Analysis of Slip Effects on Thin Film Flow for a Phan-Thien-

Tanner Fluid with Variable Viscosity by using perturbation

method: Lift and Drainage Phenomena
.

Final Seminar
Mir Muzaffar Ali
Roll No:23-MS(M)-03
Email:mirmuzaffar.9006@[Link]
MS Student-Mathematics

Supervisor: Dr. Kamran Nazir Memon

Department of Mathematics & Statistics

QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,
NAWABSHAH
2
 Presentation Layout

1. INITIAL SEMINAR SUGGESTIONS

2. INTRODUCTION
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
4. SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW
5. RESEARCH GAP
6. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
7. PROBLEM STATEMENT
8. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
9. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
10. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
11. CONCLUSION
12. RREFERANCE

3
APROVAL OF INITIAL SEMINAR

4
Suggestions of Initial Seminar Incorporated Suggestions

1. Remove the second objective. 1. The second objective has been revised consultation
of supervisor.
2. Revise the third objective. 2. The third objective has been revised to make it
3. Add the latest references. more clear and concise.
3. The latest references have been added to support
4. Format the references according to the IEEE style
(APA Style). the research.
4. The references have been formatted according to
5. Clarify the reason for using the perturbation method. the IEEE style.
6. Simplify the title of the research as it appears 5. The reason for using the perturbation method has
ambiguous. been clearly explained.
6. The title of the research has been simplified to
7. Include the expected results when the slip effect is
make it more concise and less ambiguous.
considered in the system.
7. The expected results when the slip effect is
8. Rewrite the problem statement to make it clearer. considered in the system have been clearly stated.
9. Confirm whether the problem statement involves 8. The problem statement has been rewritten to make
finding profiles of variables on (x, y, z) coordinates, it more clear and concise.
indicating a 3D problem. 9. The problem statement has been confirmed to
involve finding profiles of variables on (x, y, z)
10. Rewrite the three objectives to eliminate redundant coordinates, indicating a 3D problem.
terms. 10. The three objectives have been rewritten to
11. Specify the research methodology after determining the eliminate redundant terms.
dimensions (x, y, z) mentioned in the problem 11. The research methodology has been specified after
statement. determining the dimensions (x, y, z) mentioned in
the problem statement.

5
 INTRODUCTION

Inviscid

Fluid Newtonian

Non-Newtonian

6
4 / 49
 INTRODUCTION
Non-Newtonian Fluids;
Non-Newtonian a General
fluids: Classification
a general classification

Pseudo plastic

Time-independent
Dilatant

Non-Newtonian Fluids Viscoelastic Viscoplastic

Time-dependent Thixotropic

Rheopectic

7
4 / 49
 INTRODUCTION

Newtonian Fluids

Water
Air
Ethyl alcohol

4 / 49 8
 INTRODUCTION

Non-Newtonian Fluids

Non-Newtonian Fluids

Blood Toothpaste
Ketchup

9
4 / 49
 INTRODUCTION

Non-Newtonian Fluids

Grease
Cake batter Polymer melt

10
4 / 49
 INTRODUCTION

Non-Newtonian Fluids

Molten metal Paint

Whipped cream

11
4 / 49
 INTRODUCTION

Lift and Drainage Phenomenon

 In the phenomenon of withdrawal, a vertical object from a container

containing fluid, is withdrawn with constant velocity.

 During withdrawal, it picks up a thin fluid film out of the vertical

object which drains down under the action of gravity.

 In drainage, when a fluid is disposed to a vertical object, it adheres to

it and drains down under the action of gravity.

 It is a continuous phenomena in which fluid is continuously lifted

along the object and drains down the object.

12
 INTRODUCTION

 The flow velocity component perpendicular to the object is much

smaller than that of main flow velocity (flow along the object in
depth).

 It is a continuous phenomena in which fluid is continuously lifted

along the object and drains down the object.

 The study of this phenomena found numerous applications in various

types of wire coating and lubricating process, food processing,
chemical industries and in many other industries.

13
 INTRODUCTION

NO-SLIP AND SLIP CONDITION

The no-slip condition for viscous fluids assumes that at a solid boundary , the fluid will
have zero velocity relative to the boundary . The fluid velocity at all fluid –solid boundaries
is equal to the of the solid boundary .
For slip condition the fluid will have some velocity relative to the boundary and the fluid
velocity at all fluid –solid boundaries is not equal to the [Link] with most of the
engineering approximations, the no-slip condition does not always hold in reality. For
example, at a very low pressure (e.g. at high altitude), even when the the continuum
approximation still holds there may be so few molecules near the surface that they ―bounce
along‖ down the surface. A common approximation for fluid slip is

Where U is the velocity of the wall β is called slip length and y is the coordinate normal
to the wall

14
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Over the years, the phenomena of thin film flow (flow of a fluid in thin layer) have ever been a
hot cake for any researcher and scientists. The study of thin film flow on vertical
objects(lift/drainage) have the attracted various researchers since 1st quarter of 20th century
because of its profuse occurrence and application in nature and industry.

[Link]. Author Year Remarks/Detail Comments

Solute dispersion in Phan-Thien–Tanner (PTT) fluid flows. Physics of
1 Mahata, et al (2025)
Fluids.

Numerical simulation of vortex rings in non-Newtonian fluids. Journal of

2 Pimenta Alves et al. (2024)
Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics,

Numerical simulations of Phan-Thien-Tanner viscoelastic fluid flows based

3 Xu, et al. (2024)
on the SPH method. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements

Mixed electroosmotic/pressure-driven flow for a generalized Phan–Thien–

Tanner fluid in a microchannel with nonlinear Navier slip at the wall.
4 Teodoro,et al. (2025)
European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids.
cont‘d…

15
12
 LITERATURE REVIEW

[Link]. Author Year Remarks/Detail Comments

Thin-Film Flows: Classical Examples, Marangoni Motions, and Viscous
5 Stone (2025) Membranes. In Interfacial Flows—The Power and Beauty of Asymptotic
Methods (pp. 79-127). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.

Flow analysis of temperature-dependent variable viscosity Phan Thien Tanner

6 Ashraf et al. (2024) fluid thin film over a horizontally moving heated plate. Case Studies in Thermal
Engineering.

7 Memon, et al (2021)

8 Memon, et al (2021)

21
16
 LITERATURE REVIEW

[Link]. Author Year Remarks/Detail Comments

Stagnant rings and uniform film analysis of Phan-Thien Tanner fluid film
9 Walaitet et al (2024)
flow on a vertically upward moving tube. Physics of Fluids.

Mixed electroosmotic/pressure-driven flow for a generalized Phan–

10 Teodoro et al. (2024) Thien–Tanner fluid in a microchannel with nonlinear Navier slip at the
wall. European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids.

Thermally developing streaming potential-mediated pressure-driven flow

11 Kumbalpuri et al (2024)
of Phan–Thien–Tanner fluid in a microchannel. Physics of Fluids.

Stress boundary layers for the Phan-Thien–Tanner fluid at the static

12 Evans et al (2024)
contact line in extrudate swell. Journal of Engineering Mathematics.

13 [Link] et al (2012) Work on withdrawal and drainage of thin film flow on a vertical cylinder.

worked on Viscoelastic Immiscible Double Layer Fluid Flow over

14 Rehan Ali Shah et al (2015) Outside Surface of a Vertical Cylinder.

17
 LITERATURE REVIEW

[Link]. Author Year Remarks/Detail Comments

15 K.N Memon et al (2017)

Theoretical study of Steady Poiseuille flow and heat transfer of

16 [Link] et al. (2013) couple stress fluids between two parallel inclined plates with variable
viscosity

A theoretical study of steady flow for lift and drainage of power law
17 [Link] et al (2014)
fluid on a vertical cylinder.

worked on Viscoelastic Immiscible Double Layer Fluid Flow over

18 Rehan Ali Shah et al (2015)
Outside Surface of a Vertical Cylinder.

On the study of stationary points and uniform thickness of PTT fluid

19 Siddiqui, et al. (2016)
film on a vertically upward moving belt.

18
 LITERATURE REVIEW

[Link]. Author Year Remarks/Detail Comments

Viscoelastic Immiscible Double Layer Fluid Flow over Outside

20 Shah, et al (2015)
Surface of a Vertical Cylinder

Withdrawal and drainage of thin film flow on a vertical

21 Memon, et al (2012)
cylinder. Scientific Research and Essays, 7(41), 3554-3565.
Steady Poiseuille flow and heat transfer of couple stress fluids
between two parallel inclined plates with variable viscosity. Journal
22 Farooq, M., Rahim, (2013)
of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied
Sciences.

23 R. W. Fox, (2015) Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 9th ed. Hoboken.

The study of the movement of liquids in vision of transverse

magnetic field is familiar as magneto hydrodynamics and normally
24 Durst, et al (2008)
shortened as MHD, this view of field was first given in 1970 by
Alfven

19
 SUMMARY OF LITRATURE REVIEW

• This study analytically examines thin film flow characteristics of temperature-dependent Phan-
Thien-Tanner (PTT) viscoelastic fluids, focusing on lift and drainage mechanisms influenced by
boundary slip. Using perturbation techniques, the research derives velocity and temperature profiles
for three PTT models Upper Convected Maxwell (UCM), Linear PTT (LPTT), and Quadratic PTT
(QPTT)revealing distinct behaviors: in lifting flows, slip enhances velocity while viscoelasticity
(Deborah number, De) and viscous heating (Brinkman number, Br) increase temperature; in drainage
flows, elasticity and inclination angles boost speed, but slip reduces drainage rates, with QPTT fluids
exhibiting superior drainage but greater thermal effects compared to UCM fluids, which excel in
lifting. The PTT model‘s ability to capture shear-thinning and molecular polymer interactions makes
it ideal for industrial applications like coatings, lubrication, and biomedicine. Historical context
highlights early theoretical gaps (e.g., neglected surface tension), while modern methodologies
employ perturbation methods and dimensionless parameters (Re, De, Br) to analyze nonlinear
dynamics. Key findings underscore the interplay of rheology, thermal effects, and slip conditions,
offering a theoretical foundation for optimizing non-Newtonian fluid processes in engineering and
material science.

20
 RESEARCH GAP
Previous research has addressed thin film flow of PTT fluids under either slip or no-slip
conditions, but in isolation. Studied no-slip flow without considering viscosity variation[42].
On slip effects but assumed constant viscosity and did not analyze multiple PTT
models[29].Incorporated temperature-dependent viscosity using Reynolds‘ model but under no-
slip conditions only[28]. None of the existing studies examined lift and drainage phenomena
simultaneously. Moreover, no analytical solution using the perturbation method has been
reported for variable viscosity under slip across UCM, LPTT, and QPTT models. This study

fills these gaps through a comprehensive analytical investigation.

21
 1. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study is significant because it provides a precise analytical framework to control
viscoelastic thin film flows, which are critical in many industries. Its key importance lies
in resolving the fundamental trade-off between lifting and drainage.
 Solves the Lift-Drainage Paradox: It offers predictive models to simultaneously
optimize two opposing actions: enhancing fluid lifting for coating vertical surfaces
and accelerating drainage for removing excess fluid.
 Challenges Intuition on Surface Slipperiness: It reveals that a slippery surface
(boundary slip) is not always beneficial. While slip aids in lifting flows, it
unexpectedly hinders drainage. This forces a re-evaluation of surface design in fluid
applications.
 Guides Material Selection: It provides a direct comparison of Phan-Thien-Tanner
models, showing that:
 QPTT fluids are best for rapid drainage.
 UCM-like fluids are superior for efficient lifting.
This enables targeted selection of fluid rheology for specific tasks.
 Enables Industrial Optimization: The findings directly impact the optimization of
industrial processes—such as coating, polymer extrusion, and microfluidics—by
providing the theoretical basis to control flow through fluid elasticity, slip conditions,
and thermal effects, leading to less waste and higher product quality. 22
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Lift Problem
Consider a container filled with an incompressible Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) fluid. A wide
.
belt moves vertically upward through this fluid with a constant velocity U, picking up a thin
film of uniform thickness δ. Due to gravity, the fluid experiences a downward drainage force,
creating a competing flow mechanism. The flow is assumed to be steady, parallel, and laminar,
with the surrounding pressure maintained at atmospheric conditions.

Figure 1: The geometry of lift for thin film flow for PTT fluid

23
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Drainage Problem
Consider the steady, laminar flow of an incompressible Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) fluid
.
draining down an infinite inclined plane. The flow is driven solely by gravity, with no external
pressure forces applied. The fluid film maintains a uniform thickness along the plane as it
moves downward. A coordinate system is chosen such that the y-axis is perpendicular to the
inclined plane, while the x-axis runs along the plane, which is inclined at an angle to the
horizontal.

Figure 2 The geometry of the flow of inclined plan, moving through PTT fluid

24
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

.
It is planned to determine the velocity profile, temperature distribution, flow rate, average
velocity, net upward flow for lift as well as drainage problem for three cases, namely
1. Upper Convected Maxwell (UCM) Model
2. Linear PTT (LPTT) Model
3. Quadratic PTT (LPTT) Model
Here it can be utilize Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) and also for temperature dependent
viscosity its plans to apply Reynolds model.

25
 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Objectives

AIM
This study aims to analytically investigate the coupled effects of boundary slip and
temperature-dependent viscosity on the thin film flow of Phan-Thien-Tanner fluids for lift
and drainage phenomena.

OBJETIVES
1. To develop a mathematical model that accurately describes the dynamics of thin film
flows over both vertical and inclined surfaces.
2. To derive an analytical solution for thin film flow and the resulting lift on a vertical
surface, utilizing the Phan-Thien–Tanner (PTT) fluid model with temperature-dependent
viscosity.
3. To obtain a closed-form solution for the drainage behavior of thin film flow on inclined
planes, based on the Phan-Thien–Tanner fluid model incorporating variable viscosity.

26
 Object 01

To develop a mathematical model that accurately

describes the dynamics of thin film flows over both
vertical and inclined surfaces.

27
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
BASIC EQUATIONS

Equation of Continuity :

The equation of continuity states the law of mass conservation, i.e there is a stability
between the masses entering or leaving over a control volume per unit time.
Mathematically the equation of continuity for compressible flow of liquid is,

 .( V )  0, (1)
t
Where ρ represent the density of the fluid and V be the velocity field and for incompressible fluid
density remains constant, hence equation (1) will be reduced in the form of

.V  0. (2)

28
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Equation of Motion:

Mathematical form of equation of motion of linear momentum can be

described as,
DV
 = f  p  .T . (3)
Dt
Phan-Thein-Tanner (PTT) Fluid :
The PTT model is one of the widely used rheological models and can easily
describe the common characteristics viscoelastic non-Newtonian fluid because
it is well regarded and derivable from molecular behavior of polymeric solution
in a certain environment.
PTT fluid was first suggested by ―[Link] Thien‖ and ―R.I Tanner‖ in 1977.
The consecutive equation of an incompressible PTT fluid flow model is given
by 
f ( trT) T   T  A1 (4)

A1 =  V  ( V ) t (5)
29
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY


The upper convected derivative T can be defined as

 
 DT
T.   (V )t T  T(V ) ( 6)
Dt

 u u u 
 x y z 

v v v 
V =  . (7 )
 x y z 
 w w w 
 
 x y z 

30
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Three Common PTT models

Upper Convected Maxwell (UCM) Model

f (trT)  1 (8)

Linear PTT (LPTT) model


f (trT)  1  trT (9)


Quadratic PTT (QPTT) model

2
    
f (trT)  1  trT   trT  (10)
 2  

31
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Formulation of the Problem and Solution for lift casese

Incompressible Phan Thein Tanner fluid:
The flow is steady, laminar and uniform and surface tension are
negligible.A wide belt moves vertically upward through container
with variable velocity. Only velocity component in y-direction

We assume That

V  [0, v ( x ), 0] T  T( x )    ( x) (11)

32
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Mathematically Formulation of the Problem

By using equation (11) into the continuity equation (1) is satisfied consonantly. The
corresponding non-zero momentum at atmospheric pressure and energy equation after
using the value of 1st Rivlin Ericksen tensor is
dTxy
0   g  (12)
dx

d 2 dv
0k  Txy (13)
dx 2 dx

d
Txy  0 and 0 at x  (14)
dx

v  U  BS t and   0 at x0 (15)

33
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Mathematically Formulation of the Problem

Integrate to equation (12) w.r.t.,x and after applying free space boundary condition, we get

Tyx   g   x  (16)

Inserting equation (11) into the equations (5-7), after considerable calculations once we obtain:
f trT Txx  f trT Tzz  f trT Tzx (17)

f trT Tyz  Tzx

dv
(18)
dx

f trT Txy  
dv dv
 Txx (19)
dx dx

34
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Mathematically Formulation of the Problem

f trT Tyy  2Tyx

dv
0 (20)
dx

Since f trT  has one of the values given in equation (8) – (10), therefore

f trT   0 Which implies that

Txx  Tzz  Txz  0 ( 21)

By applying these values from equation (21) into the equations (18) - (20) we get

Tyz  0 ( 22)

f trT Txy  
dv
( 23)
dx

f trT Tyy  2Tyx

dv 35
( 24)
dx
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Mathematically Formulation of the Problem

Joining equations (23) and (24), we get
2Txy
2

Tyy  ( 25)


which is a connection among shear and ordinary stresses and it denotes the equation of   
Parabola with a vertex at the origin and the axis of the parabola is at Txy  0 .The focus  0, 8 
lies on axis and its
opening is upward Tyy  0 is tangent to a parabola and its vertex. Trace of the extra stress
tensor, after applying equation (21) and (25) is:

2Txy
2

trT  ( 26)


Using shear stress (16) in equation (25), normal stress is given by

2 2 g 2 (  x ) 2
Tyy  ( 27)

36
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Rearranging equation (23) after substitute the value of Tyx from equation (16), we can write it as

dv g f (tr T)(  x)
 (28)
dx 

Substituting the value of Tyx from equation number (16) into the equation (13), we obtain
d 2 dv
0k  g (  x ) (29)
dx 2 dx

Analytical solutions of this equation along with the boundary conditions (14) -
(15) are obtained for three cases (8)-(10) in the following subsections:

37
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Formulation of the Problem and Solution for drainge case

U  [u ( y ), 0, 0] T  T( y )   ( y)

The corresponding boundary conditions are

d
Txy  0 and 0 at y , (free spaceboundary condition) (30)
dy
u0 and   0 at y0 (no slip boundary condition) (31)

By continuity equation (1) is satisfied consonantly. The corresponding non-zero

momentum at atmospheric pressure and energy equation after using the value of 1st Rivlin
Ericksen tensor is
dTxy
0  g sin   (32)
dy
d 2 du
0  k 2  Txy (33)
dy dy

38
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Intigrate to equation (32) w.r.t., y and after applying free space boundary condition, we get

Tyx  g sin    y  (33)

Inserting the equations (5-7), after considerable calculations once we obtain:

f trT Tyy  f trT Tzz  f trT Tzy  0 (34)

f trT Txx  2Tyx

du
(35)
dy

f trT Txy  
du du
 Tyy (36)
dy dy

f trT Txz  Tyz

du
(37)
dy

39
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
As previously f trT   0

Tyy  Tzz  Tyz  0 (38)

By applying these values from equation (38) into the equations (35) - (37) we get

Txz  0 (39)

f trT Txx  2Tyx

du
(40)
dy

f trT Tyx  
du
(41)
dy

Joining equations (40) and (41), we get

2Txy2
Txx  (42)


40
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Trace of the extra stress tensor, after applying equation (20) and (24) is:

2Txy2
trT  (43)

Using shear stress, normal stress is given by

2 2 g 2 siin 2 ( 1  y ) 2
Txx  (44)

Rearranging equation (36)

du g sin  f (tr T)( 1  y )

 (45)
dy 

41
 Object 02

To derive an analytical solution for thin film flow and

the resulting lift on a vertical surface, utilizing the Phan-
Thien–Tanner (PTT) fluid model with temperature-
dependent viscosity.

42
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Solutions for Upper Convected Maxwell (UCM) Model:

By using UCM model (8) in (27), we get;

dv g ( 1  x)
 (46)
dx 
making dimensionless by significant the following dimensionless parameters
 v x   0  0U 2
  *,  v* ,  x*,  *  ,B  ( 47)
0 U 1 1   0 g

Hence equation number (45) and (46), after dropping ‗*‘ becomes
dv
   St (1  x) (48)
dx
d 2 dv
0 2
 S t Br (1  x) (49)
dx dx 43
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

g 12  0U 2
S 
Where t  U denotes Stokes number and Br  is Brinkman
0 k (1   0 )
number, Let the temperature
dependent fluid viscosity  is given by Reynolds model [43].

  exp(  L ) ( 49)

Let L  m where  a small perturbation parameter [44]. Expand equation (49) by

using the Taylor series expansion up to first order and then substitute into the equation
(48), we get

dv
(1  m )   St (1  x) (50)
dx

44
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Keeping in mind the end goal to explain these kind of ordinary differential equations
with related boundary conditions (13)-(14), we use the perturbation technique. Taking
the approximate velocity and temperature profiles as
 
v( x,  )    vi
i
and  ( x,  )    i i (51)
i 0 i 0

Insert equation (51) into equation (49), (50), (14) and (15) and then solve separately at each
order of approximation. By using corresponding boundary conditions, the systems of
equations obtained are as following
Zeroth order problem
dv0
  S t (1  x ) (52)
dx

d 2 0 dv0
2
 S t Br (1  x ) (53)
dx dx

45
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

v0  1  BSt ,  0  1 at x  0, (54)
d 0
0 at x  1 (55)
dx

First order problem

dv1 dv0
 m 0 0 (56)
dx dx

d 21 dv1
 S t Br (1  x ) (57)
dx 2 dx

v1  0, 1  0 at x  0, (58)

d1
0 at x  1 (59)
dx
46
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

We are not considering the second order equations because of long computations.
Solving Equations. (52) and (53) with the associated boundary conditions (54) and (55),
we have

v0  1  BSt 
St
2

1  (1  x) 2  (60)

0  1 
St2 Br
12

(1  x) 4  1 (61)

Substituting equations (60) and (61) into equations (41) and (42) and then
solving with respect to the boundary conditions (58) and (59), we obtain

v1 
mSt
2
 
(1  x) 2  1 
mSt3 Br
72

3(1  x) 2  (1  x) 6  2  (62)

 mS t2 Br mS t4 Br2 
3(1  x)  
  
8

1  (1  x)  1 
4
  (63)
12 2016  14(1  x)  11
4


47
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Inserting Equation (62)–(63) into equation (50), the perturbation solutions up to order one are:

mS t
v ( x )  1  BS t 
St
2

1  (1  x ) 2 
2
 (1  x) 2

1 

mS t3 Br
72

3(1  x ) 2  (1  x ) 6  2 .  (64)

mS t2Br mS t4 Br2

 ( x)  1 
12

S t2 Br

(1  x ) 4  1 
12
 
(1  x ) 4  1 
2016
3(1  x )8  14(1  x ) 4  11 (65)

48
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Q Volume Flow Rate and Average velocity
In dimensionless form, the volume flow rate and average velocity V is given by,
1
Q   v( x) dx  V (66)
0

By using equation (64) in equation (66), we obtain,

St mSt mSt3 Br
Q  V  1  BSt    (67)
3 3 63

There will be a net upward flow of the fluid if dimensionless average velocity
V  0 Equation (67) provides

St mSt mSt3 Br
1   BSt    (68)
3 3 63

49
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

U
Where De  is Deborah number. Substituting perturbation expansion from equation (51)

into the equation (68), after separating at each order of approximation, we obtain

Zeroth order problem

dv0
  St (1  x)  2St De 2 (1  x)3
3
(69)
dx

First order problem

dv1 dv
 3m 0 0  2m 0 St (1  x) (70)
dx dx

50
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Here again, we are considering up to first order because of second-order contain lengthy
calculations. Solving system of equations (69) and (53) by using corresponding boundary
conditions (54) and (55), we have

St3 De 2
St

v0 ( x)  1  BSt  1  (1  x) 
2
2

2
 
1  (1  x) 4  (71)

0  1 
St2 Br
12

(1  x)  1 
4 St4 De 2 Br 
15

1  x 6  1  (72)

Insert equation (71) and (72) into the system of equations (70) and (57) and then solving with
respect conditions from equation (58) and (59), we acquire

v1 
mSt
2
 
(1  x) 2  1 
mSt3 Br
72

3(1  x) 2  (1  x) 6  2  
mSt5 De 2 Br m 2 St7 Br De 4
240

 17(1  x)8  16(1  x) 2  30(1  x) 4  29   50
3mSt De
   
3 2
 2(1  x)10  5(1  x) 4  3  (1  x) 4  1 (73)
2
51
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

mSt De 2Br 2
 
4 6
mSt Br 2
1  3(1  x)  14(1  x)  11 
8 4

672 2700
mSt Br (1  x) 4 m 2 St Br 2 De 4
 
2 8
47(1  x)10  45(1  x) 4  135(1  x) 6  133  
12 9900
mSt BrDe
   
4 4
30(1  x)12  132(1  x) 6  102  (1  x) 6  1 (74)
5
Inserting Equation (70)–(74) into equation (51), the perturbation solutions up to order one are:

S t3 De 2 mS t
v ( x )  1  BS t 
St
2

1  (1  x ) 
2

2
 
1  (1  x ) 4 
2
 
(1  x ) 2  1  
mS t Br 3mS t De
   
3 3 2
3(1  x ) 2  (1  x ) 6  2  (1  x ) 4  1
72 2
mS t5De 2 Br

240

 17(1  x ) 8  16(1  x ) 2  30(1  x ) 4  29  
m S t7 Br De 4
 
2
 2(1  x )10  5(1  x ) 4  3 (75)
50

52
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

There will be a net upward flow of the fluid if dimensionless average velocityV  0 Equation
(67) provides
2S t De 2 mS t mS t Br 11mS t De 2 Br
3 3 5
St
1   BS t      
6 5 3 63 135
12m 2S t BrDe 4 6mS t De 2
7 3
 (76)
275 5

Solutions for Quadratic PTT (QPTT) Model;

By utilizing QPTT model (10) in equation (28) and make straightforward with the help of
shear stress Eq(16) and equation (26), we get

dv g 22  3 g 3 3 21  g  
5 5 2 4
   1  x    1  x    1  x 5 (77)
dx   3
 5

53
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Now by using dimensionless parameters into the equation (77), after dropping ‗*‘, we get

dv S (1  x) S De 2 (1  x)3
3
4 (1  x )
5
 t 2 t  2 2 5
S De (78)
 3 5
t
dx

By Utilizing the Taylor series up to first order from equation (49) into equation (78), we
acquire
dv
(1  5m )   St (1  x)(1  4m )  21 2 St De 4 (1  x)5
5

dx
 2St De 2 (1  x)3 (1  2m )
3
(79)

By using perturbation series from equation (51) into the equation (79), after sorting out at
each order of approximation, we obtain

54
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Zeroth order problem

dv0
  St (1  x)  2St De 2 (1  x) 3  2  2 St De 4 (1  x) 5 (80)
3 5

dx
First order problem
dv1 dv
 5m 0 0  4m 0 St (1  x)  4m 0St De 2 (1  x)3 (81)
3

dx dx

Solving system of equations (79) and (53) by using corresponding boundary conditions (54)
and (57), we have
S t3 De 2
v0 ( x )  1  BS t 
St
2

1  (1  x ) 2  
2

1  (1  x ) 4  
 1 2 S t5 De 4
3
1  (1  x)  6
(82)

0  1 
S t2 Br
12

(1  x )  1 
4 S t4 De 2 Br 
15
 1  x  6
1  
 1 S t De Br 
 
6 4 2
1  x 8  1 (83)
48
55
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Insert eq (81) and eq (82) into the of eq (80) and eq (57) and then solving the system of
ordinary differential equation with respect conditions from eq (58) and eq (59), we obtain

mS t5 De 2 Br
v1 
mS t
2
 
(1  x) 2  1 
72

mS t3 Br

3(1  x) 2  (1  x) 6  2 
240
5m1  S t Br De
   
2 3 9 6
 17(1  x)8  16(1  x) 2  30(1  x) 4  29   (1  x)12  3(1  x) 4  2 
288
m S t Br De 3mS t De 2
   
2 7 4 3
 2(1  x)10  5(1  x) 4  3  (1  x) 4  1 
50 2
51m S t De m1 S t Br De
   
2 3 2 2 7 4
(1  x) 6  1   123(1  x)10  15(1  x) 2  200(1  x) 6  92
3 1440
m1 3 S t9 Br De 6

144
 
 7(1  x)12  16(1  x) 6  3(1  x) 4  6 

12 m 4 S t11 De8 Br

288
  3(1  x)14  2(1  x) 6  1 (84)

56
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

mS t De 2Br 2
 
4 6
mS t Br 2
1  3(1  x )  14(1  x )  11 
8 4

672 2700
47(1  x )  45(1  x )  135(1  x )  133
10 4 6

m 1 2 S t De 4 • Br 2
 
8
 868(1  x )12  165(1  x ) 8  308(1  x ) 4  395
177408
mS t Br (1  x ) 4  1m 2 S t 6 BrDe 4
 
2
  (1  x ) 8  1
12 140
m S t Br De 17 m 1 3 S t Br 2 De 6
 
2 8 2 4 10
 30(1  x )  132(1  x )  102 
12 6

9900 87360
mS t BrDe
   
4 4
80(1  x )14  65(1  x ) 8  364(1  x ) 6  349  (1  x ) 6  1 
5
m 1  4 S t Br 2 De 8
 
2 12
28(1  x ) 6  45(1  x ) 8  17 (85)
7056

57
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Inserting Equation (81)–(82) into equation (66), the perturbation solutions up to order one are

1  (1  x )  S  
3
St De 2
v ( x )  1  BS t  2 t
1  (1  x ) 4
2 2
 1 2 S t5 De 4 mS t
3
1  (1  x )  6

2
(1  x ) 2
1 
mS t Br mS t5 De 2 Br
3(1  x ) 
3
2
 (1  x ) 6  2 
72 240
5m12 3 S t9 Br De 6

 17 (1  x ) 8  16(1  x ) 2  30(1  x ) 4  29  
288

   
2 7 4
m S B De
 (1  x )12  3(1  x ) 4  2  t r
 2(1  x )10  5(1  x ) 4  3
50
3mS t3 De 2 5 1m 2 S t3 De 2

2

(1  x ) 4  1   3
(1  x ) 6  1   
m1 2 S t7 Br De 4
1440

 123(1  x )10  15(1  x ) 2  200(1  x ) 6  92 
m1 3 S t9 Br De 6

144

 7 (1  x )12  16(1  x ) 6  3(1  x ) 4  6 
 2 m 4 S t11 De 8 Br
 1
288

 3(1  x )14  2(1  x ) 6  1 (86) 

58
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

 ( x)  1  
S t2 Br
12

(1  x ) 4  1  t
15

S 4 De 2 Br 

1  x 6  1 
 1S t De Br 
 
1  x 8  1  mS t Br 3(1  x)8  14(1  x) 4  11
 
6 4 2 4 2

48 672
mS t De Br
 
6 2 2
 47(1  x )10  45(1  x ) 4  135(1  x ) 6  133
2700
m 1 2 S t De 4 Br 2
 
8
 868(1  x )12  165(1  x ) 8  308(1  x ) 4  395 
177408
mS t Br (1  x ) 4  m 2 S t 6 BrDe 4
 
2
 1 (1  x ) 8  1
12 140
m 2 S t Br 2 De 4
 
8
 30(1  x )12  132(1  x ) 6  102
9900
17 m 1 3 S t Br 2 De 6
 
10
 80(1  x )14  65(1  x ) 8  364(1  x ) 6  349
87360
mS t BrDe 4 m 1  4 S t Br 2 De 8
 
4 2 12
 (1  x ) 6  1 
5 7056

28(1  x )  45(1  x )  17
6 8
 (87)

59
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

Figure 2 Effect of the Br number on Figure 3 Effect of the De number on velocity

velocity profile when, profile when,
  0.1, B  0.1,  1  1, St  0.98, m  09, De  2,   0.01  1,   0.01, St  1.002, B  0.1,   0.1, m  4, De  2

60
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

Figure 4 Effect of the St number on velocity Figure 5 Effect of the number on velocity
profile when, profile when,
 1  1,   0.01, Br  08, B  0.1,   0.1, m  1, De  2 Br  8, De  2,  1  1, St  1.002,   1,   0.01, B  0.1, m  1

61
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

Figure 6 Effect of the  number on velocity Figure 7 Effect of the m number on velocity
profile when, profile when,
St  1.002, Br  8,  1  1, St  1.002, B  0.1, m  04, De  2   0.1, St  1.002, Br  08,  1  1, St  1.002, De  2, B  0.1

62
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

Figure 8 Effect of the B number on velocity Figure 9 Effect of the Br number on

profile when, Temperature profile when,
Br  8,  1  1, St  1.002, m  04, De  2,   0.1,   0.1   0.1, B  0.1,  1  1, St  0.98, m  09, De  2,   0.01

63
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

Figure 10;Effect of the De number on Figure11; Effect of the St number on

Temperature profile when, Temperature profile when,

  0.1, B  0.1,  1  1, St  0.98, m  09,   0.01, Br  0.4   0.1, B  0.1,  1  1, m  09,   0.01, Br  0.4, De  1

64
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

2.5

2.0

1.5 0.001
0.005
0.008
0.011
1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Figure 12 Effect of the number on Figure 13 Effect of the  on Tempreture

Tempreture profile when profile when

  01, B  0.1,  1  1, St  02, m  04, De  1.2, Br  0.4 B  0.1,  1  1, St  0.98, m  09, De  1, Br  0.4,   0.01

65
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

Figure 14 Effect of the m number on Figure 15: A comparison of velocity profiles with
Temperature profile when, respect to the parameter x.
  01, B  1.2,  1  1, St  02, De  1.2, Br  0.4,   0.01   0.01, Br  08,  1  1, St  1.6, m  01, De  2,   0.1, B  0.1

66
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tabular Results
Table 1 A comparison of velocity for the PTT profile with respect to x in the context of
specific instances of the PTT fluid model

  0.01, Br  08,   1, St  1.6, m  01, De  2,   0.1, B  0.1

x QPTT LPTT UCM
0 1 1 1
0.1 0.942938 0.949793 0.988183
0.2 0.745418 0.761643 0.827629
0.3 0.571722 0.597524 0.681725
0.4 0.423341 0.457826 0.552806
0.5 0.300223 0.342047 0.4424
0.6 0.20156 0.249262 0.351437
0.7 0.126282 0.178432 0.280433
0.8 0.0733559 0.128601 0.229636
0.9 0.0419523 0.0990197 0.199143
1 0.0315446 0.0892129 0.188978
67
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tabular Results
Table 2. Temperature Distribution Comparison Regarding PTT
Fluid Model Special Cases for Lift Cases, when

  0.1, Br  09,   1, S t  0.9, m  01, De  2,   0.1, B  0.1,  
2

x QPTT LPTT UCM

0 1 1 1
0.1 1.39194 1.36589 1.238
0.2 1.69631 1.65236 1.40974
0.3 1.8916 1.83655 1.5284
0.4 2.01021 1.94891 1.60599
0.5 2.07745 2.01297 1.65321
0.6 2.11215 2.04622 1.6792
0.7 2.12773 2.06123 1.69154
0.8 2.13327 2.06658 1.69612
0.9 2.13451 2.06779 1.69718
1 2.13459 2.06787 1.69725
68
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tabular Results
Table 3. A comparison of the velocity profile under slip and no-slip
conditions with respect to x when
  0.01, Br  08,   1, St  0.9, m  01, De  2,   0.1, B  0.1
x Slip No Slip [28]
0 1 1
0.1 0.988138 0.898138
0.2 0.896802 0.806802
0.3 0.816353 0.726353
0.4 0.746916 0.656916
0.5 0.688475 0.598475
0.6 0.640928 0.550928
0.7 0.60414 0.51414
0.8 0.577978 0.487978
0.9 0.56233 0.47233
1 0.557122 0.467122
69
 Conclusion
This research studies the flow of a thin film using a Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) fluid,
considering temperature-sensitive viscosity and wall slip. Using a perturbation method,
velocity and temperature profiles are derived, providing insight into the fluid's lifting
behavior.
Results show that slip conditions reduce wall resistance, increasing lift speed beneficial
for coating and lubrication. Higher Brinkman number, Deborah number, and
elongational parameters slow the flow, highlighting the opposing effects of viscous
heating and elasticity, while also raising temperature. Among PTT models, simpler
ones like UCM enable faster lifting, while complex ones produce stronger thermal
effects. These findings help optimize thin-film systems and suggest future work on
transient flows and complex geometries.

70
 Object 03

To obtain a closed-form solution for the drainage

behavior of thin film flow on inclined planes, based on
the Phan-Thien–Tanner fluid model incorporating
variable viscosity.

71
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Solutions for Upper Convected Maxwell (UCM) Model:

By using UCM model (8) in (45), we get;

du g sin  ( 1  y )
 (88)
dy 

making dimensionless by significant the following dimensionless parameters

 y   0
  *,  y*,  *  (89)
0 1 1   0
Hence eq (28) and eq (29), after dropping ‗*‘ becomes
du
  S t sin  (1  x) (90)
dy

d 2 du
0  S t Br sin  (1  y ) (91)
dy 2 dy

72
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Where S  gU denotes Stokes number and B   U
2 2
t is Brinkman number,
0
k (   )
r
0 1 0
Let the Temperature dependent fluid viscosity is given by Reynolds model [22]. The
dimensionless form of this model is

  e (  L ) (92)

Let L  m where  a small perturbation parameter. Expand equation (92) by using the Taylor
series expansion up to first order and then substitute into the equation (91), we get
du
(1  m )  St sin  (1  y ) (93)
dy
Keeping in mind the end goal to explain these kind of ordinary differential equations with
related boundary conditions eq (32)-(33), we use the perturbation technique. Taking the
approximate velocity and temperature profiles as
 
u ( y,  )    i ui and  ( y,  )    i i (94)
i 0 i 0

73
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Insert equation (50) into equation (48), (49), (11) and (12) and then solve separately at each
order of approximation. By using corresponding boundary conditions, the systems of
equations obtained are as following.

Zeroth order problem

du0
 St sin  (1  y ) (95)
dy

d 2 0 du
2
  St Br sin  (1  y ) 0 (96)
dy dy

u0  0, 0  1 at y0 (97)
d 0
0 at y  1 (98)
dy

74
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

First order problem

du1 du
 m 0 0  0 (99)
dy dy

d 21 du1
  S t Br sin  (1  y ) (100)
dy 2 dy

u1  0, 1  0 at y  0 (101)
d1
0 at y  1 (102)
dy

We are not considering the second order equations because of long computations. Solving
Equations (96) and (93) with the associated boundary conditions (98) and (99), we have

75
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

u0 
St
2

sin  1  (1  y ) 2  (103)

0  1 
S t2 Br
12

sin 2  (1  y ) 4  1  (104)

Substituting equations (103) and (104) into equations (99) and (100) and then solving with
respect to the boundary conditions (101) and (102), we obtain

u1  
mSt
2

sin  (1  y )  1 
2

72

mSt3 Br 3

sin  3(1  y ) 2  (1  y ) 6  2  (105)

 mSt2 Br 2 mSt4 sin 4 Br2

1 
12

sin  (1  y )  1 
4

2016
 
3(1  y )8  14(1  y ) 4  11  (106)

Inserting Equation (105)&(106) into equation (94), the perturbation solutions up to order one are:

mSt mSt3 Br
St

u ( y )  sin  1  (1  y ) 
2
2

2
 
sin  (1  y )  1 
2

72
 
sin 3  3(1  y ) 2  (1  y )6  2 . 

mBr S t2 mBr2 S t4
 ( y)  1 
Br S t2
12
 
sin 2  (1  y ) 4  1 
12
 
sin 2  (1  y ) 4  1 
2016
 
sin 4  3(1  y ) 8  14(1  y ) 4  11
76
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Volume Flow Rate and Average velocity

In dimensionless form, the volume flow rate Q and average velocity U is given by,

1
Q   u ( y ) dy (107)
0

By using equation (105) in equation (107), we obtain

St mSt mSt3 Br 3
Q  sin   siin  sin  (108)
3 3 63

77
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Solutions for Linear PTT (LPTT) Model;
Using LPTT model (9), in equation (87) and simplifying with the help of shear stress and
equation we get

du g 22  3 g 3 sin 3  21  5 g 5 sin 5  2 4

 sin   1  y    1  y   1  y 5
3
(109)
dy   3
 5

Now by using dimensionless parameters into the equation (109), after dropping ‗*‘, we get

du St sin  (1  y ) St sin 3 De 2 (1  y )3 4 (1  y )

3 5
 2  21 St sin De
2 5 5
(110)
dy  3 5

78
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Using the Taylor series expansion up to first order from equation (92) into equation (110), we
get
du
(1  3m )  St sin  (1  y )(1  2m )  2St sin 3 De 2 (1  y )3
3
(111)
dy

Substituting perturbation ,after separating at each order of approximation, we obtain

Zeroth order problem

du0
 St sin  (1  y )  2 St sin 3 De 2 (1  y ) 3
3
(112)
dy

First order problem

du1 du
 3m 0 0  2m 0 St sin  (1  y ) (113)
dy dy

79
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

S 3 sin 3 De 2
u0 ( x ) 
St
2
 
sin  1  (1  y ) 2  t
2

1  (1  y ) 4  (114)

0  1 
St2 sin 2 Br
12
  S 4 sin 4 De 2 Br 
(1  y ) 4  1  t
15

1  y 6  1  (115)

mS sin  mSt3 sin 3 Br mSt5 sin 5 De 2 Br  17(1  y )8  16(1  y ) 2  
u1   t 
(1  y ) 2  1   
3(1  y ) 2  (1  x) 6  2    
2 72 240 30(1  y ) 4  29 
m 2 St7 Br De 4 3mSt3 De 2

50
 
 2(1  y )10  5(1  y ) 4  3 
2

(1  y ) 4  1  (116)

mSt sin 4 Br 2 mSt sin 6 De 2Br 2

   
4 6
1  3(1  y )8  14(1  y ) 4  11  47(1  y )10  45(1  y ) 4  135(1  y ) 6  133
672 2700
mSt sin Br (1  y ) m St sin Br De mSt sin 4 BrDe 4
   
2 2 4 2 8 8 2 4 4
  30(1  y )  132(1  y )  102 
12 6
(1  y ) 6  1
12 9900 5
(117)

80
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

We get the solution

S 3 sin 3 De 2 mSt mSt3 sin 3 Br

St
u( y) 
2
 
sin  1  (1  y ) 2  t
2
 
1  (1  y ) 4 
2
 
sin  (1  y ) 2  1 
72
 
3(1  y ) 2  (1  y ) 6  2

3mSt sin De mSt sin De Br

   
3 3 2 5 5 2
 (1  y ) 4  1   17(1  y )8  16(1  y ) 2  30(1  y ) 4  29
2 240
m St sin Br De
 
2 7 7 4
  2(1  y )10  5(1  y ) 4  3 (118)
50

St2 sin 2 Br

  S 4 sin 4 De 2 Br 
 
1  y 6  1  mSt sin Br
4 4 2
 ( y)  1  (1  y ) 4  1  t
12 15 672
mSt sin De Br
   
6 6 2 2
3(1  y )8  14(1  y ) 4  11  47(1  y )10  45(1  y ) 4  135(1  y ) 6  133
2700
mSt sin BrDe mSt sin 2 Br (1  y ) 4 m 2 St sin 8 Br 2 De 4
 
4 4 4 2 8
 (1  y ) 6  1   (119)
5 12 9900

81
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Average velocity

2St sin 3 De 2 mSt sin  mSt sin 3 Br 11mSt sin 5 De 2 Br 12m 2St sin 7 BrDe 4
3 3 5 7
St
Q  1 sin      
6 5 3 63 135 275
6mSt sin 3 De 2 101m 2 St sin 3 De 2
3 3
  (120)
5 7

Solutions for Quadratic PTT (QPTT) Model;

By utilizing QPTT model (10) in equation (88) and make straightforward with the help of shear
stress, we get

du g 22  3 g 3 sin 3  21  5 g 5 sin 5  2 4

 sin   1  y    1  y   1  y 5
3
(121)
dy   3
 5

du St sin  (1  y ) S sin 3 De 2 (1  y ) 3 4 (1  y )

3 5
 2 t  2  2 5
S sin 5
De (122)
 3 5
1 t
dy

82
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

By Utilizing the Taylor series up to first order
du
(1  5m )  St sin  (1  y )(1  4m )  2St sin 3 De 2 (1  y )3 (1  2m )  21 2 St sin 5 De 4 (1  y )5
3 5
(123)
dy

Zeroth order problem

du0
 St sin  (1  y )  2St sin 3 De 2 (1  y ) 3  21 2 St sin 5 De 4 (1  y ) 5
3 5
(124)
dy

First order problem

du1 du
 5m 0 0  4m 0 St sin(1  y )  4m 0St sin 3 De 2 (1  y )3
3
(125)
dy dy

83
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Solving system of equations by using corresponding boundary conditions , we have

S 3 sin 3 De 2   2 S 5 sin 5 De 4

u0 ( y ) 
St
2

sin  1  (1  y ) 2  t  2
 
1  (1  y ) 4  1 t
3

1  (1  y ) 6  (126)

St2 sin 2 Br

 S 4 sin 4 De 2 Br 
   
1  y 6  1  1St sin De Br  1  y 8  1 
6 6 4 2
0  1  (1  y ) 4  1  t (127)
12 15 48

Inserting these equation into first order equations and then solving the system of ordinary
differential equation with respect conditions from equation we obtain

mSt sin  mSt3 sin 3 Br mSt5 sin 5 De 2 Br

u1 ( y )  
2

(1  y ) 2  1 
72
 
3(1  y ) 2  (1  y ) 6  2   240

 17(1  y )8  16(1  y ) 2  30(1  y ) 4  29
5m1  St sin Br De m St sin Br De 3mSt3 sin 3 De 2
     
2 3 9 9 6 2 7 7 4
  (1  y )  3(1  y )  2 
12 4
 2(1  y )  5(1  y )  3 
10 4
(1  y ) 4  1
288 50 2
5 m St sin De m  S sin Br De
   
2 3 3 2 2 7 7 4
 1 (1  y ) 6  1  1 t  123(1  y )10  15(1  y ) 2  200(1  y ) 6  92
3 1440
m1 St sin Br De 12 m 4 St11 sin11 De8 Br
   
3 9 9 6
  7(1  y )  16(1  y )  3(1  y )  6 
12 6 4
 3(1  y )14  2(1  y ) 6  1 (128)
144 288

84
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

mSt sin 4 Br 2 mSt sin 6 De 2Br 2
   
4 6
1  3(1  y )8  14(1  y ) 4  11  47(1  y )10  45(1  y ) 4  135(1  y ) 6  133
672 2700
m1 2 St sin 8 De 4 Br 2 mSt sin 2 Br (1  y ) 4 1m 2 St sin 6 BrDe 4
   
8 2 6
 868(1  y )  165(1  y )  308(1  y )  395 
12 8 4
 (1  y )8  1
177408 12 140
m St sin Br De 17 m1 St sin Br De
   
2 8 8 2 4 3 10 10 2 6
 30(1  y )12  132(1  y ) 6  102  80(1  y )14  65(1  y )8  364(1  y ) 6  349
9900 87360
mSt sin BrDe m1  St siin Br De
   
4 4 4 2 4 12 12 2 8
 (1  y ) 6  1  28(1  y ) 6  45(1  y )8  17 (129)
5 7056

The perturbation solutions up to order one are:

S t3 sin 3 De 2   2 S t5 sin 5 De 4 mS t sin 
u( y) 
St
2

sin  1  (1  y ) 2   2
 
1  (1  y ) 4  1
3
 
1  (1  y ) 6 
2
mS t sin Br 3(1  y )  (1  y )
  mS t sin De Br       )2 
  
3 3 2 6 5 5 2 8
17 (1 y ) 16 (1 y
(1  y ) 2  1      
72   2  240 
  30 (1  y ) 4
 29 

5m12 3 S t9 sin 9 Br De 6  (1  y )12  3(1  y ) 4  m 2 S t7 sin 7 Br De 4  2(1  y )10  5(1  y ) 4 
    
288  2  50  3 
3mS t3 sin 3 De 2       
   
2 3 3 2 2 7 7 4
5 m S sin De m S sin B De
 (1  y ) 4  1  1 t
(1  y ) 6  1  1 t r
2 3 1440
 123(1  y )10  
 6 m1 3 S t9 sin 9 Br De 6   7(1  y )  16(1  y )  
12 6

15(1  y )  200(1  x )   
2

 92  144 
 3(1  y )  6
4


 
12 m 4 S t11 sin 11 De8 Br
288
 
 3(1  y )14  2(1  y ) 6  1 (130)
85
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

 ( y)  1 
St2 sin 2 Br
12
 
(1  y )  1 
4

15

St4 sin 4 De 2 Br 

1  y   1 
6

48

1St6 sin 6 De 4 Br  2

1  y 8  1 
mSt sin Br mSt sin De Br
   
4 4 2 6 6 2 2
3(1  y )8  14(1  y ) 4  11  47(1  y )10  45(1  y ) 4  135(1  y ) 6  133
672 2700
m1 St sin De Br mSt sin 2 Br (1  y ) 4
 
2 8 8 4 2 2
 868(1  y )  165(1  y )  308(1  y )  395 
12 8 4

177408 12
1m 2 St 6 sin 6 BrDe 4 m 2 St sin 8 Br 2 De 4
   
8
(1  y )  1 
8
30(1  y )12  132(1  y ) 6  102
140 9900
17 m1 St sin Br De  mSt sin 4 BrDe 4
   
3 10 10 2 6 4
 80(1  y )14  65(1  y )8  364(1  y ) 6  349  (1  y ) 6  1 
87360 5
m1  St sin Br De 
 
2 4 12 12 2 8
28(1  y ) 6  45(1  y )8  17 (131)
7056

86
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Solution of the Problem

Its average velocity will be

St sin  2St sin 3 De 2 81 2 St sin 5 De 4 mSt sin  mSt sin 3 Br 11mSt sin 5 De 2 Br
3 5 3 5
Q     
6 5 21 3 63 135
m 1 St sin BrDe 191  mSt sin De Br 12m St sin BrDe 6mSt sin 3 De 2
3 2 9 9 6 2 4 11 11 8 2 7 7 4 3
    
39 5040 275 5
101m 2 St sin 3 De 2 509m1 2 st sin 7 BrDe 4 46m 3 St sin 9 1 BrDe 6
3 7 9
  (132)
7 110880 1365

87
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure18;Effect of the Br number on Figure 19: Effect of the m number on

velocity profile when, velocity profile when,


De  2, m  1, B  0.1,   0.01, St  1.2,   1, 1  1,   Br  2, m  1, B  0.1,   0.01, St  1.2,   1, 1  1
4

88
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

Figure 20: Effect of the  Parameter on Figure 21 : Effect of the m Parameter

velocity profile when, on velocity profile when,
 
De  2, m  1, B  0.1,   0.01, St  1.2, Br  2, 1  1,   De  2, Br  2, B  0.1,   0.01, St  1.2,   1, 1  1,  
4 4

89
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 22: Effect of the  number on velocity Figure 23 Effect of the St number on
profile when, velocity profile when,
 
De  2, Br  2, B  0.1,   0.01,   1, 1  1,   , m  1
De  2, Br  2, B  0.1, St  1.2,   1, 1  1,   , m  1 4
4

90
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 24 : Effect of the number on velocity Figure 25 : Effect of the B number on

profile when, velocity profile when,

De  2, Br  2, B  0.1,   0.01,   1, 1  1, m  1, St  1.2 De  2, Br  2,   ,   0.01,   1, 1  1, m  1, St  1.2
4

91
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 26 : Effect of the  number on Figure 27 : Effect of theSt number on

Temperature profile when, Temperature profile when,
 
De  04, Br  09,   ,   0.1, 1  1, m  10, St  0.99 De  04, Br  09,   ,   0.1, 1  1, m  10,   0.01
4 4

92
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 28: Effect of the number on Figure 29 : Effect of the m number on

Temperature profile when, Temperature profile when,

De  04, Br  09, St  0.99,   0.1, 1  1, m  10,   0.01 De  04, Br  09, St  0.99,   0.1, 1  1,   ,   0.01
4

93
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 30: Effect of the De number on Figure 31: Effect of the Br number on
Temperature profile when, Temperature profile when,
 
m  10, Br  09, S t  0.99,   0.1, 1  1,   ,   0.01 m  10, De  04, St  0.99,   0.1, 1  1,   ,   0.01
4 4

94
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure32: Effect of the  number on Figure33; Velocity profiles for the PTT model
Temperature profile when, are compared by varying the parameter y

 
m  10, De  04, S t  0.99, Br  09, 1  1,   ,   0.01 m  1,   1, St  1.2, Br  2, De  2,   1, 1  1, B  0.1,  
4 6

95
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Graphical Results

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure35: A comparison has been made
Figure34: An analysis has been carried out to between slip and no-slip conditions on
compare the velocity profiles y parameter . the velocity profile when,
 
m  1,   0.1, St  1.5, Br  9, De  2,   0.1, 1  1, B  0.1,   m  1,   0.01, St  1.2, Br  2, De  2,   0.1, 1  1, B  0.1,  
4 4

96
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tabular Results
Table 4. A comparison of velocity profiles based on the PTT model is conducted by
changing the parameter y under specific conditions

  , m  1, B  0.1, S t  1.2, 1  1, Br  2,   1, De  2,   1
6
y QPTT LPTT UCM
0 RESULTS
0 AND DISCUSSION
0 0
0.1 1.57397 0.665862 0.0546086
0.2 2.67799 1.22334 0.158053
0.3 3.39267 1.63496 0.249886
0.4 3.83767 1.92711 0.3298
0.5 4.10511 2.12589 0.397594
0.6 4.26072 2.12494 0.453145
0.7 4.34845 2.33422 0.496384
0.8 4.39587 2.3795 0.52578
0.9 4.41897 2.40213 0.54582
1 4.42585 2.40892 0.552

97
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tabular Results
Table 5. In the context of the lift case, temperature distribution profiles corresponding to
various values of the parameter y are compared for selected configurations of the Phan-
Thien–Tanner fluid, under the assumption that

  , m  1, St  1.5,  1  1, Br  9,   0.1, De  2,   0.1
4
y RESULTS
QPTT AND DISCUSSION
LPTT UCM
0 0 0 0
0.1 1.68041 1.62431 1.33498
0.2 2.19043 2.09521 1.5773
0.3 2.51399 2.3939 1.745
0.4 2.70776 2.5733 1.85481
0.5 2.81588 2.67387 1.92166
0.6 2.87077 2.72523 1.95849
0.7 2.89504 2.74806 1.97597
0.8 2.90356 2.7561 1.98246
0.9 2.90544 2.75789 1.98346
1 2.90557 2.75801 1.98406
98
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tabular Results
Table 6; A comparison of velocity profiles under slip and no-slip boundary conditions is carried
out with respect to the parameter, assuming that

 , m  1, Br  02, S t  1.2, 1  1,   1, De  2,   0.01, B  1
4

y
RESULTSSlipAND DISCUSSION No Slip [28]

0 0 0
0.1 0.795119 1.64365
0.2 1.83212 2.68065
0.3 2.46303 3.31155
0.4 2.83268 3.68121
0.5 3.04148 3.89001
0.6 3.15567 4.0042
0.7 3.21655 4.06507
0.8 3.24811 4.09664
0.9 3.26316 4.11169
99
1 3.26762 4.11615
 CONCLUSION
This study examines the draining flow of a temperature-sensitive thin film. It finds that while

fluid elasticity and slope help the fluid drain faster, the presence of slip at the boundary

actually slows it down.

The temperature consistently rises with all key parameters, mainly due to internal friction.

Among different fluid models, the more complex ones provide better drainage but also

generate more heat. These insights are crucial for designing efficient industrial drainage

systems, like in coating processes, where managing both flow speed and temperature is vital.

100
 Future work Suggestions
This study regarding thin film flows of Phan-Thien-Tanner fluids with viscosity dependent on
temperature indicates several key areas for future research that could expand and improve the
existing results:
First, the analysis could be expanded to incorporate transient flow regimes, examining the
temporal evolution of both lifting and drainage phenomena. Such an extension would be
particularly relevant for industrial processes involving start-up and shut-down phases, where
time-dependent effects become significant.
Second, a more comprehensive treatment of thermal effects could be developed by including
heat transfer mechanisms with the surrounding environment. This would enable examination
of cases with substantial temperature gradients, which commonly occur in practical
applications.
Third, the current assumption of perfectly smooth surfaces could be relaxed to investigate the
influence of surface roughness on both the slip boundary condition and overall flow
characteristics. This extension would provide more realistic modeling of industrial surfaces.
Fourth, the two-dimensional framework could be extended to three dimensions to properly
account for edge effects and lateral variations that occur in real-world coating applications.
Such an analysis would require development of new analytical approaches or numerical
methods.

101
 Future work Suggestions
Fifth, experimental validation of the theoretical predictions would significantly strengthen the
practical applicability of the results. This would involve designing appropriate experimental
setups capable of measuring velocity and temperature profiles in thin film flows of
viscoelastic fluids.
Sixth, the development of computational fluid dynamics simulations could complement the
analytical solutions presented here, allowing investigation of more complex geometries and
boundary conditions that are analytically intractable.
Finally, the current work could be extended to examine multi-layer thin film flows composed
of different viscoelastic fluids, which would be valuable for understanding advanced coating
processes involving stratified layers.
These extensions would significantly advance both the theoretical understanding and
practical application of thin film flows of complex fluids, while maintaining the rigorous
analytical approach established in the present work.

102
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