Oper

ati
ngs
yst
em
Oper
ati
ngsys
temsareanimportantt
ypeof Syst
emSoftwa
r e
.Withoutthi
sitc a
nnotbei
magine
dto
t
akeworkf
romac ompute
[Link]
owsthesignalfr
omtheCPUt odi
ff
erentpartsofthec
omput
[Link]
weswit
chonourcomputer,t
hisprogra
mi sstoredi
nthecomputer'
sme mor y.

Theoperat
ingsyst
ema c
tsasal
inkbetweentheComputerandtheUs
er,whi
chisc
a l
ledt
heInt
erf
ace.
"Themainfunc
tionof
theopera
tings
ystemistogeti
nst
ruct
ionsfr
omtheuse
randfol
lowthe
mt ot
he
hardwa
re".

Ita
lsohel
psinthei
mplementati
onofot
herprogra
ms .Throughthis
,theproce
ssof
dis
tri
but
ing
compute
rr e
sourcess
ucha sCPU,Memory,HardDis
ke tc
.,isdonetodi
videbet
weenmoret
hanone
userormorethanoneprogram.

Theneedf
oroper
ati
ngs
yst
em:
-

1.I
twor ksinc onne cti
onbe twe encomput era nduser.
[Link] nthec omput erisswitchedon,i tautomati
cal
lyloadsintomemoryandfulf
il
lst
heneces
sar
y
tas
ks.
[Link]
oadst hei nstructionsgivenbyt heus era ndgi
vest hemc omput
erres
our ce
sa spert
hei
rneed.
[Link]
ol sa l
la c
tionsof i
nput sandout put.
[Link]
ol sthepr ogr a
ma ndc omple tesit
.
[Link] spr otecti
ont ofi
lesandc omput ers.
[Link]
e r
nal de viceof comput er,sucha s-RAM,ROMa ndva ri
ousperi
pher
a l
devicesuchas-Monit
or,
Me mory,Pr intere tc,isals
oc ontrolandma nagementbyt hi
s.
Cl
ass
if
ica
tionof
Oper
ati
ngSys
tem:
-
Di
ff
ere
ntt
ype
sof
Ope
rat
ingSys
temsa
rene
ede
dtoope
rat
edi
ff
ere
ntt
ype
sof
comput
ers
yst
ems
.
Ba
sedont
heme
thodsof
dat
apr
oce
ssi
ngbyt
hec
omput
er,ope
rat
ings
yst
emsc
anbec
las
sif
ie
das
f
oll
ows
.

1
.Si
ngl
eUs
erOper
ati
ngSys
tem-TheOpe
rat
ingSys
temof
thi
sca
tegor
yisa
blet
ofol
lowt
he
c
omma
ndsgi
venbyonl
yoneus
era
tat
imea
ndc
anonl
ydoonet
aska
tat
imel
ike-Di
skOper
ati
ng
Sys
tem.
[Link]
ti
-ta
ski
ng-The
sei
ncl
udet
hec
ont
inuousa
nde
ff
ect
iveus
eof
all
thet
ool
sof
thec
omput
er
s
yst
[Link]
rthi
sCPUi
str
ans
fer
redf
romonet
askt
oanot
herf
ort
hei
nput
,pr
oce
ssi
nga
ndout
putof
[Link]
tht
his
,thec
omput
ers
yst
emc
andoMa
nyTa
skss
imul
tane
ous
ly,ma
kinge
ff
ect
iveus
eof
c
omput
ert
ool
sispos
sibl
[Link]
rthi
s,t
heme
mor
yisdi
vide
dint
ose
ver
alpa
rtss
otha
tma
nyt
asksc
an
bedonet
oge
the
r.

[Link]
tchPr
oces
sing-Thi
swa
sfor
mer
lyus
edonMa
inf
ramec
omput
ers
.Unde
rthi
s,t
heda
tai
sst
ore
d
f
orac
ert
aint
imea
ndt
henpr
oce
sse
dast
hatGr
[Link]
rthi
s,t
heda
tai
ske
pts
afei
nthePunc
hCa
rd.
Theda
tas
tor
edi
nthePunc
hCa
rdi
spr
oce
sse
daf
terac
ert
aint
imewi
tht
hehe
lpof
ins
truc
tionsof
the
JobCont
rol
Car
d.

I
nthi
sope
rat
ings
yst
em,pr
ope
rus
eof
CPUa
ndot
herI
nputUni
tswa
snotpos
sibl
[Link]
sope
rat
ing
s
yst
emwa
sus
edt
ocr
eat
ePa
yrol
lsi
nbus
ine
[Link]
rthe
m,t
hede
tai
lsof
empl
oye
e'swor
k,e
tc.c
an
bec
oll
ect
eda
fte
rac
ert
aint
imea
ndt
henpr
oce
sse
dtoge
the
r.I
tiss
ti
ll
use
ful
forpr
epa
ringbi
ll
sfor
Pa
yrol
l,El
ect
ric
ity,Wa
tere
[Link]
sope
rat
ings
yst
emdoe
snotha
vepr
ope
rus
eof
comput
er
r
esour
ces
.

[Link]
ti
-pr
ogr
ammi
ng-Unde
rthi
sthec
omput
erope
rat
esMul
ti
plepr
ogr
amss
imul
tane
ous
[Link]
ny
pr
ogr
amsa
res
tor
edi
nthec
omput
er'
sme
mor
[Link]
ctua
ll
ypr
oce
sse
sonei
nst
ruc
tionsa
tone
t
ime
.But
,CPUi
spr
oce
sse
donepr
ogr
am,a
ndpr
oce
sse
sthei
nst
ruc
tionof
anot
herpr
ogr
ami
nsuc
ha
f
astwa
y,t
hatt
heus
erf
eel
stha
tal
lhi
spr
ogr
amsa
rebe
ingpr
oce
sse
dsi
mul
tane
ous
[Link]
rthi
s,CPU
doe
snotpr
oce
ssonec
ompl
etepr
ogr
ama
tat
ime
,itpr
oce
sse
sMa
nyPr
ogr
ams
.Thi
ssys
temi
swi
del
y
us
edi
nMi
niComput
ers
.

[Link]
ti
-pr
oces
sing-I
nthi
s,mor
etha
noneCPUi
sus
eds
imul
tane
ous
lyunde
rthec
omput
ers
yst
em.
I
tisa
lsoc
all
edPa
ral
le
lPr
oce
ssi
[Link]
etha
noneCPUi
sre
qui
redi
nWea
therF
orec
ast
s,Nuc
lea
r
Res
ear
ch,Si
mul
ati
on,I
magePr
oces
singe
[Link]
rel
argequa
nti
ti
esof
dat
apr
oce
ssi
ngi
sne
ces
sar
y.
Thef
unc
tionsof
all
the
seCPU'
sar
edi
vide
[Link]
sme
thodi
sus
edi
nSuperc
omput
ers
.Itha
sal
sobe
en
us
edi
nMi
nia
ndMa
inf
rameComput
ers
.Ope
rat
ings
yst
emf
unc
tionst
hes
che
dul
ingof
input
,
pr
oce
ssi
nga
ndout
put
.

[Link]
ine/Rea
lTi
meSys
tem-I
nthi
s,c
omput
err
esour
cesc
anbeus
edc
ont
inuous
[Link]
rthi
s,
va
rioust
ermi
nal
sar
eus
edwhi
cha
rec
onne
cte
[Link]
tht
hehe
lpof
thet
ermi
nal
,
t
rans
mis
sionsa
ret
rans
mit
tedt
oCPUwhi
chi
spr
oce
sse
[Link]
rmi
nal
sca
nal
sobeus
edf
orI
nqui
ry,i
n
a
ddi
ti
ont
oinputda
[Link]
ssys
temi
sus
ede
xte
nsi
vel
yinRa
il
waya
ndAi
rcondi
ti
oni
ng,E-Ba
nki
nge
tc.

7
.Ti
meSha
ring-Unde
rthi
s,a
llus
ersa
rea
ssi
gne
dac
ert
aint
imeof
[Link]
tht
his
,Ma
nyUs
ersc
an
us
ethes
amec
omput
ers
yst
ems
imul
tane
ous
[Link]
ompl
ete
sthet
askof
all
use
rsa
ccor
dingt
othe
ir
As
signedTi
[Link]
rthi
s,us
ersa
lsous
ete
rmi
nal
[Link]
chus
er'
ste
rmi
nal
isc
onne
cte
dtot
heCPU.
Unde
rthi
s,CPUa
ll
oca
tet
imes
li
cet
oal
lus
ers
,tha
tal
lus
ersa
rec
onf
use
dtha
tCPUi
sonl
ydoi
ngt
hei
r
j
[Link]
sisa
nil
lus
ionduet
othepr
oce
ssi
ngs
pee
dof
theCPUi
ssi
gni
fi
cant
lyhi
ghert
hant
he
i
nput
/out
putuni
ts.

[Link]
str
ibut
edDa
taPr
oces
sing-Unde
rthi
s,Da
taba
sesa
reke
pta
taCent
ral
Pla
cebutt
heyc
anbe
pr
oce
sse
dinMa
nyPl
aces
.Ma
nyus
ersus
ethes
amea
ppl
ic
ati
onpa
cka
gea
nde
ver
yoneha
sther
ight
t
oUpda
tea
ndMa
nipul
atet
heda
[Link]
rthi
s,ane
twor
kof
manyc
omput
ersi
sde
vel
ope
[Link]
s
a
ll
owsda
tat
obet
rans
mit
tedf
romonec
omput
ert
oanot
herc
omput
er.

[Link]
fLi
nePr
oces
sing-Unde
rthi
s,t
heda
tai
ske
ptont
heMa
gnet
icDi
skorTa
pebyt
hec
omput
er.
Wi
tht
hehe
lpof
thi
sDi
skorTa
pe,t
hent
heda
tai
spr
oce
sse
dsi
mul
tane
ous
lybyt
[Link]
spr
oce
ss
i
sus
edt
oInputDa
ta.

F
unc
tionsof
Oper
ati
ngSys
tem:
-Thef
unc
tionsof
theope
rat
ings
yst
ema
rea
sfol
lows
-
1
.Pr
oces
sorMa
nagement
-Pr
ogr
amsa
repr
oce
sse
dbyPr
oces
[Link]
napr
ogr
ami
sdi
vide
d
i
ntos
eve
ral
pie
cesa
tthet
imeof
proc
ess
ing,t
hent
hes
epi
ece
sar
eca
ll
ed"
Proc
ess
".Unde
rit
,iti
s
de
cide
dtha
twhe
n'Pr
oces
s'i
sope
rat
edbyt
hepr
oce
ssor
.
Ma
nypr
oce
sse
sinMul
ti
-Pr
ogr
ammi
nga
ndMul
ti
-Pr
oce
ssi
ngha
vet
obepr
oce
sse
dbyt
hepr
oce
ssor
.
Whi
chpr
oce
sss
houl
dbea
ll
ott
edt
oCPUa
ndwhi
chpr
oce
ssi
ngi
stobedoner
ightnow,i
tisde
cide
dby
t
heSc
hedul
[Link]
hedul
eri
sapa
rtof
theOpe
rat
ingSys
[Link]
tte
mpti
sma
det
oinc
rea
set
he
pr
oce
ssi
ngc
apa
cit
yof
CPUus
ingSc
hedul
er.

Pr
oce
ssi
sof
twot
ypes
-onei
nwhi
cht
heus
eof
input
-out
putde
vic
esi
smor
e(I
/Obound)a
ndt
he
ot
herwhi
chus
esCPUmor
e(CPUbound)
.The
yar
eal
loc
ate
dCPUbypr
ope
rcoor
dina
[Link]
cor
ding
t
othea
ll
oca
tionof
CPU,t
hepr
oce
ssc
anbeinoneof t
hefol
lowi
ngs
it
uat
ions
-
 RunningStage
 ReadyStage
 BlockedSta
ge
[Link]
ceMa
nagement
-Comput
ere
qui
pme
ntma
inl
ycons
ist
sof
Input
,Out
puta
ndSt
ora
geDevi
ces
.
Thes
pee
dof
thewor
kof
the
sede
vic
esi
sdi
ff
ere
[Link]
lof
the
sede
vic
esa
reus
edi
nsuc
hawa
ytha
t
t
hei
rma
ximume
ff
ic
ienc
yispos
sibl
etobeus
[Link]
sede
vic
esc
anbeSha
rea
bleorNonSha
rea
ble.
Sha
rea
blede
vic
esc
anbeus
edt
oge
the
rformor
etha
nonet
ask.

Unde
rtheDevi
ceMa
nagement
,Buf
ferMemor
yandSpool
ing(
spool
ings
imul
tane
ouspe
riphe
ral
ope
rat
ionsonl
ine
)ar
eal
sous
[Link]
rat
ingSys
temc
ont
rol
sthes
tat
eof
thec
omput
ere
qui
pme
nt.
BI
OS(
Bas
icI
nputOut
putSys
tem)i
nfor
maboutt
hewor
kingc
ondi
ti
onsof
thede
vic
es.

[Link]
yMa
nagement
-Ope
rat
ingSys
teme
ff
ect
ive
lyus
est
hea
vai
la
bleme
mor
yforpr
oce
ssi
ng.
Theope
rat
ings
yst
emt
her
efor
edi
st
ribut
esme
mor
yforva
riousus
ersa
ndpr
ogr
amsi
nMa
nyPa
rts
.
Suc
hPa
rtsc
anbei
naF
ixedorVa
ria
blema
nne
[Link]
rFi
xedDi
str
ibut
iona
vai
la
bles
pac
eof
stor
age
i
scont
inuousdi
vide
dint
opi
ece
sof
fi
xeds
ize
,the
ses
tat
is
ti
csa
rec
all
ed'
Pages
'andt
hisme
thodi
s
c
all
ed'
Pagi
ng'
.The
sepa
gesc
anbeof
var
iouss
ize
s.I
fthes
tor
ages
pac
eisdi
vide
dNon-Cont
inuous
,
t
heni
tisc
all
edSe
gme
nta
tion.

4.F
ilea
ndDa
taMa
nagement
-Unde
rthi
s,t
heOpe rat
ingSystempe rf
ormsthef
oll
owingf
unc
tions
-
 C reat
ionandstorageofDir
ector
iesa
ndF i
le
s
 C ol
lecti
onofRecords
 Di s
playoff
ilenamea ndsi
ze
 Tr ansf
erfi
lesi
ns e
c onda
ryme mory

TheOpe
rat
ingSys
temc
rea
tesadi
rec
tor
yof
fi
le
s,unde
rwhi
cht
hena
mesof
thef
il
es,a
ndt
hei
r
l
oca
tioni
nthes
econda
ryme
mor
yar
edi
spl
aye
[Link]
ti
ona
ll
y,t
heOpe
rat
ingSys
temdi
vide
sthe
s
tor
ages
pac
eint
oBl
ocks
,soi
tisnotne
ces
sar
ytos
tor
ether
ecor
dsi
nse
que
nti
alf
ormof
Tra
cka
nd
Sec
tor
[Link]
rat
ings
yst
ems
tor
est
hes
ere
cor
dsr
andoml
yandke
epst
hemi
nfor
med,whi
chc
anbe
us
edbyt
heus
ert
odot
hei
rwor
k.

[Link]
cur
ity-TheOpe
rat
ingSys
tema
lsopr
ovi
dess
ecur
ityf
orda
tapr
ote
cti
[Link]
sswor
ds,a
reus
ed
unde
rtheSi
gna
lUs
erSys
tem,s
otha
tunwa
nte
dpe
rsonc
annota
cce
ssda
ta.I
nMul
tiUs
erSys
tem
da
tac
anbepr
ote
cte
dbyus
ingEnc
rypt
iona
ndAc
ces
sPer
mis
sions
.
[Link]
cat
ion-Ne
twor
kingha
sbe
comea
nimpor
tantf
unc
tionof
thec
ommuni
cat
ionope
rat
ing
s
yst
ema
tpr
ese
[Link]
ersc
anc
onve
yme
ssa
gest
oea
chot
hert
hrought
hec
ommuni
cat
ionf
aci
li
[Link]
s
a
ll
owsus
erst
otr
ans
ferpr
ogr
amsa
ndda
taf
il
esa
mongt
hems
elve
sands
har
ethe
mwi
thot
her
s.
Ne
twor
kinga
ll
owss
yst
emma
nage
rst
ose
ndme
ssa
gest
oal
lonl
ineus
erss
imul
tane
ous
ly.

7
.Er
rorma
nagement
-Thi
sisa
lsoa
nimpor
tantf
unc
tionof
theOpe
rat
ingSys
temi
nMul
tiUs
er
Sys
tems
.Unde
rthi
s,t
her
eisaDoubl
eCopys
yst
emus
edi
nthemos
tImpor
tantTa
sks
.If
fors
ome
r
eas
onaf
aul
toc
cur
sint
hef
ir
stc
opy,t
hent
heope
rat
ings
yst
emma
kest
heus
era
vai
la
blehi
ssec
ond
c
[Link]
sinc
lude
sPa
ral
lel
Equi
pment
.Di
skmi
rror
sar
esuc
has
yst
embywhi
cha
nyf
il
eorpr
ogr
am
i
scopi
edt
otwodi
sks
.