UNIVERSITY OF CEBU SENIOR HIGH
SCHOOL
DATA
COLLECTION
AND ANALYSIS
PROCEDURE
PRESENTED BY
RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is an activity where the researcher obtains relevant
information to address the specific research questions or objectives of
the study.
Qualitative research typically uses multiple sources of evidence or
methods in data collection. This technique is also known as
triangulation.
Through triangulation, you can establish the reliability of the data you
have collected.
Reliability refers to the consistency of the results with the data. This
means that you get the same findings from your various data sources. A
related measure to reliability is validity, which refers to the ability of the
data to address the research questions or objectives of a study.
4 COMMON METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
FOCUS GROUP DOCUMENT
OBSERVATION INTERVIEWS
DISCUSSION ANALYSIS
• The second method,
• Is a method where • The third method,
which are most • Involves the
the researcher sees which is also
beneficial when you examination of
how people behave considered another
want to collect non- documents or records
and interact with one type of interview.
readily observable relevant to your study.
• It is most useful for
another, either in These documents
data. researching on cultural
controlled or natural include archival
• These includes norms, shared
setting. records (e.g. historical
experiences, experiences, and
• It is most useful in records and physical
opinions, values, issues experienced by
recording behavior in artifacts (e.g. tools,
feelings, and a specific cultural
a specific context. artworks).
knowledge. group or subgroup.
TOOLS (DATA COLLECTION)
The tools used in collecting data in qualitative studies are called research instruments. In
qualitative research, research instruments are also known as guides, which contain the
topics to be covered or questions to be answered in the data collection. They may also
contain the procedure to be taken in the data collection process. Examples of these are the
interview guide and observation guide.
Here are some tips in planning and conducting your data collection:
[Link] cautious in using documents as they may not fully reflect reality. This means that
these documents may not contain events that actually happened. This does not apply to
all documents, however. An example of a more reliable type of document is archival
records which are primary source documents that have been collected over a period of
time.
Here are some tips in planning and conducting your data collection:
2 If the data can be obtained through documents, archival records, or direct
observation, interviews become optional. If you decide to use an interview,
its main function is to triangulate or cross-validate data. Examples of data
that can be obtained without conducting an interview are organizational
structures and common offenses committed by employees. These
information can be obtained from the records of the human resources
department of a company or institution.
3. If your data sources are people, data collection may involve one-on-one
or group interaction with your participants.
Here are some tips in planning and conducting your data collection:
4. Seek consent from your participants by having them read and sign
the informed consent form
(ICF). The ICF is a document that details the purpose of your study, the
extent of the participants involvement in your research, and the
assurance of the confidentiality of data.
5. When conducting participant observation, it is ideal to have two or
three observers to increase the reliability of data. These observers are
commonly known as intercoders.
6. Ensure the confidentiality of your data.
TYPES OF DATA ACCORDING
TO SOURCES
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA
• Are those gathered directly • Are collected by someone
from the participants of your besides the researcher.
study. • Examples of secondary data
• They are collected using sources include media reports,
interviews, focus group published research, public
discussion, observation, and documents, and Internet
survey. materials, among others.
WRITING THE DATA
COLLECTION PROCEDURE
• The data collection procedure is a section in the methodology that details
the specific steps that the researcher took to gather the needed data. This
section explains who collected the data and how he or she did it. This
section also presents all the processes or activities the participants have
engaged in and where these took place.
Here are the guidelines that you may follow when writing the data collection
procedure of your study:
[Link] how you informed the participants about the study and obtained their
consent.
[Link] the person/s who collected the data. It may be the researcher, research
assistants, or a third party.
Here are the guidelines that you may follow when writing the data collection
procedure of your study:
3. If applicable, discuss the training or orientation sessions held for the
data collectors. If no training session was conducted, discuss the data
collectors' educational background or experience that makes them fit to
do data collection.
4. Name the place where the data were collected. Was the data
collection held at home, in school, or in the office? Was the venue
private and secure? This concern is especially important if the
researcher collected confidential information.
5. Explain how the actual data collection was conducted. Be sure to
arrange the activities chronologically. Specify the duration of each
activity in the data collection procedure.
Here are the guidelines that you may follow when writing the data collection
procedure of your study:
6. Discuss the method of recording the interview or observation.
Specify whether note-taking or an audio or video recorder was
used.
7. State whether the participants received an incentive or not.
DATA ANALYSIS
• After planning your data collection procedure,
you will also need to design your data analysis
procedure. Data analysis is the process of
transcribing, examining, classifying, tabulating,
testing, and recombining data. Through data
analysis, you are able to make conclusions about
your findings or understand a phenomenon
based on them.
DATA ANALYSIS
• A method often used in qualitative data
analysis is coding, which is used to categorize
data and make sense of the concepts
emerging from them. This process involves
the use of codes, which refer to words or
phrases that describe a concept or piece of
information.
The following are guidelines in designing, conducting, and presenting your data
analysis procedure:
1. Keep your research problem and research questions in mind
as these will be the focus of your data analysis.
Your qualitative data analysis also starts with stating the
research problem and research questions.
2. Conduct a pilot test to get an idea on how to go about with
your data collection and analysis. This will then help you better
facilitate your actual data collection and analysis.
The following are guidelines in designing, conducting, and presenting your data
analysis procedure:
3. Transcribe the data you will obtain from interviews and focus group
discussions. Ask another person to code the same data you will collect
to ensure the reliability of your analysis. Results of interceding reliability
refer to the consistency in the data analysis of two coders.
4. Conduct an initial tabulation and analysis of a few sets of the data you
have first gathered. Doing this will allow you to make adjustments in
your interview questions, observation techniques, and collection of
additional data.
The following are guidelines in designing, conducting, and presenting your data
analysis procedure:
5. Decide on your level of analysis (eg. word-level, sentence-level). Your level of
analysis depends on the nature of data vou have obtained and the focus of your
study. If vou want to analyze vocabulary use or the frequency of word usage,
you may use word-level analysis. On the other hand, if you want to understand
the meaning of a statement, sentence-level analysis may be more appropriate.
6. Decide on what to do with outliers and irrelevant information. You can either
discard or reanalyze them.
7. Make sure to incorporate actual data in the presentation of your data
analysis.
GROUP
ACTIVITY
LET’S
PRACTICE! Instructions: On a single sheet of
paper, create a draft of your
research methodology.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!