1.

Sets and Functions

Sets: A set is a well-
defined collection of
objects. Types
include finite,
infinite, equal,
subset, universal, etc.
Operations: Union
o

(A ∪ B),
Intersection (A ∩
B), Difference (A –
 B), Complement
(A').
 Functions: A
function is a relation
in which every
element of the
domain is related to
exactly one element
of the co-domain.
o Types of
Functions: One-to-
One (Injective),
 Onto (Surjective),
Bijective (One-to-
One and Onto),
Constant, Identity,
etc.
o Domain and
Range: Domain is
the set of inputs
and range is the set
of possible outputs.

2. Trigonometry
 Basic
Trigonometric
Ratios: Sine (sin),
Cosine (cos),
Tangent (tan),
Cosecant (csc),
Secant (sec), and
Cotangent (cot).
oImportant
Identites:
sin 2θ+cos 2θ=


1\sin^2 \theta +
 \cos^2 \theta =
1sin2θ+cos2θ=1
 1+tan 2θ=sec 2
θ1 + \tan^2 \theta
= \sec^2
\theta1+tan2θ=se
c2θ
 1+cot 2θ=csc 2
θ1 + \cot^2 \theta
= \csc^2
\theta1+cot2θ=cs
c2θ
o Angle Sum and
Difference
Formulas:
sin (A+B)=sin
Acos B+cos A
sin B\sin(A + B)
= \sin A \cos B +
\cos A \sin
Bsin(A+B)=sinA
cosB+cosAsinB
cos (A+B)=cos
Acos B−sin
 Asin B\cos(A +
B) = \cos A \cos
B - \sin A \sin
Bcos(A+B)=cos
AcosB−sinAsinB
 tan (A+B)=tan
A+tan B1−tan
Atan B\tan(A +
B) = \frac{\tan A
+ \tan B}{1 - \tan
A \tan
B}tan(A+B)=1−t
 anAtanBtanA+ta
nB
 Inverse
Trigonometric
Functions:
Functions like
sin −1x\sin^{-1}
xsin−1x,
cos −1x\cos^{-1}
xcos−1x, etc.
3. Complex Numbers
and Quadratic
Equations
 Complex Numbers:
A complex number is
of the form a+bia +
bia+bi, where aaa is
the real part and bbb
is the imaginary part.
Imaginary Unit:
o

i=−1i = \sqrt{-
1}i=−1
 oModulus:
∣z∣=a2+b2|z| =
\sqrt{a^2 +
b^2}∣z∣=a2+b2
oArgument: The
angle
θ=tan −1(ba)\theta
= \tan^{-
1}\left(\frac{b}{a}\
right)θ=tan−1(ab)
 Quadratic
Equations: An
equation of the form
ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 +
bx + c =
0ax2+bx+c=0, where
a≠0a \neq 0a=0.
o Roots: The
solutions of the
quadratic equation
can be found using
the quadratic
formula:
  x=−b±b2−4ac2ax
= \frac{-b \pm
\sqrt{b^2 -
4ac}}{2a}x=2a−
b±b2−4ac
o Discriminant:
Δ=b2−4ac\Delta =
b^2 - 4acΔ=b2−4ac
determines the
nature of the roots:
  Δ>0\Delta >
0Δ>0: Two real
and distinct roots
 Δ=0\Delta =
0Δ=0: One real
root
 Δ<0\Delta <
0Δ<0: Complex
roots

4. Linear Inequalities
 Linear Inequality:
An inequality of the
form ax+b>0ax + b >
0ax+b>0 or
ax+b<0ax + b <
0ax+b<0.
 Solving
Inequalities: Solve
like equations, but
reverse the inequality
sign when
multiplying/dividing
 by a negative
number.
 Graphical
Representation:
Solutions to linear
inequalities can be
represented on the
number line or in
coordinate geometry.

5. Permutations and
Combinations
 Permutations: The
number of ways to
arrange nnn distinct
objects is n!n!n!.
o Permutations of
rrr objects from
nnn:
P(n,r)=n!(n−r)!P(n,
r) = \frac{n!}{(n -
r)!}P(n,r)=(n−r)!n!
 Combinations: The
number of ways to
 choose rrr objects
from nnn is given by:
o C(n,r)=n!r!(n−r)!C(
n, r) =
\frac{n!}{r!(n -
r)!}C(n,r)=r!(n−r)!
n!

6. Binomial Theorem
 Binomial
Expansion: The
binomial theorem
provides an
expansion for powers
of binomials:
o (a+b)n=∑r=0n(nr)a
n−rbr(a + b)^n =
\sum_{r=0}^{n}
\binom{n}{r}
a^{n-r}
b^r(a+b)n=∑r=0n
(rn)an−rbr
 Binomial
Coefficients: The
coefficients
(nr)\binom{n}{r}(rn)
are the number of
ways to choose rrr
elements from nnn.

7. Sequences and
Series
 Arithmetic
Progression (AP): A
sequence where the
difference between
consecutive terms is
constant.
onth Term:
Tn=a+(n−1)dT_n =
a + (n - 1) dTn
=a+(n−1)d, where
aaa is the first term
and ddd is the
 common
difference.
o Sum of First nnn
Terms:
Sn=n2[2a+(n−1)d]
S_n = \frac{n}{2}
[2a + (n - 1) d]Sn
=2n[2a+(n−1)d]
 Geometric
Progression (GP): A
sequence where the
ratio between
consecutive terms is
constant.
onth Term:
Tn=arn−1T_n =
ar^{n-1}Tn=arn−1,
where aaa is the
first term and rrr is
the common ratio.
oSum of First nnn
Terms:
Sn=a(1−rn)1−rS_n
= \frac{a(1 -
 r^n)}{1 - r}Sn
=1−ra(1−rn) for
r≠1r \neq 1r=1

8. Straight Lines
 Equation of a Line:
The general equation
of a line is
Ax+By+C=0Ax +
By + C =
0Ax+By+C=0.
 Slope of a Line: The
slope mmm is the
ratio of the change in
y to the change in x.
o Point-Slope Form:
y−y1=m(x−x1)y -
y_1 = m(x -
x_1)y−y1=m(x−x1
)
o Intercept Form:
xa+yb=1\frac{x}{a
 } + \frac{y}{b} =
1ax+by=1
 Two Lines Parallel
or Perpendicular:
Two lines are
parallel if their
slopes are equal, and
perpendicular if their
slopes are negative
reciprocals.

9. Conic Sections
 Circle: Equation
x2+y2=r2x^2 + y^2
= r^2x2+y2=r2,
where rrr is the
radius.
 Ellipse: Equation
x2a2+y2b2=1\frac{x
^2}{a^2} +
\frac{y^2}{b^2} =
1a2x2+b2y2=1,
where aaa and bbb
 are the semi-major
and semi-minor axes.
 Hyperbola:
Equation
x2a2−y2b2=1\frac{x
^2}{a^2} -
\frac{y^2}{b^2} =
1a2x2−b2y2=1
 Parabola: Equation
y2=4axy^2 =
4axy2=4ax (for a
 parabola opening
sideways).

10. Limits and

Continuity
Limit of a Function:
The value a function
approaches as the
input approaches a
certain point. For
example,
 lim x→af(x)=L\lim
_{x \to a} f(x) =
Llimx→af(x)=L.
 Continuity: A
function is
continuous at a point
if the limit at that
point exists and is
equal to the function
value.

11. Differentiation
 Derivative: The
derivative of a
function represents
the rate of change of
the function with
respect to the
independent variable.
o Basic Rules:
ddx[xn]=nxn−1\f


rac{d}{dx}[x^n]
= nx^{n-1}dxd
[xn]=nxn−1
 ddx[sin x]=cos


x\frac{d}{dx}[\
sin x] = \cos
xdxd[sinx]=cosx
ddx[cos x]=−sin


x\frac{d}{dx}[\
cos x] = -\sin
xdxd
[cosx]=−sinx
 Applications:
oTangent and
Normal: The slope
 of the tangent is the
derivative of the
function.
o Maxima and
Minima: Use the
second derivative
to determine
concavity and find
extreme values of
functions.

12. Integration
 Indefinite Integral:
The antiderivative of
a function,
representing the area
under the curve
without limits.
o ∫xn dx=xn+1n+1+C
\int x^n \, dx =
\frac{x^{n+1}}{n+
1} +
C∫xndx=n+1xn+1
+C
 Definite Integral:
The integral with
specified upper and
lower limits,
representing the
exact area under a
curve between these
points.
 Applications:
Finding areas,
volumes, and solving
problems involving
accumulation.