Basic Linux Commands for Beginners
File and Directory Management
`pwd` → Shows your current working directory
`ls` → Lists files and folders
`ls -l` → Long listing (details)
`ls -a` → Shows hidden files too
`cd ` → Change directory
`cd ..` → Go back one directory
`cd ~` → Go to home directory
`mkdir ` → Create a new directory
`rmdir ` → Remove an empty directory
`touch ` → Create an empty file
`cp ` → Copy files
`mv ` → Move or rename files
`rm ` → Delete a file
`rm -r ` → Remove directory and contents
Viewing Files
`cat ` → Show file contents
`less ` → View file page by page (q to quit)
`head ` → Show first 10 lines
`tail ` → Show last 10 lines
`tail -f ` → Monitor file in real time
System Information
`whoami` → Shows current username
`uname -a` → Shows system information
`df -h` → Shows disk usage
`free -h` → Shows memory usage
`top` → Shows running processes (q to quit)
`date` → Shows current date and time
`uptime` → Shows system uptime
Permissions
`ls -l` → Shows file permissions
`chmod ` → Change file permissions
`chown : ` → Change file owner
Searching and Finding
`find -name ` → Search for a file
`grep ` → Search for a word in a file
Package Management (Ubuntu/Debian)
`sudo apt update` → Update package list
`sudo apt upgrade` → Upgrade installed packages
`sudo apt install ` → Install a package
`sudo apt remove ` → Remove a package
Others
`man ` → Manual/help for a command
`clear` → Clear the terminal screen
`history` → Show previously used commands
`exit` → Close terminal session