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Unit 1 AI Project Cycle – Data Exploration, Modelling, Evaluation, Deployment,

Ethics

Notes

Question and Answers:

Data Exploration

1. What is Data exploration?

Ans: After acquiring data we need to analyze the data to interpret some useful
information and patterns out of the data. To visualize data, various types of visual
representations can be used like diagrams, charts, graphs, flows, etc.
2. Why we need to analyse / visualize / explore data?
OR
What is the significance of Data Exploration after you have acquired the data for
the problem scoped?
Ans: We need to visualize the data so that we can
• Quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships and patterns contained
within the data.
• Define strategy for which model to use at a later stage.
• Communicate the same to others effectively.
3. Name the different data visualisation techniques.
Ans: Charts, Maps, Graphs, Tables, Diagrams etc.
Eg: Bar Graphs, Flow Chart, Connection map, Venn diagram, Pie chart etc.
Modelling
1. How AI models are classified as?

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Ans: AI models are classified as Learning based and Rule based in which Learning
based model is further classified as Machine Learning and Deep Learning.

2. What is a Rule based approach?

Ans: A Rule based approach is an AI modelling where the rules are defined by the
developer. The machine follows the rules or instructions mentioned by the
developer and performs its task accordingly after getting trained on them.

3. What is a Learning based approach?

Ans: A Learning based is an AI modelling where the machine learns by itself. The
AI model gets trained on the data fed to it and then is able to design a model
which is adaptive to the change in data.

4. State the merits of Learning based approach over Rule based approach.
Ans: The learning is dynamic in Learning based approach and the machine is
adaptive to changes made in the data, able to handle the exceptions whereas in

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Rule based approach the learning is static and the machine once trained, does not
take into consideration any changes made in the original training dataset.
[Link] is a label (or) what is known as labelled data?
Ans: A label is some information which can be used as a tag for data. For example,
students get grades according to the marks they secure in examinations. These
grades are labels which categorise the students according to their marks.
6. What is known as Unlabelled data?

Ans: The data which is fed to the machine is random and there is a possibility that
the person who is training the model does not have any information regarding it.
7. What is the drawback feature of Rule Based approach AI model?
(or)
What are the disadvantages of Rule Based approach AI model?
Ans:

• The drawback feature for this approach is that the learning is static.
• The machine once trained, does not take into consideration any changes
made in the original training dataset.
• If we try testing the machine on a dataset which is different from the rules
and data we fed it at the training stage, the machine will fail and will not
learn from its mistake.
• Once trained, the model cannot improvise itself on the basis of feedbacks.
• Thus the rule based AI model does not adapt to changes in data and rules
and does what it has been taught once.
8. What are the features of Learning Based approach AI model?
(or)
What are the advantages of Learning Based approach AI model?

Ans:

• The Learning based approach model adapts to the change in the data on
which it has been trained and accordingly predicts the output.
• In this way, the machine learns by itself and improve by adapting to the
new data which is flowing in.

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 • The model would modify itself according to the changes which occur in the
data and handles all the exceptions.
• This is the machine learning approach which introduces the dynamicity in
the model.
9. Differentiate Rule based and Learning based Approach

Rule Based Approach Learning Based Approach

1. It refers to the AI modelling where 1. It refers to the AI modelling where the
the relationship or patterns in the data relationship or patterns in the data are
are defined by the developer. not defined by the developer.

2. The machine follows the rules or 2. In this approach, random data is fed to
instructions mentioned by the the machine and it is left on the machine
developer and performs its task to figure out patterns and trends out of it.
accordingly.
3. This approach is commonly used when
3. This approach is commonly used the data is unknown/random or
when we have a known dataset or unlabeled.
labelled dataset.
4. The learning is dynamic and the
4. The learning is static and the machine is adaptive to change in the data
machine is not adaptive to change in and learns by itself.
the data.

Evaluation

1. What is Evaluation?
Ans: Evaluation is the process of understanding the reliability of any AI
model, based on outputs by feeding test dataset into the model and
comparing with actual answers. There can be different Evaluation
techniques, depending of the type and purpose of the model.

2. Why we need Evaluation of a model?

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Ans: Once a model has been made and trained, it needs to go through proper
testing so that one can calculate the efficiency and performance of the model. At
this particular stage, we may need to evaluate the model to find out which
algorithm makes the best prediction.
3. What are the parameters needed to calculate the efficiency of a model?

Ans:
• Accuracy
• Precision
• Recall
• F1 Score

4. What is the meaning of the terms – True Positive, False Positive, True
Negative and False Negative?
Ans:

Deployment
[Link] is deployment?
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Deployment as the final stage in the AI project cycle where the AI model or
solution is implemented in a real-world scenario.
[Link] are the Key Steps in Deployment Process?
The key steps involved in the deployment process:
a. Testing and validation of the AI model
b. Integration of the model with existing systems
c. Monitoring and maintenance of the deployed model.
Some examples of successful AI projects that have been deployed in various
industries, such as self-driving cars, medical diagnosis systems, and chatbots

3. What are some common challenges in deploying AI models?

Ans:
a. Lack of context understanding
b. Potential misuse and abuse
c. Integration with existing systems
d. Data quality and accuracy

AI Ethics

1. Difference between Morals and Ethics:

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 2. What are the principles of AI Ethics?
Ans: To make AI better, we need to identify the factors responsible for it. The
following principles in AI Ethics affect the quality of AI solutions
▪ Human Rights
▪ Bias
▪ Privacy
▪ Inclusion

3. What does the AI Ethic principle of Human Rights mean?

Ans: When building AI solutions, we need to ensure that they follow human
rights.
Here are a few things that you should take care of
▪ Does your AI take away Freedom?
▪ Does your AI discriminate against People?
▪ Does your AI deprive people of jobs?
▪ What are some other human rights which need to be protected when it
comes to AI?
4. What does the AI Ethic principle of Privacy mean?
Ans: We need to have rules which keep our individual and private data safe.
Here are a few things that you should take care of
▪ Does your AI collect personal data from people?
▪ What does it do with the data?
▪ Does your AI let people know about the data that it is collecting for its use?
▪ Will your AI ensure a person’s safety? Or will it compromise it?
▪ What are some other ways in which AI can breach someone’s privacy?

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 5. What does the AI Ethic principle of Inclusion mean?
Ans: AI MUST NOT discriminate against a particular group of population,
causing them any kind of disadvantage.
Here are a few things you should take care of
▪ Does your AI leave out any person or a group?
▪ Is a rich person and a poor person benefitted equally from your AI?
▪ How easy is it to use your AI?
▪ Who does your AI help?
▪ How can we make AI more inclusive?

6. What does the AI Ethic principle of Bias mean?

Ans: Bias (partiality or preference for one over the other) often comes from
the collected data. The bias in training data also appears in the results.
Here are a few things that you should take care of
▪ Does your data equally represent all the sections of the included
populations?
▪ Will your AI learn to discriminate against certain groups of people?
▪ Does your AI exclude some people?
▪ What are some other biases that might appear in an AI?
Some Points:

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