HISTORY – Ch.
2: Nationalism in India
Q1: Define Nationalism
Nationalism is a feeling of unity and common identity among people of a nation. It arises
when people develop a sense of belonging, often based on shared history, culture, language,
and struggle for freedom.
Q2: Impact of First World War on Indian Society
• Increase in taxes and prices due to war expenses.
• Forced recruitment in villages.
• Shortages of food, leading to famines.
• Spread of influenza epidemic.
• Increased awareness about exploitation and need for self-rule.
Q3: Meaning of Satyagraha and Three Satyagraha Movements
• Satyagraha means the path of truth and non-violent protest.
• Three Satyagrahas:
1. 1916 – Champaran (against indigo planters).
2. 1917 – Kheda (crop failure and tax relief).
3. 1918 – Ahmedabad (mill workers’ wages).
Q4: Why was Rowlatt Act called a Black Act?
It gave the British government power to arrest anyone without trial. It was seen as unjust and
oppressive, hence called the "Black Act".
Q5: Jallianwala Bagh Incident
On 13 April 1919, General Dyer ordered firing on a peaceful gathering in Amritsar, killing
hundreds. It shocked the nation and increased resentment against British rule.
Q6: Khilafat Movement
Started by Ali brothers to support the Caliph of Turkey. Gandhiji supported it to unite Hindus
and Muslims and strengthen the national movement.
Q7: Methods of Non-Cooperation Movement
• Boycott of British goods, schools, courts.
• Promotion of Khadi.
• Resignation from government jobs.
• Peaceful demonstrations and hartals.
Q8: Role of Middle Class/Town/Cities in NCM
• Students left British institutions.
• Teachers resigned.
• Lawyers stopped practice.
• Traders boycotted foreign goods.
Q9: Why NCM Declined in Cities
• Khadi was expensive.
• Indian schools and institutions were limited.
• Gradual loss of enthusiasm.
• Repression by the British.
Q10: Role of Peasants in Awadh & Baba Ramchandra
• Led by Baba Ramchandra against high rents and taxes.
• Demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar.
• Landlords were the main target, not the British.
Q11: Role of Tribals in Gudem Hills (Alluri Sitaram Raju)
• Tribals opposed British forest laws.
• Alluri Sitaram Raju led a violent guerrilla movement.
• Though he admired Gandhiji, he believed in armed struggle.
Q12: Swaraj in Plantations – Assam Tea Workers
• Plantation workers demanded freedom to move outside plantations.
• Misunderstood Gandhi Raj as freedom to return home.
• Enland Emigration Act restricted their movement.
Q13: Withdrawal of NCM
Gandhiji withdrew it after Chauri Chaura incident (1922), where police were killed in
violence. He believed the movement had turned violent.
Q14: Swaraj Party
Formed by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru in 1923 to enter legislatures and voice nationalist
demands from within.
Q15: Agricultural/Economic Depression
• 1930s: Great Depression.
• Prices of agricultural products fell.
• Farmers couldn’t pay revenue.
• Urban unemployment rose.
Q16: Simon Commission
• Came to India in 1928 without any Indian members.
• Faced with nationwide protests and slogan "Simon Go Back".
Q17: Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence)
Declared in Lahore session (1929) under Nehru. 26 Jan 1930 was celebrated as Independence
Day.
Q18: Salt March/Dandi March
• Started on 12 March 1930.
• Gandhi and followers marched 240 km to Dandi.
• Broke salt law by making salt from seawater.
Q19: Difference between NCM and CDM
Aspect Non-Cooperation Civil Disobedience
Start Year 1920 1930
Focus Boycott Breaking laws
Participation Mainly urban Wider (rural + urban)
End Reason Chauri Chaura 2nd Round Table Conference failure
Q20: Role of Rich Peasants in CDM
• Mainly from countryside.
• Participated actively, demanded reduction in revenue.
• Withdrew when demand was not fulfilled.
Q21: Role of Poor Peasants in CDM
• Demanded unpaid rent remission.
• Organized no-rent campaigns.
• Gandhiji did not support their radical demands.
Q22: Role of Business Class in CDM
• Supported with funds.
• Wanted protection from imports, freedom to trade.
• Lost interest when movement became radical.
Q23: Role of Workers in CDM
• Limited participation.
• Some strikes and protests.
• Not strongly mobilized.
Q24: Role of Women in CDM
• Picketed shops, made salt, participated in protests.
• Mostly from high/middle-class families.
Q25: Limitations of CDM / Who Did Not Join
• Dalits, Muslims, Industrial workers participated less.
• Some groups felt Congress did not represent them fully.
Q26: Collective Belongingness
Sense of unity created by symbols (flag, songs), history, folklore, and common struggle.
Q27: Quit India Movement (1942)
• Launched by Gandhi demanding end of British rule.
• “Do or Die” slogan.
• Leaders arrested, movement became leaderless but widespread.
ECONOMICS – Ch. 1: Development
Q1: Why Different People Have Different Goals
Because they have different needs, priorities, and situations.
Q2: What are Conflicting Goals?
When development goals of one person conflict with another’s goals (e.g., a factory brings
jobs but pollutes farmland).
Q3: Why People Have Mixed Goals?
People want both income and non-material things like respect, security, equality, etc.
Q4: BMI and its Calculation
• BMI = Weight (kg) / Height (m²)
• Tells whether a person is underweight, normal, or overweight.
Q5: State Comparisons on Development Parameters
• IMR – Infant Mortality Rate.
• Literacy Rate – % of literate people.
• Net Attendance Ratio – % of students attending school.
• Sex Ratio – Females per 1000 males.
Q6: HDI and its Components
• Human Development Index includes:
1. Life expectancy
2. Education level
3. Per capita income
Q7: Criteria Other than Income in a Job
Job security, working hours, dignity, safety, healthcare.
Q8: Features to Consider Before Joining a Job
Salary, job security, work environment, respect, and benefits.
Q9: Money Can’t Buy Everything
Money can’t buy respect, clean air, good health, friendship, and happiness.
Q10: Public Facilities
Schools, hospitals, electricity, clean water, transport provided by government.
Q11: Sustainability
Development that meets present needs without harming future generations.
Q12: Average Income
• Total income ÷ Population.
• It hides inequality and doesn’t show actual distribution.
Q13: National Development
It refers to the development of a nation in terms of economic growth, better living standards,
equality, and sustainability.
Q14: World Bank Criteria
Classifies countries by per capita income:
• Low income (< $1,036),
• Middle income ($1,036–$12,535),
• High income (> $12,535).
GEOGRAPHY – Ch. 1: Resources and Development
Q1: Define Resources
Anything available in the environment that can be used to satisfy human needs and is
technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable.
Q2: Flowchart of Resources
• Natural: Renewable & Non-renewable
• Human Made
• Human
Q3: Development of Resources
Planned development and proper usage of resources to prevent overuse and wastage.
Q4: Sustainable Development
Development that balances economic growth, social well-being, and environmental care.
Q5: Earth Summit (1992)
Held in Rio de Janeiro to discuss environmental protection and sustainable development.
Q6: Agenda 21
Global plan of action for sustainable development in the 21st century, adopted at the Earth
Summit.
Q7: Resource Planning
• Meaning: Judicious use of resources.
• Importance: Avoid depletion and ensure future availability.
• Stages:
1. Identification and inventory.
2. Planning with technology.
3. Matching resources with development plans.
Q8: Conservation
Careful use of resources to prevent depletion and ensure future availability.
Q9: Land Resources and Utilisation in India
• 43% - Net sown area
• 22.5% - Forests
• 8.6% - Waste land
• 5.5% - Non-agricultural
Q10: Land Degradation & Conservation
• Causes: Overgrazing, deforestation, mining.
• Measures: Afforestation, crop rotation, proper irrigation.
Q11: Soil and Types
• Alluvial (fertile, northern plains)
• Black (cotton)
• Red
• Laterite
• Mountain
• Desert
Q12: Soil Erosion and Conservation
• Causes: Wind, water, deforestation.
• Measures: Terrace farming, contour ploughing, shelter belts.