Copyright © 2024/25

Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Concept Summary

To show a function

The graph f(𝑥) is a function, since the The graph g(𝑥) is NOT a function, since the
vertical line 𝑥 = −𝑎 cuts the graph at most vertical line 𝑥 = 𝑏 cuts the graph at two
once. distinct points.

To show that a function is one-one

Method 1: Horizontal Line Test Method 2: Show that function is strictly
increasing/decreasing.
The function f(𝑥) is defined by
5
f ∶ 𝑥 ↦ ln(2𝑥 + 5) + 5𝑥 + 𝑒 ! , 𝑥>−
2

Since f " (𝑥) = #!$% + 5 + 𝑒 ! > 0 for 𝑥 > − #,

# %

the function is strictly increasing.

∴ The function is one-one.
Since the horizontal line 𝑦 = 𝑏 cuts the
graph at most once, 𝑦 = f(𝑥) is one-one
function.

Finding the range of a function

One-one function Not one-one
Substitute the end points of the domain Use GC

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 3
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Inverse functions

Domain and Range Relationship

𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓 '( (𝑥) are reflection about the
1) 𝐷&!" = 𝑅& line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇'𝟏 (𝒙)
2) 𝑅&!" = 𝐷& Coordinate: Coordinate:
(𝑎, 𝑏) (𝑏, 𝑎)

3) 𝑓𝑓 '( (𝑥) = 𝑓 '( 𝑓(𝑥) Asymptote: Asymptote:

[Remember to check domain!] 𝑦=𝑘 𝑥=𝑘
Asymptote: Asymptote:
𝑥=ℎ 𝑦=ℎ

Finding inverse function

Given
f ∶ 𝑥 ↦ 𝑥 # + 4𝑥 + 9, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≤ −2,
find f '( in similar form.

Step 1: Let 𝒚 = 𝐟(𝒙) and make 𝒙 the subject

𝑦 = 𝑥 # + 4𝑥 + 9 = (𝑥 + 2)# + 5
(𝑥 + 2)# = 𝑦 − 5
𝑥 = −2 ± F𝑦 − 5

Step 2: Check domain and determine +/-

Since 𝑥 ≤ −2, 𝑥 = −2 − F𝑦 − 5

Step 3: Find domain of 𝐟 '𝟏 , 𝐃𝐟 !𝟏 = 𝐑 𝐟 .

Range of f: 𝑦 ≥ 5

Step 4: LHS – replace 𝒙 with 𝐟 '𝟏 (𝒙), RHS – replace 𝒚 with 𝒙, define in similar form.
f '( ∶ 𝑥 ↦ −2 − √𝑥 − 5, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 5

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 4
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Restricting domain so that inverse function exists

If a function is not one-one, restrict the domain of the original function.
- If f(x) is quadratic, do completing the squares first then restrict from line of
symmetry.
- If f(x) is complicated, use graphic calculator.

Example, for 𝑦 = 𝑥 # + 1, we restrict the domain to 𝑥 ≥ 0 to have one-one function.

Piecewise & Periodic functions

The function f is defined by
6 − (𝑥 − 2)# , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
f(𝑥) = L
8 − 𝑥, 2<𝑥≤6

Given that f(𝑥) = f(𝑥 + 6), sketch f(𝑥) for −6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 8.

Sketching 𝐟(𝒙) Evaluate

Step 1: Find f(13)
Start from principal domain 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6
f(13) = f(1) = 6 − (1 − 2)#
Step 2: Repeat for given domain (For f(13) = 5
periodic function)
Area
+
Q f(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
',
= 3 × area under curve + 2 trapezium
#
1
= 3 Q 6 − (𝑥 − 2)# 𝑑𝑥 + 2 a b (6 + 2)(4)
- 2

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 5
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Composite functions
fg(𝑥) = f[g(𝑥)]

1) For composite function to exist, range of inner function ⊆ domain of outer

function
For fg(𝑥) to exist, R . ⊆ D/ .

2) Domain of composite function = Domain of inner function

D/. = D.

3) Range of composite function

Step 1: Find range of inner function
Step 2: Sketch graph of outer function (may need GC)
Step 3: Deduce range of composite function

In general, 𝐑 𝐟𝐠 ≠ 𝐑 𝐟
𝐑 𝐟𝐠 = 𝐑 𝐟 if 𝐑 𝐠 = 𝐃𝐟

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 6
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Checklist
For inverse functions, I know how to:
Determine a function has an inverse by using horizontal line test.
Restrict the domain such that a function becomes one-one.
Find the inverse function 𝑦 = f '( (𝑥) algebraically.
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = f(𝑥) and 𝑦 = f '( (𝑥) over the symmetry line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Sketch identity functions such as 𝑦 = ff '( (𝑥) and 𝑦 = f '( f(𝑥).

For composite functions, I know how to

Determine whether composite functions fg(𝑥) exist by showing the range of inner
function g is a subset of domain of outer function f.
Find fg(𝑥) by substituting g(𝑥) into f(𝑥).
Find the range of composite function fg(𝑥) by analysing the range of inner function
g(𝑥) and the sketch out outer function f(𝑥).

For self-inverse functions, I know how to

Verify f(𝑥) = f '( (𝑥) by showing ff(𝑥) = 𝑥.
Find f 1 (𝑥), f (-- (𝑥), and other large power 𝑛 for f 2 (𝑥), using f # (𝑥) = 𝑥,
f 3 (𝑥) = f # (𝑥) = 𝑥, etc.

For piecewise and periodic functions, I know how to

Sketch the graph of piecewise function using the principal domain.
Sketch the graph of periodic piecewise function using f(𝑥) = f(𝑥 + 𝑎)
Find the area of region for periodic piecewise functions.

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 7
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Exam Grade Questions

Practice 1 [ Level: Basic ]
The function f is defined by f ∶ 𝑥 ↦ 2 + ! , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 > 0.
1
(a)
(i) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = f(𝑥). Hence, show that f has an inverse. [2]
'( (𝑥)
(ii) Find f and state the domain of f '(
. [3]
(iii) On the same diagram as in part (i), sketch the graphs of 𝑦 = f '( (𝑥) and
𝑦 = f '( f(𝑥). [2]
(iv) Explain why f # exists and find f # (𝑥). [2]
The function h is defined by h ∶ 𝑥 ↦ ! $ '(, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ ±1. Find algebraically the range
1'!
(b)
of h, giving your answer in exact form. [4]

Concepts Possible Method(s):

Check if a function is one-one • Horizontal line test
• Strictly increasing/decreasing by finding
f " (𝑥).
Check if a function is self-inverse • Find f '( (𝑥) and check if f(𝑥) = f '( (𝑥).
• Verify if ff(𝑥) = 𝑥.

Find the domain of inverse function Domain of 𝑓 '( = Range of 𝑓. Sketch 𝑓(𝑥) to
find range.
Check if composite function gf exists • Check if range of inner function is a subset
of domain of outer function
(i.e. For gf(𝑥) to exist, R / ⊆ D. )
Find the range of a composite function State the range of inner function f, sketch the
gf outer function g, analyse the range of the graph
using range of inner function as domain.

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 8
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Practice 2 [ Level: Intermediate ]

The functions f and g are defined by

2 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎.
f∶𝑥↦𝑎+
3 𝑥 − 𝑎)
(
𝑎 𝑎
#
for 𝑥 ≥ 0.
g∶𝑥↦ − l𝑥 − m + 1n
2 2
where 𝑎 is a positive constant.
(a) Define, in a similar form, the inverse function f '( and show that f # (𝑥) = 𝑥. [3]
(b) Hence, find f #4$( (2𝑎) for positive integer 𝑘, giving your answer in terms of 𝑎. [2]
(c) Show that the composite function fg exists and find the range of fg. [3]

Concepts Possible Method(s):

'( (𝑥)
Find the rule of inverse function f Let 𝑦 = f(𝑥) and make 𝑥 the subject. Then
interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦 to get f '( (𝑥)
State the domain of inverse function Domain of f '( = Range of f. Sketch 𝑦 = f(𝑥) to
f '( find range.
Use properties of self-inverse functions f(𝑥) = f '( (𝑥) ⇒ f # (𝑥) = 𝑥

Check if composite function fg exists Check if range of inner function is a subset of

domain of outer function
(i.e. For fg(𝑥) to exist, R . ⊆ D/ )
Find the range of a composite function State the range of inner function f, sketch the
gf outer function g, analyse the range of the graph
using range of inner function as domain.

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 9
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Practice 3 [ Level: Intermediate ]

The function f is defined by
1 − |3𝑥 − 1| for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2,
f∶𝑥↦L
(𝑥 − 2)# − 4 for 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 4.
It is given that f(𝑥 + 4) = f(𝑥) for all real values of 𝑥.
(a) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = f(𝑥) for −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 9, stating the coordinates of the end
points. Find the range of f. [4]
(b) Find [3]
+
Q f(𝑥) + 4 𝑑𝑥
-

Concepts Possible Method(s):

Graph of piecewise function Sketch the graph for the principle domain first
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4.
Identify periodic function f(𝑥) = f(𝑥 + 4) implies that the graph is
f(𝑥) = f(𝑥 + 4) repeating every 4 units, period is 4.
Evaluating definite integral in piecewise Check the region that gives the definite integral.
function Decide if you need to move the graph (up by 4
units in this case) or evaluate separately
+ +
Q f(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + Q 4 𝑑𝑥
- -

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 10
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Practice 4 [ Level: Advanced ]

The functions f and g are defined by:

f ∶ 𝑥 ↦ |𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 # |, 𝑥∈ℝ
g ∶ 𝑥 ↦ 𝑎𝑒 '! + 1, 𝑥≥0
where 𝑎 is a positive constant and 𝑎 ≥ 5.
(a) Sketch the graphs of 𝑦 = g(𝑥) and 𝑦 = f(𝑥) on separate diagrams.
Hence find the range of the composite function fg, leaving your answer in exact form
in terms of 𝑎. [5]
(b) Given that the domain of f is restricted to the subset of ℝ for which 𝑥 ≥ 𝑘, find the
smallest value of 𝑘, in terms of 𝑎, for which f '( exists. Hence, without finding the
expression for f '( (𝑥), sketch the graphs of 𝑦 = f(𝑥) and 𝑦 = f '( (𝑥) on a single
diagram, stating the exact coordinates of any points of intersection with the axes.
[3]
(c) With the restricted domain of f in part (b), find with clear working, the set of values of
𝑥 such that ff '( (𝑥) = f '( f(𝑥). [2]

Concepts Possible Method(s):

Check if composite function gf exists • Check if range of inner function is a subset
of domain of outer function
(i.e. For gf(𝑥) to exist, R / ⊆ D. )
Find the range of a composite function State the range of inner function f, sketch the
gf outer function g, analyse the range of the graph
using range of inner function as domain.
Check if a function is one-one • Horizontal line test
• Strictly increasing/decreasing by finding
f " (𝑥).
Sketch the graph of inverse function Reflect the restricted f(𝑥) across the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Find the solution to identify functions Domain of composite function = Domain of

ff '( (𝑥) = f '( f(𝑥) inner function. Solution is at
Domain of f '( intersecting Domain of f
(i.e. D/!" ∩ D/ )

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 11
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Quiz
Q1. [Time: 18 minutes]
The function f is defined by f ∶ 𝑥 ↦ , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 > 2.
#!$,
!'#
(a) Find f in a similar form.
'(
[3]
(b) Find the solution set for f # (𝑥) = 𝑥. [1]
It is given that 𝑘 is a constant such that 𝑘 > 3.
The function g is defined by g ∶ 𝑥 ↦ (𝑥 − 5)# + 𝑘, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 > 2 .
(c) Show that fg exists. [1]
(d) Find the range of values of fg, in terms of 𝑘. [2]
The function 𝜙 is defined by 𝜙 ∶ 𝑥 ↦ , where 𝑎 is a constant, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 > 2 .
#!$5
!'#
(e) Given that 𝜙 '( exists, state the value that 𝑎 cannot take, justifying your answer. [2]
A function h is said to be self-inverse if h(𝑥) = h'( (𝑥) for all 𝑥 in the domain of h.
(f) State the range of values of 𝑎 such that 𝜙 is a self-inverse function. [1]

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 12
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Exam Grade Questions (Solutions)

Practice 1 [ Level: Basic ]

(ai)

Since any horizontal line 𝑦 = 𝑘, 𝑘 ∈ ℝ intersects the graph of f at most once, f is one-one. ∴ f
has an inverse.

(aii)
3
𝑦 =2+
𝑥
3
=𝑦−2
𝑥
3
𝑥=
𝑦−2
3
∴ f −1 (𝑥) =
𝑥−2
𝐷𝑓−1 = 𝑅𝑓 = (2, ∞)

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 2
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

(aiii)

(iv)
𝐷𝑓 = (0, ∞), 𝑅𝑓 = (2, ∞)
Since 𝑅𝑓 ⊆ 𝐷𝑓 , 𝑓 2 exists.

(b)
3−𝑥
Let 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 −1
𝑥2𝑦 − 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥
(𝑦)𝑥 2 + (1)𝑥 + (−𝑦 − 3) = 0
To find range of 𝑦 such that the graph exists, we want equation to have real roots.
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
12 − 4(𝑦)(−𝑦 − 3) ≥ 0
1 + 4𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 ≥ 0
To solve for exact range of 𝑦, either use quadratic formula or completing the squares.
4(𝑦 2 + 3𝑦) + 1 ≥ 0
3 2 3 2
4 [(𝑦 + ) − ( ) ] + 1 ≥ 0
2 2
3 2
4 (𝑦 + ) − 8 ≥ 0
2
3 2 2
(𝑦 + ) − (√2) ≥ 0
2
3 3
(𝑦 + − √2) (𝑦 + + √2) ≥ 0
2 2
3 3
∴ 𝑦 ≤ − 2 − √2 or 𝑦 ≥ − 2 + √2
3 3
𝑅ℎ = (−∞, − − √2] ∪ [− + √2, ∞)
2 2

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 3
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Practice 2 [ Level: Intermediate ]

2
(a) Let 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 3(𝑥−𝑎)
2
𝑦 − 𝑎 = 3(𝑥−𝑎)
2
𝑥 − 𝑎 = 3(𝑦−𝑎)
2
𝑥 = 𝑎 + 3(𝑦−𝑎)

𝐷f−1 = 𝑅f = ℝ\{a}
2
f −1 : 𝑥 ⟼ 𝑎 + 3(𝑥−𝑎) , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎,

Method 1
Since f −1 = f, f 2 (𝑥) = ff −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥

Method 2
2
f 2 (𝑥) = f (𝑎 + 3(𝑥−𝑎))
2
=𝑎+ 2
3(𝑎+ −𝑎)
3(𝑥−𝑎)
2
=𝑎+ 2
3( )
3(𝑥−𝑎)

= 𝑎 + (𝑥 − 𝑎)
=𝑥

(b) f 2𝑘+1 (𝑥) = ff 2𝑘 (𝑥) = f(𝑥)

2
f 2𝑘+1 (2𝑎) = f(2𝑎) = 𝑎 + 3𝑎

2
𝑎 𝑎
(c) For maximum value of 𝑔(𝑥) = − (𝑥 − 2
√2 + 1) ,
2
𝑎 𝑎
It occurs at 𝑥 = √2 + 1 [when (𝑥 − √2 + 1) = 0]

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 4
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

𝑎
From the sketch, 𝑅𝑔 = (−∞, 2 ] ⊂ ℝ\{a} = 𝐷f
Therefore, fg exists.
𝑎
When we restrict 𝐷f = (−∞, 2 ]

4
Range of fg = [𝑎 − 3𝑎 , 𝑎)

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 5
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Practice 3 [ Level: Intermediate ]

Solution
(a)

[Piecewise function: Press math then option B]

[𝑌1 , 𝑌2 : Press alpha trace ]

f(9) = f(5) = f(1) = 1 − |3 − 1| = −1

f(−1) = 𝑓(3) = (3 − 2)2 − 4 = −3
Coordinates of end-points (−1, −3) and (9, −1)
R f = [−4, 1]

(b)
The graph is shifted up by 4 units.
1 1 1 3
From 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 3, area of trapezium = 2 (4 + 5) (3) = 2
1 1 1 25
From 𝑥 = to 𝑥 = 2, area of triangle = (2 − ) (5) =
3 2 3 6
2
2 (𝑥−2)3 8
From 𝑥 = 2 to 𝑥 = 4, Area under curve = ∫4 (𝑥 − 2)2 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] =3
3 4
8
3 25 8 50
∫ f(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ( + + )=
0 2 6 3 3

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 6
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Practice 4 [ Level: Advanced ]

(a)

From graph, 𝑅𝑔 = (1, 𝑎 + 1]

For 𝑎 ≥ 5, we have the following

f(1) = |𝑎 − 1| = 𝑎 − 1
f(𝑎 + 1) = |𝑎(𝑎 + 1) − (𝑎 + 1)2 | = |𝑎2 + 𝑎 − 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 − 1| = |−𝑎 − 1| = 𝑎 + 1
𝑎2 25
≥ > 𝑎 + 1 ⇒ The right endpoint is below maximum point.
4 4
𝑎2
∴ 𝑅𝑓𝑔 = [0, ]
4

(b)
For f −1 to exist, 𝑘 = 𝑎 (i.e. f(𝑥) is one-one for 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎)

(c)

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 7
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

For ff −1 (𝑥) = f −1 f(𝑥), the solution is at Df−1 ∩ Df

[0, ∞) ∩ [𝑎, ∞) = [𝑎, ∞)
∴ The solution set of values of 𝑥 is [𝑎, ∞)

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 8
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

Quiz
Q1. [Time: 18 minutes]

Solution
(a)
2𝑥 + 6
𝑦=
𝑥−2
𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 6
𝑥(𝑦 − 2) = 2𝑦 + 6
2𝑦 + 6
𝑥=
𝑥−2
2𝑥 + 6
f −1 (𝑥) = , D −1 = R f = (2, ∞)
𝑥−2 f
2𝑥 + 6
∴ f −1 ∶ 𝑥 ↦ , 𝑥>2
𝑥−2

(b)
Since f(𝑥) = f −1 (𝑥),
f 2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 ⇒ f(𝑥) = f −1 (𝑥)
Solution is at Df ∩ Df−1
(2, ∞) ∩ (2, ∞) = (2, ∞)
∴ The solution is { 𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∶ 𝑥 > 2 }

(c)
𝑅𝑔 = [𝑘, ∞)
𝐷𝑓 = (2, ∞)
Since 𝑅𝑔 ⊆ 𝐷𝑓 , as 𝑘 > 3 > 2,
fg exists.
(d)
g(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 5)2 + 𝑘, 𝑥 > 2
[Sketch g(𝑥), turning point at (5, 𝑘), R g = [𝑘, ∞)]
𝑔 𝑓 2𝑘 − 6
(2, ∞) → [𝑘, ∞) → (2, ]
𝑘−2
2𝑘 − 6
∴ R fg = (2, ]
𝑘−2

(e)
2𝑥 + 𝑎 2(𝑥 − 2) + 4 + 𝑎 4+𝑎
=𝑦= =2+
𝑥−2 𝑥−2 𝑥−2
−1
For 𝜙 to exist, 𝜙 must be one-one, 4 + 𝑎 ≠ 0, otherwise 𝑦 = 2 is not one-one.
Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 9
 Copyright © 2024/25
Sale or duplication is prohibited.

∴ 𝑎 ≠ −4
(f)
Using the result from (a) and (e), 𝜙 is a self-inverse function for any 𝑎 ≠ −4,
∴ 𝑎 < −4 or 𝑎 > −4.

Help protect against infringement. If you wish to provide a tip-off for any third-party copyright infringement
of content created by Indigo, please contact us to receive a tip-off reward as our token of appreciation. Page | 10