Prepared By: Deepak Shrestha - SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE =- GRADE IX - 2082

1.1 Introduction to Computer Systems

1.1.1 Definition and features of computer system

The word “Computer” comes from the Latin word Computare, which means “to calculate”. A computer is
an electronic device that accepts data as input, processes it according to given instructions, stores data and
results, and produces meaningful information as output.
Features of a Computer

1. Automatic
A computer works automatically once instructions are given through software. Once a program is started,
the computer performs tasks automatically without human intervention. Example: Printing 1000 pages
continuously without monitoring.

2. Speed
A computer system can perform millions of calculations per second. It completes tasks much faster than
humans. The table below shows the speed of the computer in different units of time.
Unit of Time Part of second Power of 10
Millisecond 1/1000 One Thousand (10-3)
Microsecond 1/1000000 One Millionth (10-6)
Nanosecond 1/1000000000 One Billionth (10-9)
Picosecond 1/1000000000000 One Trillionth (10-12)
Femtosecond 1/1000000000000000 One Quadrillionth (10-15)

3. Accuracy
A computer provides accurate results if correct data and instructions are given. Errors occur only due to wrong
input or programs. The incorrect output produced due to incorrect input is referred to as Garbage In Garbage
Out (GIGO). Errors due to hardware or software faults are called bugs.

4. Storage
A computer can store a large amount of data, information, and programs for future use.1 Byte = 1 character.
1 Bit = 1 or 0 4 bits = 1 Nibble
8 bits = 1 Byte 1024 bytes = 1 KB KB-Kilobyte EB-Exabyte
1024 KB = 1 MB 1024 MB = 1 GB MB-Megabyte ZB-Zettabyte
1024 GB = 1 TB 1024 TB = 1 PB GB-Gigabyte YB – Yottabyte
1024 PB = 1 EB 1024 EB = 1 ZB TB-Terabyte
1024 ZB = 1 YB PB-Petabyte

5. Diligence
A computer can work continuously for a long time without getting tired or losing efficiency. The capability
of a computer to perform a task repeatedly without losing speed and accuracy for a long time is known as
diligence.

6. Versatility
A computer system can perform different types of tasks such as calculations, document creation, internet
browsing, and multimedia work. Versatility refers to the capability of doing various kinds of tasks.

7. No Intelligence
A computer cannot think or make decisions on its own. It works strictly according to the instructions provided
by the user.

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 Prepared By: Deepak Shrestha - SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE =- GRADE IX - 2082
1.1.2 Application Areas of Computer Systems
Computers are very powerful and versatile. They help people work faster, correctly, and more efficiently.
With computers, people can prepare documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and graphics. They can also
enjoy modern facilities like instant messaging, video chatting, email, online shopping, ticket booking,
banking, and getting the latest news. Today, computers are used in almost every field of life. Some
important applications are:

Education
Computer systems are used in education for teaching and learning purposes. Teachers use computers to prepare
teaching materials and presentations, while students use them for learning through the internet, online classes,
and educational software. Computers are also used to keep student records and examination results.

Communication
Computers play a vital role in communication. They are used to send and receive information through email,
video conferencing, chatting, and social media platforms. Computers make communication faster, easier, and
global.

Entertainment
Computers are used in entertainment for playing games, watching movies, listening to music, animation, and
video editing. They provide digital entertainment through multimedia and online platforms.

Banking
In the banking sector, computers are used for maintaining customer records, processing transactions, online
banking, ATM services, and generating bank statements. Computer systems have increased accuracy, speed,
and security in banking services.

Medicine and Healthcare

Computer systems are widely used in hospitals and healthcare centers. They are used to maintain patient
records, assist in medical diagnosis, operate medical equipment, and manage hospital systems. Computers are
also used in medical research.

Scientific research
Computers are used in scientific research to analyze large amounts of data, conduct simulations, weather
forecasting, and space research. They help scientists perform complex calculations accurately and quickly.

Business
In business organizations, computers are used for accounting, billing, payroll processing, inventory
management, record keeping, and communication. They help in efficient management and decision making.

Agriculture
Computers are used in agriculture for weather forecasting, crop management, data analysis, and modern
farming techniques. They help farmers increase productivity and efficiency.

Transportation
Computers are used in transportation systems for ticket booking, traffic control, navigation, and managing
transport schedules. They help reduce human errors and improve safety.

Government Offices
Government offices use computer systems for census data, record keeping, tax systems, e-governance
services, and public administration. Computers improve efficiency and transparency in government services.

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 Prepared By: Deepak Shrestha - SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE =- GRADE IX - 2082
1.1.3 Functions of a computer system: Input, Process, Output, Storage (IPOS) with Basic Block
Diagram.

A computer system performs its work through four basic functions known as the IPOS cycle. IPOS stands for
Input, Process, Output, and Storage. These functions work together to convert data into meaningful
information.

The block diagram of the IPOS cycle of the computer system as:

1. Input
Input is the process of entering raw data and instructions into the computer system.
Input devices such as keyboard, mouse, scanner, and microphone are used to provide data to the computer.

2. Process
Processing is the operation performed on the input data according to the given instructions.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) processes data by performing arithmetic and logical operations to convert
data into information.

3. Output
Output is the result produced after processing the data.
Output devices like monitor, printer, and speaker are used to display or produce the processed information.

4. Storage
Storage refers to saving data, programs, and results for future use.
A computer uses primary memory (RAM, ROM) and secondary memory (HDD, SSD, pen drive) to store
information.

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 Prepared By: Deepak Shrestha - SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE =- GRADE IX - 2082
1. The word “Computer” is derived from which word? [k]
A. Compute B. Calculus C. Computare D. Calculation
2. A computer is best defined as: [k]
A. A mechanical device B. An electronic device that processes data
C. A thinking machine D. A communication tool
3. Which feature allows a computer to work without human intervention once started? [k]
A. Speed B. Accuracy C. Automatic D. Versatility
4. Performing millions of calculations per second shows which feature? [u]
A. Accuracy B. Speed C. Storage D. Diligence
5. Wrong output due to wrong input is called: [k]
A. Bug B. Virus C. GIGO D. Malware
6. A computer working continuously for long hours shows: [u]
A. Accuracy B. Speed C. Diligence D. Versatility
7. A computer editing videos, calculating results, and browsing the internet shows: [a]
A. Speed B. Accuracy C. Versatility D. Storage
8. Which feature proves that a computer cannot think on its own? [k]
A. Speed B. Accuracy C. Automatic D. No intelligence
9. Which unit represents one billionth of a second? [k]
A. Microsecond B. Millisecond C. Nanosecond D. Picosecond
10. Which unit represents one trillionth of a second? [k]
A. Nanosecond B. Microsecond C. Picosecond D. Femtosecond
11. Sending emails and video calls belongs to: [k]
A. Entertainment B. Business C. Communication D. Research
12. Online shopping and billing are examples of computer use in: [u]
A. Business B. Education C. Agriculture D. Government
13. Weather forecasting mainly uses computers in: [u]
A. Entertainment B. Agriculture C. Communication D. Scientific research
14. Computers reduce human error most effectively in: [ HA]
A. Entertainment B. Manual work C. Automated systems D. Games
15. IPOS stands for: [K]
A. Input, Program, Output, Storage B. Input, Process, Output, Storage
C. Instruction, Process, Output, Speed D. Input, Processing, Object, System
16. Entering data into the computer is called: [K]
A. Processing B. Output C. Input D. Storage
17. Which device is used for input? [K]
A. Monitor B. Printer C. Keyboard D. Speaker
18. Which part processes data in a computer system? [K]
A. Output device B. CPU C. Input device D. Storage device
19. Arithmetic and logical operations are done by: [U]
A. CU B. Register C. ALU D. ROM
20. The processed result displayed to the user is called: [K]
A. Input B. Output C. Storage D. Processing
21. Saving data for future use is called: [K]
A. Input B. Processing C. Output D. Storage
22. Which memory is volatile? [U]
A. ROM B. HDD C. SSD D. RAM
23. Which stage converts data into information? [A]
A. Input B. Storage C. Processing D. Output

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 Prepared By: Deepak Shrestha - SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE =- GRADE IX - 2082
24. Which statement best explains the term “Garbage In, Garbage Out (GIGO)” in a computer
system? [HA]
A. Computer always produces correct output B. Computer can correct wrong input automatically
C. Wrong input leads to wrong output D. Computer makes decisions on its own
25. In the basic block diagram of a computer system, which component directly controls and
coordinates all operations? [A]
A. Input Unit B. Output Unit C. Storage Unit D. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Short Questions

What is computer? Explain why a computer is called an automatic machine.

What is GIGO? How does diligence differentiate a computer from humans?
What is versatility? Explain accuracy as a feature of a computer system.
Why is a computer said to have no intelligence?
Explain the importance of storage in a computer system.
How do computers help farmers in agriculture?
Explain the use of computers in business organizations.

Long Questions

Draw and Explain the functions of a computer system with reference to the IPOS cycle.
Define a computer system and Explain any five features of a computer system.
Explain the application of computer systems in different fields.
Describe the role of computers in education and communication.
Explain the use of computers in banking and healthcare sectors.
Explain how computers are useful in business and government offices.

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 Prepared By: Deepak Shrestha - SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE =- GRADE IX - 2082
1.2 Input Devices

Input devices are hardware components of a computer system used to enter data and instructions into the
computer. They convert human-readable data into machine-readable form for processing.

Examples of Input Devices:

Mouse
Keyboard
Joystick
Microphone
Scanner
Webcam
Touchscreen
Touchpad

Mouse
A mouse is a handheld pointing input device used to select and control objects on the computer screen. It is
mainly used with GUI-based systems for pointing, clicking, dragging, and scrolling. It has left, right, and
scroll buttons.

Keyboard
A keyboard is an input device used to enter text, numbers, and commands into a computer by typing. A
standard keyboard has 104 keys and the most common layout is QWERTY, named after the first six keys of
the top row. Types of Keys on a Keyboard: Alphabet keys: A to Z, Numeric keys: 0 to 9 and mathematical
symbols, Function keys: F1 to F12, Cursor movement keys: Arrow keys
Special purpose keys: Enter, Spacebar, Shift, Ctrl, Alt, Delete

Joystick
A joystick is an input device mainly used for playing video games and simulation systems. It consists of a
movable stick that detects direction and movement and has buttons for game control.

Microphone
A microphone is an input device used to enter sound or voice into a computer. It converts sound waves into
digital signals and is used for voice recording, online meetings, and video conferencing.

Scanner
A scanner is an input device used to convert printed documents or images into digital form. It is commonly
used for digitizing text and photographs.

Webcam
A webcam is an input device used to capture live images and videos. It is mainly used for video calls, online
classes, and video conferencing.

Touchscreen
A touchscreen is an input device that allows users to give input by touching the display screen directly. It
is commonly used in smartphones, tablets, and ATMs.

Touchpad
A touchpad is a touch-sensitive pointing input device commonly found on laptops. It is used to control the
cursor and works like a mouse.

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 Prepared By: Deepak Shrestha - SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE =- GRADE IX - 2082
1.2 Input Devices - MCQs
1. Which task is most efficiently performed using a mouse?
A. Typing a document B. Recording sound C. Dragging and dropping icons D. Scanning text
2. The main purpose of a keyboard is to:
A. Capture images B. Enter text and commands C. Record sound D. Control cursor
3. Function keys on a keyboard are labeled as:
A. A1–A12 B. Ctrl keys C. F1–F12 D. Arrow keys
4. A joystick is mainly used for:
A. Typing B. Playing games and simulations C. Scanning documents D. Video conferencing
5. A microphone is used to input:
A. Images B. Text C. Sound D. Video
6. A scanner converts:
A. Digital data into paper B. Paper documents into digital form
C. Sound into text D. Video into images
7. A touchscreen accepts input through:
A. Keyboard only B. Mouse only C. Touch on screen D. Voice
8. A touchpad is commonly found in:
A. Desktop computers B. Printers C. Laptops D. Servers
9. Which input device does not require physical movement on a surface?
A. Mouse B. Touchpad C. Joystick D. Touchscreen
10. A standard keyboard generally has:
A. 84 keys B. 90 keys C. 104 keys D. 120 keys
11. QWERTY is called so because:
A. It is fastest layout B. It is the newest layout
C. It is named after first six top-row letters D. It is named after inventor
12. Which device is used for video calling as video input?
A. Keyboard B. Mouse C. Webcam D. Scanner
13. Which input device is built into most laptops for cursor control?
A. Joystick B. Touchpad C. Scanner D. Microphone
14. Touchpad performs the same function as a:
A. Keyboard B. Mouse C. Scanner D. Speaker
15. Which of the following is NOT an input device?
A. Mouse B. Keyboard C. Scanner D. Printer
16. Which device acts as both input and output device?
A. Mouse B. Keyboard C. Touchscreen D. Scanner
17. Which input device is MOST suitable for entering hand-drawn pictures into a computer?
A. Mouse B. Scanner C. Keyboard D. Webcam
18. Which input device reduces the need for both keyboard and mouse?
A. Touchpad B. Scanner C. Touchscreen D. Joystick
19. Which input device is generally used in laptops instead of an external pointing device?
A. Mouse B. Touchpad C. Joystick D. Scanner
20. Which input device is MOST suitable when a user needs to interact with a computer without using
any physical buttons or keys?
A. Mouse B. Keyboard C. Touchscreen D. Scanner
What are input devices? Write any two functions of a mouse.
What is a keyboard? Name any four types of keys found on a keyboard.
What is a joystick? How is a touchpad different from a mouse?
Define a mouse. What is a microphone used for?
What is a scanner? Write two uses of a webcam.
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 Prepared By: Deepak Shrestha - SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE =- GRADE IX - 2082
1.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer system that controls all operations of the
computer and processes data and instructions.
It is responsible for receiving data from the input unit, executing instructions provided by the user, and
generating output information.
Intel CPUs (e.g., Intel Core i5, i7, i9), AMD CPUs (e.g., Ryzen series, EPYC), Apple CPUs(M1, M2), ARM
CPUs ((e.g., Qualcomm Snapdragon, MediaTek)), etc. are popular examples of CPUs.

1.3.1 Function of the CPU

i. Fetching: Retrieves data and instructions from memory (RAM).

ii. Decoding: Interprets the instructions to understand required actions.
iii. Executing: Performs calculations, data movement, or hardware interaction.
iv. Storing: Stores results back into memory or sends them to output devices.
v. Managing Interrupts: Handles hardware and software interruptions to ensure smooth processing.

In short with Example (25 + 10):

• Fetch → Get the problem from memory.
• Decode → Understand it’s an addition.
• Execute → Do 25 + 10 = 35.
• Store → Save result (35) in memory to display.
• Manage Interrupts → Handle side tasks (e.g., notifications).

Example (Working of CPU):

1. The CPU fetches instructions from memory.
2. The Control Unit decodes the instructions.
3. The Arithmetic Logic Unit executes the instructions.
4. The results are stored in registers or sent to memory/output devices.
This is the fetch–decode–execute cycle.

1.3.2 Components of the CPU: Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit, and Memory Unit.

Control Unit (CU)

The Control Unit (CU) controls the working of all parts of the computer system. It controls the movement of
data inside as well as outside the CPU. The CU communicates between the registers and the ALU and between
the CPU and all input, output, and storage devices. It directs all parts of the computer system to perform their
tasks.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operations
include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logical operations include greater than, less than,
and not equal comparisons.

Memory Unit (MU)

The Memory Unit (MU) stores data, instructions, and results required during processing. In the CPU, the
Memory Unit mainly consists of registers, which are small, high-speed memory units. Registers store
immediate data, instructions, and results while processing data.

Registers
Registers are small, fast memory units inside the CPU. They are used to store immediate data, instructions,
and results temporarily during data processing.
The speed of a computer depends mainly on its microprocessor.
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 Prepared By: Deepak Shrestha - SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE =- GRADE IX - 2082
1. CPU stands for:
A. Central Program Unit B. Computer Processing Unit
C. Central Processing Unit D. Control Processing Unit
2. The CPU is also known as the:
A. Heart of the computer B. Memory of the computer
C. Brain of the computer D. Storage of the compute
3. Which unit performs arithmetic and logical operations?
A. Control Unit B. Memory Unit C. Arithmetic Logic Unit D. Input Unit
4. Fetching refers to:
A. Performing calculations B. Storing results
C. Retrieving data and instructions from memory D. Sending output to devices
5. Which unit controls the movement of data inside and outside the CPU?
A. ALU B. Memory Unit C. Control Unit D. Register
6. Registers are:
A. Large storage devices B. Input devices
C. Small high-speed memory units inside CPU D. Output devices
7. Which function ensures smooth processing by handling interruptions?
A. Executing B. Storing C. Decoding D. Managing interrupts
8. The speed of a computer mainly depends on its:
A. Keyboard B. Monitor C. Microprocessor D. Printer
9. Which of the following are examples of CPUs?
A. Intel, AMD, Apple, ARM B. Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner
C. RAM, ROM, HDD D. Printer, Monitor, Speaker
10. The CPU receives data from which unit?
A. Output unit B. Storage unit C. Input unit D. Control unit
11. Decoding in CPU means:
A. Performing calculations B. Translating instructions into machine language
C. Interpreting fetched instructions D. Storing results
12. Managing interrupts is done to ensure:
A. Faster typing B. Better storage
C. Smooth and efficient processing D. More memory
13. Registers are mainly used to store:
A. Permanent data B. Backup files
C. Immediate data and instructions D. Output information only
14. Which statement is CORRECT about the microprocessor?
A. It is an input device B. It controls only output devices
C. It contains CU, ALU, and registers D. It stores data permanently
15. Which of the following tasks is performed during the execution stage?
A. Retrieving instructions from RAM B. Interpreting instructions
C. Performing calculations and data movement D. Storing instructions permanently

Define Central Processing Unit (CPU). Write any two examples of CPUs.
Explain the functions of the CPU.
Explain the components of the CPU.
Explain the working of the CPU.
Describe the Control Unit and Arithmetic Logic Unit.

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 Prepared By: Deepak Shrestha - SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE =- GRADE IX - 2082
1.4 Motherboard and Data Bus

1.4.1 Explanation of the motherboard's role in connecting components.

Motherboard

Motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer that connects, controls, and allows communication
between all hardware components like CPU, memory, storage, and input/output devices.
It is also called the system board or PCB (Printed Circuit Board).

Role of Motherboard
The motherboard acts as the main circuit board of a computer. It serves as the foundation of the computer
system and connects all major components like the CPU, memory, and peripherals, allowing them to
communicate and work together. Hence, it is called the backbone of the computer.

The motherboard acts as a central connector hub in a computer system. It manages connections in the
following ways:

i. Physical Connections:
Sockets hold major components like the CPU and RAM. Expansion slots allow installation of devices such
as graphics cards and network cards, and ports are used to connect external devices like monitor,
keyboard, and printer.

ii. Electrical Connections:

The motherboard distributes power from the PSU to all components through circuits and voltage regulators.
Data is transferred using electrical signals through internal pathways.

iii. Communication Hub:

Chipsets such as Northbridge and Southbridge control communication between the CPU, RAM, and
peripherals. Internal buses like PCIe and SATA enable fast data transfer between components.

1.4.2 Understanding the data bus and its importance in data transfer.
A bus is a set of electronic pathways or connected lines that is used to transfer data, addresses, and control
signals between the internal components of a computer system.

Types of buses

Data Bus
A data bus is a set of electronic lines that is used to transfer actual data between the CPU, memory, and
peripheral devices in a computer system.
The data bus is important because it ensures fast and smooth data transfer, and the width of the data bus
affects the speed and performance of the computer system.

Address Bus
An address bus is a communication pathway that carries the address of memory locations from the CPU to
the memory, indicating where data is to be read or written.

Control Bus
A control bus is a set of lines that transfers control and timing signals between computer components to
coordinate and manage operations such as read, write, and interrupt.

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 Prepared By: Deepak Shrestha - SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE =- GRADE IX - 2082
1. What is the motherboard of a computer?
a) An input device b) The main circuit board of a computer
c) A storage device d) An output device
2. The motherboard is also known as:
a) Hard disk b) Control board
c) System board or PCB d) Expansion board
3. Which component holds the CPU on the motherboard?
a) Port b) Slot c) Socket d) Bus
4. Which of the following supplies power to the motherboard?
a) CPU b) RAM c) PSU d) ROM
5. How many main types of buses are there in a computer system?
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
6. Why is the motherboard called the backbone of the computer?
a) It stores data permanently
b) It connects and allows communication between components
c) It performs calculations
d) It provides internet connection
7. Which of the following is an example of a physical connection on the motherboard?
a) Chipset b) PSU c) CPU socket d) Data signal
8. What is the main role of chipsets like Northbridge and Southbridge?
a) Store data b) Supply power
c) Control communication between components
d) Display output
9. What does the width of a data bus decide?
a) Size of memory b) Amount of data transferred at once
c) Type of software used d) Number of peripherals
10. Which bus carries the address of memory locations?
a) Data bus b) Control bus c) Expansion bus d) Address bus
11. If a computer transfers data faster, which bus feature is mainly responsible?
a) Narrow data bus b) Wider data bus c) Control bus signals d) Address bus length
12. Which bus helps the CPU decide where data should be stored in memory?
a) Data bus b) Control bus c) Address bus d) System bus
13. A signal to read or write data is carried by which bus?
a) Data bus b) Address bus c) Control bus d) Expansion bus
14. Connecting a graphics card to the motherboard uses:
a) Socket b) Expansion slot c) Port d) Bus width
15. Which bus is responsible for transferring actual data between the CPU, memory, and peripheral
devices?
a) Address bus b) Control bus c) Data bus d) Expansion bus

1. Why is the motherboard called the backbone of the computer?

2. Define motherboard and explain its role in connecting computer components.
3. Explain the motherboard as a central connector hub.
4. What is a bus? Explain the types of buses used in a computer system.
5. Define data bus and explain its importance in data transfer.

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1.5.1 Definition and function of memory

Memory is a computer storage system used to store data, instructions, and results either temporarily or
permanently during processing.

The function of memory is to store data, instructions, and results for use by the CPU during processing so that
the CPU can work efficiently.

Type of Memory
a. Primary memory and
b. Secondary memory

1.5.2 Units of memory measurement

Computer memory and storage are measured in bits and bytes.

Unit Symbol Description

Bit b The smallest unit of memory, stores either 0 or 1
Nibble — A group of 4 bits.
Byte B A group of 8 bits, represents one character (e.g., a letter/number).
Kilobyte KB 1024 bytes
Megabyte MB 1024 KB
Gigabyte GB 1024 MB
Terabyte TB 1024 GB

1.5.3 Types of memory: primary and secondary memory and their comparison.

Primary memory (Main Memory / Internal Memory)

Primary memory is the main memory of a computer system that stores data and instructions currently
being used by the CPU. It is directly accessed by the CPU and is used during the processing of data.

Secondary memory, (Storage devices or auxiliary or backup memory)

Secondary memory is a type of memory used to store data and instructions permanently for future use.
It has a large storage capacity, is not directly accessed by the CPU, and retains data even when the power
is switched off.

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

Primary memory is the main memory of a computer used to Secondary memory is used to store data and
store data and instructions currently needed by the CPU. instructions permanently for future use.
Directly accessed by the CPU Not directly accessed by the CPU
Very fast Slower compared to primary memory
Limited storage capacity Very large storage capacity
Mostly volatile (data is lost when power is off) Non-volatile (data is not lost when power is
off)
Examples: RAM, ROM, Cache, Register Examples: Hard Disk, SSD, Pen Drive,
CD/DVD

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1.5.4 Example of primary memory: RAM, ROM, Cache, Register

Types of Primary Memory:

1. RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM is a temporary memory that stores data and instructions currently being used by the CPU. It is
volatile in nature, so data is lost when the power is switched off.

2. ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory) is a non-volatile memory that permanently stores instructions needed to start the
computer and load the operating system. It is non-volatile, meaning data is not lost when the power is turned
off.
Programs stored in ROM are written during manufacturing and are known as firmware, such as the BIOS
(Basic Input Output System), which helps in booting the computer.

3. Cache Memory
Cache memory is a very fast memory that stores frequently used data and instructions to improve the
performance of the CPU. It is located between the CPU and main memory and reduces the time required to
access data.

4. Register
Registers are the smallest and fastest memory units located inside the CPU that temporarily store data and
instructions during processing.

RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory)

RAM is a temporary memory that stores data ROM is a permanent memory that stores instructions
and instructions currently used by the CPU. needed to start the computer and load the operating
system.
It is volatile in nature, so data is lost when the It is non-volatile, meaning data is not lost when the power
power is switched off. is turned off.
Used during processing Used during startup
Faster than ROM Slower than RAM
Data can be read and written Data is mostly read-only

Types of RAM

1. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

DRAM is a type of RAM that stores data temporarily and needs to be refreshed repeatedly to retain data. It
is slower than SRAM but has a larger storage capacity and is commonly used as the main memory of a
computer.

2. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

SRAM is a type of RAM that stores data without frequent refreshing. It is faster and more reliable than
DRAM but has a smaller capacity and is more expensive, so it is mainly used as cache memory.

SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
SRAM is a type of RAM that stores data without DRAM is a type of RAM that stores data temporarily
the need for frequent refreshing. and needs continuous refreshing.
Very fast and more expensive Slower than SRAM and less expensive
Smaller storage capacity Larger storage capacity
Consumes less power and more reliable Consumes more power due to refreshing and less
reliable compared to SRAM
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Types of ROM:

1. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

PROM is a type of ROM that is programmed only once after manufacturing. Once data is written into PROM,
it cannot be changed or erased. It is used when permanent data storage is required.

2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

EPROM is a type of ROM that can be erased using ultraviolet (UV) light and reprogrammed. It allows data
to be modified, but the chip must be removed from the computer for erasing.

3. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

EEPROM is a type of ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed electrically without removing it from
the computer. It is more flexible and commonly used in modern systems.

PROM EPROM EEPROM

Programmable Read Only Erasable Programmable Read Only Electrically Erasable
Memory Memory Programmable Read Only
Memory
PROM is a type of ROM that can EPROM is a type of ROM that can EEPROM is a type of ROM that
be programmed only once after be erased and reprogrammed using can be erased and
manufacturing. ultraviolet light. reprogrammed electrically.
Programmed only once Can be programmed multiple Can be programmed multiple
times times
Cannot be erased Erased using UV (ultraviolet) Erased using electrical signals
light
Not reusable Reusable after erasing Highly reusable
Not applicable Must be removed from the No need to remove from the
computer for erasing computer

1.5.5 Example of secondary memory (Storage devices): Hard disk drive (HDD), Solid State Drive (SDD),
Optical Discs (CD/DVD), Flash Memory

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a secondary storage device used to store data, programs, and files
permanently in a computer system. It is a non-volatile memory, so data is not lost when the power is
switched off. HDD stores data on magnetic disks and has a large storage capacity, making it suitable for
long-term data storage.
The speed of a hard disk is measured in Revolutions Per Minute (RPM), which usually ranges from
5400 to 7200 rpm in common computers.

SSD (Solid State Drive)

A Solid State Drive (SSD) is a secondary storage device used to store data, programs, and files
permanently in a computer system. It is a non-volatile memory and stores data using flash memory instead
of magnetic disks. SSDs are faster, quieter, and more reliable than hard disk drives.
SSDs are widely used in laptops, notebooks, and ultrabooks for high performance.
HDD (Hard Disk Drive) SSD (Solid State Drive)
HDD is a secondary storage device that stores data SSD is a secondary storage device that stores data
using magnetic disks. using flash memory.
Has moving parts like rotating disks Has no moving parts
Slower data access and consumes more power Faster data access and consumes less power
Less durable, produce noise, cheaper More durable, silent, more expensive

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Optical Storage Disc
An Optical Storage Disc is a secondary storage device used to store data permanently using laser light
technology. Data is read and written on the disc with the help of a laser beam. It is a non-volatile storage,
so data is not lost when the power is switched off.
Common examples include CDs (Compact Discs), DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs), and Blu-ray Discs.

CD (Compact Disc)
A CD (Compact Disc) is an optical storage disc used to store data permanently. It uses laser technology
to read and write data. A CD is a non-volatile storage device, so the data stored on it is not lost when the
power is switched off.

A CD (Compact Disc) is an optical storage disc used to store data permanently. It uses laser technology
to read and write data. A CD is a non-volatile storage device, so the data stored on it is not lost when the
power is switched off.
A standard CD is 12 cm in diameter, 1 mm thick, and weighs about 18 g. The storage capacity of CD is
700MB.

DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)

A DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) is an optical storage disc used to store data permanently. It uses laser
technology to read and write data. A DVD has a larger storage capacity than a CD, making it suitable for
storing videos, software, and large data files.
A DVD is an optical storage disc developed in 1995 by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic. A DVD
drive is required to read and write data on DVDs.
Storage Capacities:
• Single Side, Single Layer: 4.7 GB
• Single Side, Double Layer: 8.5 GB
• Double Side, Single Layer: 9.4 GB
• Double Side, Double Layer: 17.08 GB

CD (Compact Disc) DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)

Uses laser technology to read and write data Uses advanced laser technology to read and write data
Stores about 700 MB of data Stores 4.7 GB or more of data
Lower data density and Slower data access speed Higher data density and Faster data access speed
Usually single layer Can be single-layer or double-layer
Used for music, small software, and documents Used for movies, videos, large software, and data
Lower video quality and Older technology Better video quality and More advanced than CD

Blu-ray Disc
A Blu-ray Disc is an optical storage disc used to store large amounts of data permanently. It uses a blue-violet
laser, which allows it to store more data than CDs and DVDs. It is commonly used for high-definition videos
and large data storage.

Flash Memory
Flash memory is a type of non-volatile memory used to store data permanently. It stores data in electronic
form and does not require power to retain data. Flash memory is widely used in devices such as pen drives,
memory cards, and solid state drives (SSD).

Pen Drive
A pen drive is a portable secondary storage device that uses flash memory to store data permanently. It
is a non-volatile memory, so data is not lost when power is switched off. A pen drive connects to a computer
through a USB port and is used for storing and transferring data.

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Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is a type of online storage system that allows users to store data on remote servers accessed
through the internet instead of storing it on a local device. It enables users to access, share, and manage
data from anywhere using an internet connection. Examples: Google Drive, Dropbox, Microsoft
OneDrive, Amazon S3

Comparison Between HDD, SSD, and Flash Memory

HDD (Hard Disk Drive) SSD (Solid State Drive) Flash Memory
HDD is a secondary storage SSD is a secondary storage Flash memory is a type of non-
device that stores data using device that stores data using flash volatile memory used to store data
magnetic disks. memory chips. electronically.
Magnetic storage (rotating Flash memory (electronic chips) Flash memory (electronic)
platters)
Has moving parts No moving parts No moving parts
Slower data access speed Very fast data access speed Faster than HDD but slower than
SSD
Less durable due to moving More durable and shock-resistant Highly durable
parts
Consumes more power Consumes less power Consumes very little power
Not portable Less portable Highly portable
Used in traditional desktop Used in modern laptops and high- Used in pen drives, memory cards,
computers speed systems USB devices

1.5.6 Function and characteristics of each type of memory

Type of Memory Function Characteristics

Primary Memory Stores data and instructions currently required • Directly accessed by CPU
by the CPU for processing. • Fast in speed
• Limited storage capacity
• Mostly volatile
RAM (Random Temporarily stores data and instructions • Volatile memory
Access Memory) during execution of programs. • Data lost when power is off
• Fast access speed
• Used during processing
ROM (Read Only Stores instructions needed to start the • Non-volatile memory
Memory) computer and load the operating system. • Permanent storage
• Mostly read-only
• Stores firmware (BIOS)
Cache Memory Stores frequently used data and instructions to • Very fast memory
improve CPU performance. • Located between CPU and RAM
• Small capacity
• Expensive
Register Stores data and instructions temporarily • Smallest and fastest memory
inside the CPU during processing. • Located inside CPU
• Very limited capacity
Secondary Memory Stores data and programs permanently for • Non-volatile memory
future use. • Large storage capacity
• Slower than primary memory
• Not directly accessed by CPU

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1. Memory in a computer is used to
A. Control hardware B. ✓ Store data, instructions, and results
C. Perform calculations D. Display output
2. The smallest unit of memory is
A. Byte B. Nibble C. ✓ Bit D. Word
3. A group of 4 bits is called
A. Byte B. ✓ Nibble C. Word D. Register
4. A byte consists of
A. 4 bits B. 6 bits C. ✓ 8 bits D. 16 bits
5. 1 KB is equal to
A. 1000 bytes B. 512 bytes C. ✓ 1024 bytes D. 2048 bytes
6. Which memory is directly accessed by the CPU?
A. Secondary memory B. Optical memory C. ✓ Primary memory D. Flash memory
7. Which memory loses data when power is switched off?
A. ROM B. HDD C. SSD D. ✓ RAM
8. Which of the following is non-volatile memory?
A. RAM B. Cache C. ✓ ROM D. Register
9. BIOS is stored in
A. RAM B. Cache C. ✓ ROM D. Register
10. Cache memory is used to
A. Store files permanently B. Increase storage capacity
C. ✓ Speed up CPU processing D. Backup data
11. Registers are
A. Secondary storage devices B. ✓ Located inside CPU
C. Slower than RAM D. Used for permanent storage
12. Which memory has the fastest access speed?
A. RAM B. Cache C. ✓ Register D. SSD
13. Which memory is mostly read-only?
A. RAM B. ✓ ROM C. Cache D. Register
14. Firmware refers to programs stored in
A. RAM B. HDD C. ✓ ROM D. Cache
15. Which memory is volatile?
A. ROM B. HDD C. SSD D. ✓ RAM
16. DRAM stands for
A. Direct RAM B. ✓ Dynamic Random Access Memory
C. Digital RAM D. Dual RAM
17. Which RAM needs refreshing?
A. SRAM B. ✓ DRAM C. ROM D. Cache
18. Which RAM is faster?
A. DRAM B. ✓ SRAM C. ROM D. Flash
19. PROM can be programmed
A. Multiple times B. ✓ Only once C. After UV erase D. Electrically
20. EPROM is erased using
A. Electrical signals B. Heat C. ✓ UV light D. Magnet
21. EEPROM is erased using
A. UV light B. Heat C. ✓ Electrical signals D. Magnet
22. Which memory is permanent?
A. RAM B. Cache C. Register D. ✓ ROM

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23. Which is secondary memory?
A. Cache B. Register C. RAM D. ✓ Hard disk
24. HDD stores data using
A. Laser B. Flash memory C. ✓ Magnetic disks D. Electric charge
25. HDD speed is measured in
A. Mbps B. GHz C. ✓ RPM D. ns
26. SSD stores data using
A. Magnetic disks B. Laser C. ✓ Flash memory D. Registers
27. Which storage has no moving parts?
A. HDD B. ✓ SSD C. CD D. DVD
28. Optical discs use
A. Magnetism B. Electricity C. ✓ Laser technology D. Heat
29. Standard CD storage capacity is
A. 4.7 GB B. 8.5 GB C. ✓ 700 MB D. 1 TB
30. Which memory helps reduce CPU access time?
A. RAM B. HDD C. ✓ Cache D. ROM
31. Data currently being processed is stored in
A. ROM B. HDD C. ✓ RAM D. CD
32. Booting instructions are stored in
A. RAM B. ✓ ROM C. Cache D. HDD
33. Which memory is fastest but smallest?
A. RAM B. Cache C. ✓ Register D. SSD
34. Which is NOT primary memory?
A. RAM B. Cache C. Register D. ✓ HDD
35. Which device is best for portability?
A. HDD B. SSD C. ✓ Pen drive D. DVD
36. A laptop boots faster mainly due to
A. RAM size B. ✓ SSD C. CD drive D. Cache size
37. Which memory retains data without power?
A. RAM B. Cache C. ✓ ROM D. Register
38. Which storage is used for HD movies?
A. CD B. DVD C. ✓ Blu-ray D. Pen drive
39. Which memory is slower than RAM?
A. Cache B. Register C. ✓ ROM D. SRAM
40. Which storage is cloud-based?
A. HDD B. SSD C. Pen drive D. ✓ Google Drive
41. Which memory consumes more power due to refreshing?
A. SRAM B. ✓ DRAM C. ROM D. Cache
42. Which is more durable?
A. HDD B. ✓ SSD C. CD D. DVD
43. Which memory is used during execution of programs?
A. ROM B. HDD C. ✓ RAM D. CD
44. Which memory is inside CPU?
A. RAM B. Cache C. ✓ Register D. HDD
45. Which optical disc has highest capacity?
A. CD B. DVD C. ✓ Blu-ray D. Pen drive
46. Which memory is erased using UV light?
A. PROM B. ✓ EPROM C. EEPROM D. ROM

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47. Which memory does not need refreshing?
A. DRAM B. ✓ SRAM C. RAM D. Cache
48. Which is correct order of speed (fast → slow)?
A. RAM → Cache → Register B. HDD → RAM → Cache
C. ✓ Register → Cache → RAM D. Cache → Register → RAM
49. Which storage is best for long-term backup?
A. RAM B. Cache C. ✓ HDD D. Register
50. Which memory is closest to CPU?
A. RAM B. Cache C. ✓ Register D. SSD
51. Which is true about SSD?
A. Uses magnetic disks B. Has moving parts
C. ✓ Faster and silent D. Needs RPM
52. Which storage is accessed via internet?
A. HDD B. SSD C. ✓ Cloud storage D. CD
53. Which memory is used only during startup?
A. RAM B. ✓ ROM C. Cache D. HDD
54. Which memory stores OS files permanently?
A. RAM B. ✓ HDD / SSD C. Cache D. Register
55. Which memory type balances speed and cost best?
A. Register B. Cache C. ✓ RAM D. SSD
1. (A1) Why is RAM called volatile memory? Explain with a suitable example.
2. (A1) How does cache memory improve the performance of the CPU?
3. Differentiate between SRAM and DRAM based on working principle and usage.
4. (A1) Why is ROM essential for booting a computer system?
5. (A1) Explain the role of cache memory between CPU and RAM.
6. (A1) A system crashes suddenly. Which type of memory data will be lost and why?

7. (A1) Define computer memory. Explain its functions and importance in a computer system.
8. (A1) Explain primary memory. Describe its types with suitable examples.
9. Define secondary memory. Explain different types of secondary storage devices with examples.
10. (A1) Explain RAM and ROM in detail. Compare them.
11. (A1) Explain the types of RAM. Describe SRAM and DRAM with differences.
12. Explain ROM and its types: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM.
13. Explain Hard Disk Drive (HDD) and Solid State Drive (SSD). Compare them.
14. Explain optical storage devices: CD, DVD, Blu-ray Disc with capacities.
15. (A1) Compare Primary memory and Secondary memory.

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1.6 Output Devices
1.6.1 Overview of output devices:

An output device is a hardware component that receives data from the computer and converts the processed
information into a human-readable form such as text, images, sound, or video. Common output devices
include monitors, printers, speakers, and headphones.

1.6.2 Display unit: LED and LCD Monitor,

Monitor (Visual Display Unit – VDU)

A monitor is an primary output device that displays processed information from the computer in visual form.
It shows text, images, graphics, and videos on the screen, allowing users to see the results of processing. The
output seen on a monitor is known as a soft copy because it is temporary and can only be viewed on screen.
Monitors come in two main types based on color capabilities: monochrome and color monitors

LED and LCD Monitors

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

An LCD monitor is a flat-panel output device that displays information using liquid crystal technology. It
controls liquid crystals to allow light to form images on the screen. LCD monitors are thin, lightweight, and
consume less power than CRT monitors.

LED (Light Emitting Diode) Monitor

An LED monitor is a flat-panel output device that uses light-emitting diodes for backlighting to display
images on the screen. It provides better brightness, higher contrast, and consumes less power compared to
LCD monitors. LED monitors are thin, lightweight, and widely used in modern computers and televisions.

LCD Monitor LED Monitor

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display, which is a type LED stands for Light Emitting Diode, which
of display technology that uses liquid crystals to produce uses light emitting diodes as a source of
images on the screen. backlighting for the display.
LCD monitors are comparatively thicker and bulkier due LED monitors are thinner and lighter in design
to the use of fluorescent lamps. because LEDs require less space.
The picture quality of LCD monitors is average and LED monitors provide better picture quality
suitable for basic use. with sharper and more vivid images.
LCD monitors generate more heat due to higher power LED monitors generate less heat because of
consumption. efficient backlighting technology.
LCD monitors are mostly found in older computer LED monitors are widely used in modern
systems and televisions. computers, laptops, and televisions.

1.6.3 Printer: Laser, Ink-jet, Dot-matrix and 3D Printer,

Printer
A printer is an output device that produces a hard copy of information generated by a computer. It converts
processed digital data into a permanent printed form such as text, images, or graphics on paper. Printers are
commonly used in homes, schools, and offices for printing documents, reports, and photographs.

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Types of Printers:

Impact Printer
An impact printer is a type of printer that produces output by physically striking an inked ribbon against
the paper to print characters or images. These printers are generally noisy and are commonly used where
multiple copies are required. Examples: Dot Matrix Printer, Daisy Wheel Printer, Line Printer

Non-Impact Printer
A non-impact printer is a type of printer that produces output without any physical contact between the
printer and the paper. It uses modern technologies such as inkjet or laser printing, resulting in quieter
operation and better print quality. Examples: Inkjet Printer, Laser Printer, Thermal Printer

Laser Printer
A laser printer is a type of non-impact printer that uses laser technology and toner powder to produce high-
quality printed output. It works by forming an image on a drum using a laser beam and transferring toner
onto paper, which is then fixed by heat. Laser printers are fast, quiet, and widely used in offices for printing
large volumes of documents.

Inkjet printer
An inkjet printer is a type of non-impact printer that uses liquid ink to produce printed output. It works by
spraying tiny droplets of ink onto paper through small nozzles to form text and images. Inkjet printers are
quiet, affordable, and commonly used in homes and small offices for printing documents and photos.

Dot matrix printer

A dot matrix printer is a type of impact printer that produces printed output by striking an inked ribbon
against paper using pins. It works by forming characters and images as patterns of small dots. Dot matrix
printers are noisy, slow, and commonly used where continuous paper and multiple copies are required. It is
still used for printing bills, receipts, and carbon copy documents.

3D printer
A 3D printer is a type of printer that creates three-dimensional objects from a digital design. It works by
depositing material layer by layer, such as plastic or resin, to build a physical object. 3D printers are used in
industries, education, and healthcare for making models, prototypes, and customized products.

Inkjet Printer Laser Printer

Inkjet printer is a non-impact printer. Laser printer is also a non-impact printer.
Uses liquid ink sprayed through tiny nozzles onto Uses a laser beam to form an image and toner powder
paper. to print.
Produces high-quality color prints and is better Produces sharp text and clear graphics suitable for
for photos. documents.
Printing speed is relatively slow Printing speed is faster compared to inkjet printers.
Initial cost is lower. Initial cost is higher.
Ink cartridges are expensive, increasing running Toner lasts longer, reducing cost per page.
cost.

Speaker
A speaker is an output device that produces sound output from a computer. It converts digital audio signals
generated by the computer into audible sound that can be heard by the user. Speakers are commonly used to
listen to music, voice, alarms, and other audio output from the computer system.

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Plotter
A plotter is an output device used to produce large-sized and accurate drawings such as maps, charts, and
engineering or architectural designs. It creates images using continuous lines, which makes it suitable for
detailed graphical work. Plotters are commonly used in fields where high precision is required.

Laser Printer Dot Matrix Printer

Laser printer is a non-impact printer. Dot matrix printer is an impact printer.
Uses a laser beam and toner powder to print. Uses pins to strike an inked ribbon against paper.
Produces high-quality and sharp output. Produces low-quality output made of dots.
Very fast printing speed. Slow printing speed.
Operates quietly. Produces a lot of noise during printing.
Initial cost is higher but Cost per page is low. Initial cost is lower but Cost per page is low.
Produces single copy at a time. Can produce multiple copies at once.

Impact Printer Non-Impact Printer

An impact printer is a printer that produces A non-impact printer is a printer that produces output
output by physically striking an inked ribbon without any physical contact between the printer and
against the paper. the paper.
Uses mechanical force to strike pins or characters Uses modern technologies such as ink spray, laser
onto the ribbon and paper. beam, or heat to print.
Produces a lot of noise during operation due to Operates quietly because there is no physical striking.
striking action.
Print quality is generally low and characters are Print quality is high with clear text and graphics.
formed using dots.
Printing speed is slow. Printing speed is fast.
Dot matrix printer, Daisy wheel printer. Laser printer, Inkjet printer, Thermal printer.

Soft Copy Hard Copy

A soft copy is the digital form of output that is A hard copy is the physical form of output produced
displayed on electronic devices. on paper or other materials.
Exists in electronic form only. Exists in physical and tangible form.
Cannot be physically touched. Can be physically touched and stored.
Produced using devices like monitor, projector, and Produced using devices like printer and plotter.
speaker.
Not permanent unless saved digitally. Permanent and can be stored for a long time.

1.6.4 Overview of Ports: USB/Type C, HDMI, VGA, Ethernet, Audio port.

Peripheral Devices (Exam-Type Answer)

Peripheral devices are external hardware devices that are connected to a computer to provide input, output,
or storage functions. These devices are not part of the main processing unit but help the computer system
work effectively by allowing users to interact with it.
Common examples of peripheral devices include keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, speaker, and
external storage devices.

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Hardware Ports (Exam-Type Answer)
Hardware ports are physical connection points on a computer that are used to connect peripheral devices to
the system. They allow data and signals to be transferred between the computer and external devices such as
keyboards, printers, monitors, and storage devices.
Common examples of hardware ports include USB ports, HDMI ports, VGA ports, audio ports, and
Ethernet ports.

USB Port
A USB port is a hardware port used to connect external devices to a computer and transfer data between
them. It is commonly used to connect devices like keyboard, mouse, pen drive, and printer. Versions are
USB 2.0, USB 3.0, USB-C (faster transfer rates)

Type-C Port
A Type-C port is a modern USB port used for fast data transfer, video output, and power delivery. It has a
reversible connector, meaning it can be plugged in either direction, and is commonly used in smartphones,
laptops, and modern computers.

HDMI
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a hardware port used to transmit high-quality audio and
video signals from a computer to display devices such as monitors, TVs, and projectors.

VGA Port
A VGA (Video Graphics Array) port is a hardware port used to transmit analog video signals from a
computer to display devices such as monitors and projectors.

Ethernet Port
An Ethernet port is a hardware port used to connect a computer to a wired network or the internet using an
Ethernet cable, enabling fast and reliable data communication.

Audio Port
An audio port is a hardware port used to connect audio devices such as speakers, headphones, or
microphones to a computer for sound input and output.

50. Which printer uses pins and ribbon?

A. Inkjet B. Laser C. ✓ Dot matrix D. 3D printer
U & A LEVEL (Understanding + Application)
1. Why is a printer called a hard copy output device?
K LEVEL (Knowledge Based)
1. Define output devices. Explain their functions and importance in a computer system.
2. What is a monitor? Explain its types and uses.
3. Define a printer. Explain its role as an output device.
4. Explain the types of printers with suitable examples.
5. What is an impact printer? Explain its working and examples.
6. What is a non-impact printer? Explain different types of non-impact printers.
7. Explain laser printer, inkjet printer, and dot matrix printer.
8. Define peripheral devices. Explain their types with examples.
9. What are hardware ports? Explain different types of ports used in a computer.
10. Explain USB, HDMI, VGA, Ethernet, and Audio ports with their uses.

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K-LEVEL (Knowledge) MCQs (1–20)
1. Which of the following is an output device?
A. Keyboard B. Mouse C. ✓ Monitor D. Scanner
2. Output devices mainly convert digital data into
A. Binary form B. Machine language C. ✓ Human-readable form D. Electrical signals
3. Which device produces hard copy output?
A. Monitor B. Speaker C. ✓ Printer D. Projector
4. Which printer is an impact printer?
A. Laser printer B. Inkjet printer C. ✓ Dot matrix printer D. Thermal printer
5. Which output device produces sound?
A. Monitor B. Printer C. ✓ Speaker D. Plotter
6. LCD stands for
A. Light Crystal Display B. Liquid Color Display
C. ✓ Liquid Crystal Display D. Light Crystal Device
7. LED monitor uses which backlight?
A. Fluorescent lamps B. Gas lamps C. ✓ Light emitting diodes D. Halogen lamps
8. Which printer uses toner powder?
A. Inkjet B. Dot matrix C. ✓ Laser printer D. 3D printer
9. VGA port transmits
A. Audio signals B. Digital video C. ✓ Analog video D. Network signals
10. HDMI carries
A. Only video B. Only audio C. ✓ Audio and video D. Only data
11. USB stands for
A. Universal System Bus B. Unified Serial Bus
C. ✓ Universal Serial Bus D. Universal Speed Bus
12. Which port is used for wired internet?
A. USB B. HDMI C. ✓ Ethernet D. VGA
13. Audio ports are used to connect
A. Monitor B. Printer C. ✓ Speakers and microphones D. Scanner
14. Which is a peripheral device?
A. CPU B. RAM C. ✓ Printer D. ALU
15. Which printer can print multiple copies at once?
A. Laser printer B. Inkjet printer C. ✓ Dot matrix printer D. Thermal printer
16. Which monitor is thinner and energy efficient?
A. CRT B. LCD C. ✓ LED D. Plasma
17. Which output device shows soft copy?
A. Printer B. Plotter C. ✓ Monitor D. Dot matrix printer
18. Which printer sprays liquid ink?
A. Laser B. ✓ Inkjet C. Dot matrix D. 3D printer
19. Type-C port has which feature?
A. Single direction B. Slow speed C. ✓ Reversible connector D. Analog signal
20. Which device creates 3-D objects?
A. Laser printer B. Plotter C. ✓ 3D printer D. Inkjet printer
21. Which printer is best for photo printing at home?
A. Laser printer B. ✓ Inkjet printer C. Dot matrix printer D. Line printer
22. A noisy printer that uses ribbon is
A. Laser B. Inkjet C. ✓ Dot matrix D. Thermal

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23. Which port is best for connecting a TV to a laptop?
A. USB B. VGA C. ✓ HDMI D. Ethernet
24. A device used to hear music from a computer is
A. Printer B. Monitor C. ✓ Speaker D. Scanner
25. Which printer is suitable for office bulk printing?
A. Inkjet B. Dot matrix C. ✓ Laser D. 3D printer
26. Which monitor technology consumes less power?
A. CRT B. LCD C. ✓ LED D. Plasma
27. Which port is commonly used for pen drives?
A. HDMI B. VGA C. ✓ USB D. Ethernet
28. For online meetings, which output device is needed?
A. Printer B. Monitor C. ✓ Speaker D. Plotter
29. Which device is used to print large engineering drawings?
A. Inkjet printer B. Laser printer C. ✓ Plotter D. Dot matrix printer
30. Which port connects headphones?
A. USB B. VGA C. Ethernet D. ✓ Audio port
31. Which printer gives the best text clarity?
A. Inkjet B. Dot matrix C. ✓ Laser D. Thermal
32. Which device allows user interaction visually?
A. Speaker B. Printer C. ✓ Monitor D. Plotter
33. Which printer does NOT strike the paper?
A. Dot matrix B. ✓ Inkjet C. Line printer D. Daisy wheel
34. Which port supports charging and data together?
A. VGA B. HDMI C. ✓ USB Type-C D. Ethernet
35. Which printer uses heat to fix toner?
A. Inkjet B. ✓ Laser C. Dot matrix D. 3D printer
36. Which combination is fully output related?
A. Keyboard, mouse, scanner B. CPU, RAM, ROM
C. ✓ Monitor, printer, speaker D. USB, HDMI, VGA
37. Which printer has the lowest print quality?
A. Laser B. Inkjet C. ✓ Dot matrix D. Thermal
38. Which port transmits only analog signals?
A. HDMI B. USB C. ✓ VGA D. Ethernet
39. Which device converts electrical signals into sound?
A. Monitor B. ✓ Speaker C. Printer D. Plotter
40. Which printer is both fast and quiet?
A. Inkjet B. Dot matrix C. ✓ Laser D. Line printer
41. A modern laptop may NOT include which port?
A. USB-C B. HDMI C. ✓ VGA D. Audio
42. Which printer is best for carbon copy printing?
A. Inkjet B. Laser C. ✓ Dot matrix D. Thermal
43. Which device is NOT a peripheral?
A. Printer B. Monitor C. Speaker D. ✓ CPU
44. Which output device is used for presentations?
A. Printer B. Speaker C. ✓ Projector D. Scanner
45. Which port provides the fastest data transfer?
A. VGA B. HDMI C. Ethernet D. ✓ USB Type-C

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46. Which printer builds objects layer by layer?
A. Laser B. Inkjet C. ✓ 3D printer D. Dot matrix
47. Which output device gives permanent output?
A. Monitor B. Speaker C. ✓ Printer D. Projector
48. Which monitor technology is oldest?
A. LED B. LCD C. ✓ CRT D. OLED
49. Which port connects router to computer?
A. USB B. HDMI C. ✓ Ethernet D. VGA

1.7 Computer Software

1.7.1 Concept and its types
Software refers to a collection of programs, instructions, and related data that directs a computer to perform
specific tasks. It enables the user to interact with computer hardware and controls the overall operation of
the computer system. Without software, hardware cannot function meaningfully.

Types of Software
System Software
Application Software

System Software
System software is a type of software that manages and controls the computer hardware and provides a
platform for running application software. It is responsible for the proper functioning of the computer
system and acts as an interface between the hardware and the user. Examples: Operating system, device
drivers, utility software.

Types of System Software

1. Operating System
An operating system manages computer hardware and software resources and provides an interface between
the user and the computer. Examples: Windows, Linux, macOS
The operating system performs important functions such as process management, memory management,
file management, and device management. It also controls input and output operations and ensures that
different programs run properly without interfering with each other.

Functions of Operating System

• Process Management: Controls the execution of programs and manages CPU usage.
• Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory to different programs.
• File Management: Organizes, stores, and retrieves files and folders.
• Device Management: Controls and coordinates input and output devices.
• User Interface: Provides an interface for user interaction with the computer.
• Security Management: Protects the system from unauthorized access.

2. Device Drivers
Device drivers are system programs that allow the operating system to communicate with hardware devices
such as printers, keyboards, and monitors.

3. Utility Software
Utility software helps in the maintenance, protection, and efficient functioning of a computer system.
It helps improve the performance of the computer by performing tasks such as disk management, virus
protection, file backup, and system cleanup.
Examples: Antivirus programs, disk cleanup, backup tools.

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4. Language Translators
Language translators convert programs written in high-level or assembly language into machine language so
that the computer can understand them. Examples: Compiler, Interpreter, Assembler

Types of Language Translators

1. Compiler
A compiler translates the entire program at once from a high-level language into machine language. It
produces an error list after compiling the whole program. Example: C, C++

2. Interpreter
An interpreter translates and executes the program line by line. It stops execution when an error is found.
Example: Python, JavaScript

3. Assembler
An assembler translates programs written in assembly language into machine language. Example: Assembly
language programs

Assembler Compiler Interpreter

An assembler translates A compiler translates a high-level An interpreter translates and
assembly language programs language program into machine executes a high-level language
into machine language. language all at once. program line by line.
Translates the entire program at Translates the entire program at Translates one line at a time
once once
Errors are shown after Errors are displayed after compiling Errors are shown immediately line
translation the whole program by line
Execution is fast Execution is fast Execution is slow
Generates object code Generates object code Does not generate object code
Requires less memory Requires more memory Requires less memory
Program runs after translation Program runs after compilation Program runs during translation
Assembly language C, C++ Python, JavaScript

Application Software
Application software is a type of software designed to perform specific tasks for the user. It helps users carry
out activities such as word processing, calculations, data management, and internet browsing according to
their needs. Examples:
Word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers, media players.

Types of Application Software

Packaged Application Software

Packaged application software is ready-made software developed for general users to perform common
tasks. It can be used by many users without modification. Examples: MS Word, MS Excel, PowerPoint,
web browsers.

Customized Application Software

Customized application software is software that is specially developed to meet the specific requirements
of a particular user or organization. It is designed according to their needs and work processes.
Examples: Banking software, hospital management system, school management system.

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Packaged Application Software Customized Application Software
Packaged application software is ready-made Customized application software is specially developed
software developed for general users to software designed to meet the specific needs of a
perform common tasks. particular user or organization.
Designed to meet the needs of many users. Designed to meet the needs of a specific user or
organization.
Less flexible as features are fixed. Highly flexible as it is developed according to user
requirements.
Generally cheaper as development cost is Generally more expensive due to custom development.
shared among many users.
Available immediately for use. Requires more time for development and testing.
Limited modification possible. Can be easily modified as per user requirements.
MS Word, MS Excel, PowerPoint, Web Banking software, Hospital management system, School
browsers. management system.

1.7.2 Open sources and proprietary software

Open Source Software (OSS)

Open Source Software (OSS) is software whose source code is freely available to users, allowing them to
study, modify, and distribute the software according to its license. Examples: Linux, Mozilla Firefox,
LibreOffice, Apache.
.
Proprietary Software
Proprietary software is software that is owned by an individual or a company, where the source code is not
available to users and the software can be used only under specific license terms. Examples: Microsoft
Windows, MS Word, Adobe Photoshop.

Open Source Software (OSS) Proprietary Software

Open source software is software whose source code Proprietary software is software whose source
is freely available for users to view, modify, and code is owned by a company and is not
distribute. accessible to users.
Source code is open and accessible to everyone. Source code is closed and restricted.
Users are allowed to modify and improve the Users are not allowed to modify the software.
software.
Mostly free of cost. Usually paid software.
Can be freely used, shared, and distributed under Usage is restricted by license agreements.
license terms.
Highly flexible and customizable. Less flexible and cannot be customized by users.
Developed collaboratively by a community of Developed and maintained by a single company
developers. or organization.
Security issues can be identified and fixed by the Security updates depend only on the software
community. company.
Linux, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice Microsoft Windows, MS Word, Adobe Photoshop

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1.7.3 Compare features of System and Application software
System Software Application Software
System software is software that controls and Application software is software designed to help
manages the computer hardware and system users perform specific tasks.
resources.
Its main purpose is to operate and control the Its main purpose is to solve user-specific
computer system. problems or perform tasks.
System software is essential for the functioning of the Application software depends on system
computer. software to run.
Interacts indirectly with the user. Interacts directly with the user.
Starts running when the computer is switched on. Runs only when the user starts it.
Installed automatically during system setup. Installed according to user needs.
Without system software, the computer cannot Without application software, the computer can
function. still function but cannot perform user tasks.
Operating system, device drivers, utility software. MS Word, Excel, web browsers, media players.
Mostly general-purpose and system-oriented. Task-oriented and user-specific.
Not easily modified by users. Can be modified or replaced easily.

1.7.4 Introduction to Mobile and Web Application

Web Application
A web application is a software application that runs on a web server and is accessed through a web browser
using the internet. It allows users to perform tasks and interact with data without installing the software on
their local computer.
Examples: Gmail, Google Docs, Facebook, online banking systems.

Mobile App
A mobile application (mobile app) is a software application designed to run on smartphones and tablets. It
allows users to perform specific tasks or access services directly on their mobile devices. Mobile apps are
usually downloaded from app stores and can work online or offline.
Examples: WhatsApp, Instagram, Google Maps, YouTube.

Mobile App Web App

A mobile app is a software application A web app is a software application that runs on a web
designed to run on smartphones and tablets. server and is accessed through a web browser.
Must be downloaded and installed from an No installation required; accessed through a browser.
app store.
Platform-dependent (Android or iOS specific). Platform-independent; works on any device with a
browser.
Can work online or offline. Mostly requires an internet connection.
Faster and smoother performance. Performance depends on browser and internet speed.
Uses device storage and accessed by tapping Uses server storage and accessed using a URL in a
the app icon. browser.
Needs to be updated manually via app store. Updates automatically on the server.
WhatsApp, Instagram, Google Maps. Gmail, Google Docs, online banking websites.

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K-LEVEL (Knowledge) MCQs (1–20)
1. Software is a collection of
A. Hardware components B. Input devices C. ✓ Programs and instructions D. Output devices
2. Which software controls computer hardware?
A. Application software B. ✓ System software C. Utility software D. Web application
3. Which of the following is system software?
A. MS Word B. Google Chrome C. ✓ Operating System D. Photoshop
4. Application software is mainly used to
A. Control memory B. Manage devices C. ✓ Perform user tasks D. Boot the computer
5. Which is an example of proprietary software?
A. Linux B. LibreOffice C. ✓ Microsoft Windows D. Mozilla Firefox
6. Open Source Software allows users to
A. Only use software B. Only copy software C. ✓ View and modify source code
D. Buy license compulsorily
7. Which software is usually free and community developed?
A. Proprietary software B. ✓ Open source software C. Utility software D. Application software
8. A web application runs on
A. Local computer B. Mobile device only C. ✓ Web server D. BIOS
9. Which is a mobile application?
A. Google Docs B. Gmail C. ✓ WhatsApp D. Wikipedia
10. Operating System acts as an interface between
A. User and software B. CPU and RAM C. ✓ User and hardware D. Input and output devices
11. Which is NOT a function of OS?
A. Memory management B. File management C. ✓ Word processing D. Device management
12. Utility software is used for
A. Programming B. User interaction C. ✓ System maintenance D. Gaming
13. Antivirus software is an example of
A. Application software B. ✓ Utility software C. System software D. Web software
14. A compiler translates
A. Assembly language B. ✓ High-level language C. Machine language D. Binary code
15. An interpreter works
A. All at once B. ✓ Line by line C. After execution D. Without errors
16. An assembler translates
A. High-level language B. ✓ Assembly language C. Machine language D. Binary code
17. Packaged software is
A. Custom-built B. ✓ Ready-made software C. Free software D. Hardware-specific
18. Customized software is developed for
A. All users B. General purpose C. ✓ Specific user/organization D. Entertainment
19. Which software starts when computer boots?
A. Application software B. Utility software C. ✓ Operating System D. Web application
20. Which is NOT application software?
A. MS Excel B. Photoshop C. ✓ Device driver D. PowerPoint
21. Which software is best for writing documents?
A. OS B. Utility software C. ✓ Word processor D. Device driver
22. Which OS function allocates RAM to programs?
A. File management B. ✓ Memory management C. Process management D. Device management
23. Which software protects a computer from viruses?
A. Compiler B. OS C. ✓ Antivirus D. Browser

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24. Which translator helps in debugging easily?
A. Compiler B. Assembler C. ✓ Interpreter D. Loader
25. Which software allows users to browse the internet?
A. Utility software B. OS C. ✓ Web browser D. Firmware
26. Which app requires installation on phone?
A. Web app B. ✓ Mobile app C. OSS D. Utility software
27. Which software is best for accounting in a company?
A. Packaged software B. ✓ Customized software C. Utility software D. OS
28. Which OS feature allows multiple programs to run?
A. File management B. ✓ Process management C. Security D. Booting
29. Which software updates automatically via server?
A. Mobile app B. ✓ Web app C. Packaged software D. Utility software
30. Which software helps compress files?
A. Application software B. ✓ Utility software C. OS D. Translator
31. Which is a disadvantage of proprietary software?
A. Free to use B. Source code available C. ✓ Restricted modification D. Community support
32. Which software is used to manage files and folders?
A. Utility software B. Application software C. ✓ Operating System D. Compiler
33. Which translator produces object code?
A. Interpreter B. ✓ Compiler C. Assembler D. Loader
34. Which software is platform-independent?
A. Mobile app B. ✓ Web app C. OS D. Utility software
35. Which software depends on system software to run?
A. OS B. Utility software C. ✓ Application software D. Firmware
36. Without system software, a computer will
A. Run slowly B. Partially work C. ✓ Not function D. Open applications
37. Which combination is correct?
A. Linux – Proprietary B. Windows – OSS C. ✓ LibreOffice – OSS D. MS Word – OSS
38. Which translator executes during translation?
A. Compiler B. Assembler C. ✓ Interpreter D. Loader
39. Which software is best for frequent feature updates?
A. Packaged software B. Customized software C. ✓ Web application D. Proprietary software
40. Which software gives maximum user control?
A. Proprietary software B. ✓ Open source software C. Utility software D. Firmware
41. Which software is closest to hardware?
A. Application software B. Utility software C. ✓ System software D. Web app
42. Which software can work offline after installation?
A. Web app B. ✓ Mobile app C. OSS D. Browser
43. Which translator is fastest in execution?
A. Interpreter B. ✓ Compiler C. Assembler D. Loader
44. Which software manages I/O devices?
A. Utility software B. ✓ Operating System C. Application software D. Web app
45. Which software is usually paid and licensed?
A. OSS B. ✓ Proprietary software C. Utility software D. Web software
46. Which software is developed for general users?
A. Customized software B. ✓ Packaged software C. Firmware D. Translator
47. Which software helps recover lost data?
A. Application software B. ✓ Utility software C. OS D. Compiler

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48. Which translator shows errors one by one?
A. Compiler B. Assembler C. ✓ Interpreter D. Loader
49. Which software enables multitasking?
A. Application software B. Utility software C. ✓ Operating System D. Web app
50. Which software does NOT require installation?
A. Mobile app B. Packaged software C. ✓ Web application D. Utility software

1. Define software. Explain its types with suitable examples.

2. What is system software? Explain its types in detail.
3. Define application software. Explain its types with examples.
4. What is an operating system? Explain the functions of an operating system.
5. Differentiate between system software and application software.
6. What is utility software? Explain its functions and examples.
7. Explain language translators and their types.
8. Compare assembler, compiler, and interpreter.
9. Differentiate between open source software and proprietary software with examples.
10. Compare packaged application software and customized application software.
11. Explain web applications and mobile applications with examples.

1. Which component is considered the brain of the computer?

A. RAM B. Motherboard C. ✓ CPU D. Hard disk
2. Which input device is mainly used for selecting options on the screen?
A. Keyboard B. Scanner C. ✓ Mouse D. Microphone
3. Which unit of CPU performs logical decisions?
A. Control Unit B. ✓ ALU C. Register D. Cache
4. Which bus is responsible for carrying control signals like read and write?
A. Data bus B. Address bus C. ✓ Control bus D. Expansion bus
5. Which memory is used to store data permanently?
A. RAM B. Cache C. ✓ Secondary memory D. Register
6. Which type of ROM can be erased electrically?
A. PROM B. EPROM C. ✓ EEPROM D. Mask ROM
7. Which output device produces soft copy output?
A. Printer B. Plotter C. ✓ Monitor D. Dot matrix printer
8. Which printer uses pins and ribbon for printing?
A. Inkjet printer B. Laser printer C. ✓ Dot matrix printer D. 3D printer
9. Which port is commonly used to connect a monitor to a CPU?
A. USB B. Ethernet C. ✓ HDMI D. Audio port
10. Which of the following is a peripheral device?
A. CPU B. RAM C. ✓ Printer D. ALU
11. Which software is required to run application software?
A. Utility software B. ✓ System software C. Web application D. Firmware
12. Which function of OS manages files and folders?
A. Memory management B. Device management C. ✓ File management D. Process management
13. Which translator does NOT generate object code?
A. Compiler B. Assembler C. ✓ Interpreter D. Loader
14. MS Excel is an example of:
A. System software B. Utility software C. ✓ Application software D. Open source software
15. Which application requires a web browser to run?
A. Mobile app B. Desktop app C. ✓ Web app D. Packaged software

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