4.

NUMPY − DATA TYPES NumPy

NumPy supports a much greater variety of numerical types than Python does. The following
table shows different scalar data types defined in NumPy.

Data Types Description

bool_ Boolean (True or False) stored as a byte

int_ Default integer type (same as C long; normally either int64 or int32)

intc Identical to C int (normally int32 or int64)

intp Integer used for indexing (same as C ssize_t; normally either int32 or int64)
int8 Byte (-128 to 127)
int16 Integer (-32768 to 32767)
int32 Integer (-2147483648 to 2147483647)
int64 Integer (-9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807)
uint8 Unsigned integer (0 to 255)
uint16 Unsigned integer (0 to 65535)
uint32 Unsigned integer (0 to 4294967295)
uint64 Unsigned integer (0 to 18446744073709551615)
float_ Shorthand for float64
float16 Half precision float: sign bit, 5 bits exponent, 10 bits mantissa
float32 Single precision float: sign bit, 8 bits exponent, 23 bits mantissa
float64 Double precision float: sign bit, 11 bits exponent, 52 bits mantissa
complex_ Shorthand for complex128

Complex number, represented by two 32-bit floats (real and imaginary

complex64
components)

Complex number, represented by two 64-bit floats (real and imaginary

complex128
components)

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NumPy numerical types are instances of dtype (data-type) objects, each having unique
characteristics. The dtypes are available as np.bool_, np.float32, etc.

Data Type Objects (dtype)

A data type object describes interpretation of fixed block of memory corresponding to an
array, depending on the following aspects:

 Type of data (integer, float or Python object)

 Size of data

 Byte order (little-endian or big-endian)

 In case of structured type, the names of fields, data type of each field and part of the
memory block taken by each field

 If data type is a subarray, its shape and data type

The byte order is decided by prefixing '<' or '>' to data type. '<' means that encoding is little-
endian (least significant is stored in smallest address). '>' means that encoding is big-endian
(most significant byte is stored in smallest address).

A dtype object is constructed using the following syntax:

[Link](object, align, copy)

The parameters are:

 Object: To be converted to data type object

 Align: If true, adds padding to the field to make it similar to C-struct

 Copy: Makes a new copy of dtype object. If false, the result is reference to built-in
data type object

Example 1
# using array-scalar type
import numpy as np
dt=[Link](np.int32)
print dt

The output is as follows:

int32

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Example 2
#int8, int16, int32, int64 can be replaced by equivalent string 'i1', 'i2','i4',
etc.
import numpy as np
dt = [Link]('i4')
print dt

The output is as follows:

int32

Example 3
# using endian notation
import numpy as np
dt = [Link]('>i4')
print dt

The output is as follows:

>i4

The following examples show the use of structured data type. Here, the field name and the
corresponding scalar data type is to be declared.

Example 4
# first create structured data type
import numpy as np
dt = [Link]([('age',np.int8)])
print dt

The output is as follows:

[('age', 'i1')]

Example 5
# now apply it to ndarray object
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import numpy as np
dt = [Link]([('age',np.int8)])
a = [Link]([(10,),(20,),(30,)], dtype=dt)
print a

The output is as follows:

[(10,) (20,) (30,)]

Example 6
# file name can be used to access content of age column
import numpy as np
dt = [Link]([('age',np.int8)])
a = [Link]([(10,),(20,),(30,)], dtype=dt)
print a['age']

The output is as follows:

[10 20 30]

Example 7
The following examples define a structured data type called student with a string field 'name',
an integer field 'age' and a float field 'marks'. This dtype is applied to ndarray object.

import numpy as np
student=[Link]([('name','S20'), ('age', 'i1'), ('marks', 'f4')])
print student

The output is as follows:

[('name', 'S20'), ('age', 'i1'), ('marks', '<f4')])

Example 8
import numpy as np
student=[Link]([('name','S20'), ('age', 'i1'), ('marks', 'f4')])
a = [Link]([('abc', 21, 50),('xyz', 18, 75)], dtype=student)
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print a

The output is as follows:

[('abc', 21, 50.0), ('xyz', 18, 75.0)]

Each built-in data type has a character code that uniquely identifies it.

 'b': boolean
 'i': (signed) integer
 'u': unsigned integer
 'f': floating-point
 'c': complex-floating point
 'm': timedelta
 'M': datetime
 'O': (Python) objects
 'S', 'a': (byte-)string
 'U': Unicode
 'V': raw data (void)

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 5. NUMPY − ARRAY ATTRIBUTES NumPy

In this chapter, we will discuss the various array attributes of NumPy.

[Link]
This array attribute returns a tuple consisting of array dimensions. It can also be used to
resize the array.

Example 1
import numpy as np
a=[Link]([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
print [Link]

The output is as follows:

(2, 3)

Example 2
# this resizes the ndarray
import numpy as np
a=[Link]([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
[Link]=(3,2)
print a

The output is as follows:

[[1 2]
[3 4]
[5 6]]

Example 3
NumPy also provides a reshape function to resize an array.

import numpy as np

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a = [Link]([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
b = [Link](3,2)
print b

The output is as follows:

[[1 2]
[3 4]
[5 6]]

[Link]
This array attribute returns the number of array dimensions.

Example 4
# an array of evenly spaced numbers
import numpy as np
a = [Link](24)
print a

The output is as follows:

[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23]

Example 5
# this is one dimensional array
import numpy as np
a = [Link](24)
[Link]

# now reshape it
b = [Link](2,4,3)
print b
# b is having three dimensions

The output is as follows:

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[[[ 0, 1, 2]
[ 3, 4, 5]
[ 6, 7, 8]
[ 9, 10, 11]]

[[12, 13, 14]

[15, 16, 17]
[18, 19, 20]
[21, 22, 23]]]

[Link]
This array attribute returns the length of each element of array in bytes.

Example 6
# dtype of array is int8 (1 byte)
import numpy as np
x = [Link]([1,2,3,4,5], dtype=np.int8)
print [Link]

The output is as follows:

Example 7
# dtype of array is now float32 (4 bytes)
import numpy as np
x = [Link]([1,2,3,4,5], dtype=np.float32)
print [Link]

The output is as follows:

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[Link]
The ndarray object has the following attributes. Its current values are returned by this
function.

C_CONTIGUOUS (C) The data is in a single, C-style contiguous segment

F_CONTIGUOUS (F) The data is in a single, Fortran-style contiguous segment

OWNDATA (O) The array owns the memory it uses or borrows it from another object

WRITEABLE (W) The data area can be written to. Setting this to False locks the data,
making it read-only
ALIGNED (A) The data and all elements are aligned appropriately for the hardware
This array is a copy of some other array. When this array is
UPDATEIFCOPY (U) deallocated, the base array will be updated with the contents of this
array

Example 8
The following example shows the current values of flags.

import numpy as np
x = [Link]([1,2,3,4,5])
print [Link]

The output is as follows:

C_CONTIGUOUS : True
F_CONTIGUOUS : True
OWNDATA : True
WRITEABLE : True
ALIGNED : True
UPDATEIFCOPY : False

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