above the threshold limit of the body or structure.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY & HEALTH TENETS
INCIDENT
• An undesired event, which under slightly
different circumstances, COULD HAVE RESULTED
TO harm to people, damage to property, or loss
to process.
• An undesired event which could or does result
in a loss.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY & HEALTH TENETS
SAFETY
• Freedom from accident.
• Is the control of accidental loss.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY & HEALTH TENETS
HAZARD
• A condition or practice with the
potential for accidental loss.
❖ Unsafe Condition - >Substandard Condition
❖ Unsafe Act -> Substandard Act
ACCIDENT
UNSAFE UNSAFE
ACT CONDITION
Two Causes
Unsafe Act
of Accident
Unsafe Act
A violation of an
accepted safe
“standard” which
could permit the
occurrence of an
accident.
Unsafe Acts
Not following SOP’s
No Safe Procedure Improper work
Employee Didn’t know Safe Procedure
positioning/activity
Employee knew, did not follow Safe
Procedure
Procedure encouraged risk-taking
Employee changed approved procedure
Unsafe Acts
• Horse playing, abusing
Working safety devices,
under the equipment & welfare
influence of facilities.
liquors or
drugs.
Unsafe Acts
• Servicing
equipment in
• Operating motion
equipment I just want to try to
without operate this m/c
without the approval
authority. of my L/L
• Using
defective
equipment.
• Improper
usage.
Unsafe Acts
Overlook,
tiredness, curiosity
What should I
do?
I love him
CURIOSITY
Physically
present but
but...
KILLS
mentally
absent
Unsafe
Condition
Unsafe Condition
A hazardous
physical condition
or circumstance
which could permit
the occurrence of
an accident.
UNSAFE CONDITION
(Environment/Machine/Equipment)
If no control measure is
applied, it will lead to
accident.
Heinrich’s Domino Theory
1936 – Heinrich explained accident using an
analogy of falling dominos, that accidents
happen as a result of a chain reaction
UNSAFE UNSAFE
MAN
ACT CONDITION
88% 10%
PREVENTABLE ACCIDENT
UNCONTROLLED 2%
FACTORS
NON-PREVENTABLE
ACCIDENT
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY & HEALTH TENETS
Three Steps to Control Accidents
& Work-related illness:
1. Identify
2. Evaluate
3. Correct
Accident Prevention
HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
Elimination/Substitutio
n Requires a
Most Effective physical change
to the
workplace
Requires
worker or
employer to do
something Requires
worker to
wear
something
Least Effective
Accident Prevention
How Accident Occurs?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
Accident Prevention
How to Prevent the Accident?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
Accident Prevention
How to Prevent the Accident?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
ELIMINATION?
Accident Prevention
How to Prevent the Accident?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
ELIMINATION? Remove the machine
Accident Prevention
How to Prevent the Accident?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
SUBSTITUTION?
Accident Prevention
How to Prevent the Accident?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
SUBSTITUTION? Substitute the machine
Accident Prevention
How to Prevent the Accident?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
ENGINEERING?
Accident Prevention
How to Prevent the Accident?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
ENGINEERING? Put guarding
Accident Prevention
How to Prevent the Accident?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
ADMINISTRATION?
Accident Prevention
How to Prevent the Accident?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
ADMINISTRATION? Trainings and signages
Accident Prevention
How to Prevent the Accident?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
PPE?
Accident Prevention
How to Prevent the Accident?
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
PPE? Wear gloves
Accident Prevention
Can we prevent accident?
Near miss shouldn’t be ignored
Be Proactive instead of being Reactive
Accident Prevention
To reduce (and further eliminate) accident / injuries in the
workplace.
• Always follow rules and regulations.
• Look out for your own safety at all times.
• Look out for your colleagues safety at all times.
• Check for known hazards in your work area.
• Work only on activities you are trained, familiar, or authorized.
• Report or address issues to proper authorities if health , safety, or security is at risk.
• Always use your PPE (Personal Protective Equipments) properly.
Benefits of having Safety & Health Practice in
the workplace
Prevention of
disease/injury
Promotion of
good health and
safety
Improvement
of safety and
health
HEALTHY, SAFE,
COMFORTABLE PRODUCTIVITY
Topics:
Safety Hazard
Health Hazard
Risks
Low Risk
Medium Risk
High Risk
BASIC PRINCIPLES
TYPES OF HAZARDS
Physical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Biological Hazards
Ergonomic Hazards
Electrical Hazards
Mechanical Hazards
Anticipation and Recognition of
PHYSICAL Hazards
• Noise
• Vibration
• Illumination
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Radiation
Anticipation and Recognition of
CHEMICAL Hazards
• Particulate
• Dust and
Asbestos
• Toxic and
Flammable Gases
• Organic Vapors
• Acid / Base Mists
• Heavy Metal
Fumes
Anticipation and Recognition of
CHEMICAL Hazards
Dangers of Chemical Hazards
Fire and Danger to
Health Risk
Explosion Hazard Environment
• Toxic • Toxic to organism
• Explosive
• Corrosive • Persists in the
• Oxidizing
• Irritant environment
• Flammable
• Sensitizing • Bioaccumulation
Anticipation and Recognition of
BIOLOGICAL Hazards
• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungi
• Parasites
• Insects
Anticipation and Recognition of
ERGONOMICS Hazards
• Repetitive Motion
• Forceful Motion
• Awkward Position
• Static Posture
Anticipation and Recognition of
MECHANICAL Hazards
• Unguarded
Equipment
• Moving
Equipment
• Flying objects
Anticipation and Recognition of
ELECTRICAL Hazards
• Octopus wiring
• Overloaded
circuits
• Unlabeled panels/switches
• Open wiring
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY & HEALTH TENETS
ASSESSMENT OF RISK
RISK ASSESSMENT – is a technique to identify the
level of risk a hazard possess in order to
determine the prioritization order required in
addressing the numerous hazards in a
workplace
Risk Assessment
“overall process of estimating
the magnitude of risk and
deciding whether or not the
risk is tolerable”
Tolerable Risk
“risk that has been reduced
to a level that can be endured
by the organization having
regard to its legal obligations
and its own OH & S policy”
RISK IS A PRODUCT OF
LIKELIHOOD AND SEVERITY
Likelihood – how likely it is that a hazard will
turn into something negative (i.e. the
probability of an accident resulting from the
particular hazard)
Severity – the negative impact that could result
from a hazard (i.e. the injury that might result)
Likelihood of Harm
➢ Highly Unlikely – Occurs during accident,
breakdown or emergency
situation.
➢ Unlikely - Occurs during regular
scheduled practice i.e.
monthly or yearly e.g.
during maintenance.
➢Likely - Occurs during normal
everyday practice.
Severity of Harm
➢ Slightly Harmful - Superficial injuries,
Nuisance, Irritation, ill-health leading to
temporary discomfort
➢ Harmful - Lacerations, Burns, fractures,
Deafness, dermatitis, ill-health leading to
permanent minor disability
➢ Extremely Harmful - Amputations, Major
fractures, Fatal injuries, severely life
shortening diseases
Likelihood / Frequency Criteria
Almost certain - The Event is to be expected to
occur in most circumstances - incident could happen
daily to weekly
Likely - The Event will probably occur in most
circumstances - Incident could happen weekly to
monthly
Moderate - The Event should occur at some time -
Incident could happen monthly to yearly
Unlikely - The Event may occur only in exceptional
circumstances
SEVERITY
Minor First Aid Treatment
Medium Off-site medical treatment required
Serious Serious injury/illness (LTA)
Permanent disability
Major > 2 people seriously injured
Fatality / Death
Potential /actual breach of legal
requirements
Importance Criteria
Consequences
Likelihood Minor Medium Serious Major
Almost Certain M M H H
Likely L M H H
Moderate L L M H
Unlikely L L M M
Legend : H = High Risk, M = Medium Risk, L = Low Risk
RISK ASSESMENT MATRIX
Severity
Likelihood Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
1 2 3 4 5
Almost M H E E E
5 (5) (10) (15) (20) (25)
Likely M M H E E
4 (4) (8) (12) (16) (20)
Possible L M M H E
3 (3) (6) (9) (12) (15)
Unlikely L L M M H
2 (2) (4) (6) (8) (10)
Rare L L L M M
1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Legend:
L Low Risk – considered acceptable. No further action of RCMs are necessary
M Moderate Risk – relatively acceptable. However, further RCMs should be considered and existing RCMs should be monitored
H High Risk – unacceptable level of risk. RCMs must be developed and implemented in short to medium term
E Extreme Risk – unacceptable level of risk. RCMs must be immediately implemented or the risk eliminated (i.e case activity)
MANAGEMENT OF RISK
Based on the results of the risk assessment the organization
must now decide if:
➢ No action required
➢ No additional controls required
➢ Efforts to be made to reduce the risks
➢ Work should not be started or continue until the risks have
been reduced or urgent action required
The Risk Assessment Process
Step 1- Establish and maintain a procedure
Step 2- Identify“all”OH&S hazards in the organisation,
over which the organisation has control and/or
influence over both on-site and off-site
Step3-Evaluate each risk in terms of frequency/probability
& severity using accepted risk assessment
techniques & criteria leading to establishment of
“significant”OH&S risk classification
Step 4- Establish“control”measures for the“significant”
OH&S risks
Hierarchy of Controls
Engineering Controls Physically remove
Elimination the hazard
Substitution Replace the hazard
Others • Provide adequate ventilation
• Ventilation • Modification of the process or
• Modification procedure
• Isolation • Isolate people from the hazard
• Containment • Provide enclosure to the hazard
Administrative Controls • Necessary OSH Issuances
• Work Scheduling
• Training and Education
• Emergency preparedness
PPE • Protect the worker with PPE
• Last line of Defense
Engineering Control
1. Proper design and planning
2. Substitution
3. Modification in Process /
Equipment
4. Isolation
5. Wet method
6. Industrial Ventilation
Engineering Control
1. ELIMINATION CONTROL –
There is no better hazard control option than eliminating the hazard. A commonly
used example of eliminating a hazard is a situation in which employees are
working at a height above the ground level. Moving the work to ground level
eliminates the fall hazard.
Hazards may be eliminated by changing how or where the work is done. For
example, by eliminating a step the process that involves a hazardous material.
They may also be eliminated by redesigning a process to eliminate the use of
hazardous equipment, machines, tools, or materials.
Engineering Control
Substitution:
Rules on Substitution:
➢ Replace expensive solvents with other
chemicals.
➢ Replace hazardous substance with a less
dangerous one.
➢ Use of chemicals with higher rather than lower
flashpoints.
Engineering Control
2. SUBSTITUTION CONTROL
The table below provides some examples of Substitution Controls:
Substitution Examples
❑ Freon instead of methyl bromide as a refrigerant.
❑ Methyl chloroform and dichloromethane instead
of carbon tetrachloride.
❑ Less toxic substitute for asbestos as an insulating
material.
Engineering Control
SUBSTITUTION CONTROL
The table below provides some examples of Substitution
Controls:
Engineering Control
Modification in Process / Equipment
• Reduce contaminant generation
• Eliminate the formation of undesirable by-products
• Eliminate or minimize physical contact between
workers and hazardous substances.
Engineering Control
Modification in Process / Equipment
• Brush painting or dipping instead of
spray painting
• Vapor degreasing in tanks with
adequate ventilation system to
replace handwashing of parts in
open containers.
Engineering Control
Modification in Process / Equipment
• Automatic electrostatic paint-
spraying instead of manual
compressed-air paint
spraying
Engineering Control
Isolation:
• Closed system – used for toxic
chemicals.
Engineering Control
Isolation:
• Enclosures – total or partial usually combined with
local exhaust ventilation.
• Separating Walls – if there are operations more
hazardous than the others.
• Distance – hazardous operations performed at
distance locations
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
Industrial Ventilation:
• The process of supplying or removing air by
natural or mechanical means to and from any
space.
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
• Purpose of Industrial Ventilation
❑ To ensure condition of thermal comfort.
❑ To renew the air in the workplace,
therefore diluting eventual air
contaminants to acceptable levels.
❑ To prevent hazardous air contaminants
from reaching the workers breathing
zone.
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
• Types of Industrial Ventilation
❑ General or Dilution Ventilation
❑ Local Exhaust Ventilation
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
General Ventilation
➢ It aims at the removal of air in the work
environments so that he possible
contaminants are diluted to levels considered
to be not harmful to health.
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
General or Dilution
Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Natural
Ventilation
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
Limiting Factors on the Use of General
Ventilation
1. Quantity of contaminant must not be high
2. Workers must be far from contaminant source
3. Toxicity of contaminant must be low
4. Direction of clean air flow must remove contaminant from
workers breathing zone
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
Important pointers for Work
Environment Improvement through
Industrial Ventilation.
1. Air exhausted must be replace by a
supply air.
2. Avoid cross drafts of air near local
exhaust hoods.
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
3. Short circuiting of
air must be
prevented.
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
Important pointers for Work Environment
Improvement through Industrial
Ventilation.
4. Provide excess exhaust capacity if there are
adjoining spaces
5. Contaminated air must be discharged
outdoors to avoid re-entry.
6. Lay-out of equipment and process should
be considered in relation to the direction of
air flow.
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV).
❑ It aims at the removal of the air contaminants from the
working environment before they can reach the breathing
zone of the workers in harmful concentration.
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
Elements Local Exhaust Ventilation
System
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
Local Exhaust Hoods Classification
Enclosure Exterior Receiving
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
Table of Range of Control Velocities
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
Parts of a Laboratory Hood
Front Side (Inside)
Engineering Control
Industrial Ventilation:
Fume Hood Guidelines
❑ Keep hood surfaces clear
and baffles unobstructed to
allow proper airflow
❑ Air flow in a fume hood is
easily disrupted; do not
use the fume hood for
storage.
Administrative Control
Control of employees exposure
1. Reduction of work periods.
2. Adjusting work schedules
3. Job Rotation
4. Education of supervisors
5. Employee information and training
6. Emergency response training and education
7. Housekeeping and maintenance
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment
• Dust / Gas Respirators
• Safety Goggles/Spectacles
• Face Shields
• Earplugs/Earmuffs
• Aprons
• Safety Shoes
• Helmets
• Gloves
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment
Ear Protection:
Hazard:
Excessive noise - Noise exceeding 85-90 dB or
more on eight hour exposure.
Examples: Ear plug
Ear muffs
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment
Ear Protection:
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment
Ear Protection:
Methods for estimating the adequacy of
hearing protector attenuation
• The most convenient method is the Noise
Reduction Rating (NRR)
• The NRR must be shown on the hearing protector
package
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment
Ear Protection:
A common method used for single protection (either muffs or plugs) is
as follows
Subtract the NRR from the C-weighted TWA workplace noise level,
as follows:
Estimated Exposure (dBA) = TWA (dBC) – NRR
Keep in mind, however, that while the NRR is measured in decibels,
the hearing protector being used does not reduce the surrounding
decibel level by the exact number of decibels associated with that
protector’s NRR.
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment
Ear Protection:
Instead, to determine the actual amount of decibel deduction
applied (when decibels are measured dBA which is the most
common), you take the NRR number (in dB), subtract seven, and
then divide by two.
Estimated Exposure (dBA) = TWA (dBA) – ((NRR - 7)/2)
Example:
TWA=100 dBA, muff NRR=33 dB
Estimated Exposure = 100 – ((33-7)/2)
Estimated Exposure = 100 - (26/2)
Estimated Exposure = 100 - 13
Estimated Exposure = 87
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment
Ear Protection:
For dual protection (ear muffs and plugs are used simultaneously) use the
following:
1. Determine the laboratory-based NRR for the higher rated protector (NRRh).
2. Subtract 7 dB from NRRh if using A-weighted sound level data.
3. Add 5 dB to the field-adjusted NRR to account for the use of the second
hearing protector.
4. Subtract the remainder from the TWA as follows:
Estimated Exposure (dBA) = TWA (dBC) - (NRRh + 5) , or
Estimated Exposure (dBA) = TWA (dBA) - [(NRRh- 7) + 5]
Example:
TWA=110 dBA, plug NRR=29, and muff NRR=25 dB
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment
Respiratory Protection
Hazards:
o Mists or Vapors
o Gases
o Smoke
o Fumes
o Particulates or dust
o Insufficient oxygen supply
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment
Respiratory Protection
Types of respirators are divided into two
categories:
A. Air purifying respirators
B. Air supplying devices
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
Respiratory Protection
Air purifying
respirators
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment
Respiratory Protection
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment
Respiratory Protection
The selection of respirators should consider
the following criteria:
• The identification of contaminants
• Maximum possible concentration of contaminants in the work
area
*Acceptability in terms of comfort.
• Compatibility with the nature of the job
• Proper fit to the face of the user to prevent leakage
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
LIMITATION OF PPE
1. The hazard still exist.
2. A defective PPE offers no protection
3. The PPE may introduce additional hazard
4. Most PPE are not for continuous use
5. Improper wearing may not give maximum
protection
6. It may transfer hazard to another location