Foundations of Zoology (Lec)

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS: INTRACELLULAR: DIGESTION TAKES PLACE WITHIN

 INGESTION OF FOOD THE CELL OR INSIDE THE CELL, PARTICULARLY IN
 DIGESTION OR BREAKING DOWN OF LYSOSOMES.
COMPLEX SUBSTANCES (FOOD) INTO SIMPLE o UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS: AMOEBA,
FORMS (NUTRIENTS) PARAMECIUM

 ABSORPTION OF DIGESTIED FOOD INTERCELLULAR (EXTRACELLULAR) DIGESTION:

 EGESTION OR EXCRETION OF UNDIGESTED TAKES PLACE OUTSIDE THE CELL OR INSIDE THE
FOOD (VEGETABLES RICH IN FIBERS, YELLOW DIGESTIVE TUBE.
CORN) o MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS OR VERTEBRATES
(ANIMALS WITH BACKBONE OR NOTOCORD)

CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL

MONOGASTRIC (SIMPLE):
MOLECULES INTO THEIR COMPONENT PARTS WHICH
o DOGS, CATS, HUMAN
ARE:
o LIPIDS TO FATTY ACIDS
AVIAN:
o PROTEINS TO INDIVIDUAL AMINO ACIDS
o CHICKEN, BIRDS, DUCKS
o CARBOHYDRATES INTO SIMPLE SUGARS

RUMINANTS (POLYGASTRIC):
NUTRITION: PROCESSED BY WHICH ORGANISMS o CARABAO, GOAT, COW (CAPABLE OF DIGESTING
OBTAIN AND UTILIZE THEIR FOOD GRASSES)

NUTRIENTS: SUBSTANCES THAT PROVIDE ENERGY & PSEUDO-RUMINANTS (FALSE/ABSENCE):

MATERIALS NEEDED FOR GROWTH, REPAIR, AND o RABBIT

MAINTENANCE OF CELL.
DIGESTIVE TUBE (ALIMENTARY CANAL):
 FOOD RICH IN PROTEINS ARE VITAL IN HEALING
o STARTS FROM MOUTH, ENDS IN ANUS
WOUNDS FASTER (WHITE PORTION OF EGG,
o MEASURES 30FT LONG IN HUMAN
CONVERTED TO AMINO ACID)

DIGESTIVE GLANDS:
MACRONUTRIENTS: MAIN NUTRIENTS THAT MAKE UP
o ORGANS THAT SECRETES JUICES CONTAINING
THE FOOD WE EAT; CAN BE SEEN/OBSERVED BY ENZYMES FOR THE DIGESTION OF FOOD
NAKED EYE. (CARBS, PROTEINS, FATS) (SALIVARY, MUCOUS, GASTRIC, PANCREATIC,
INTESTINAL, LIVER)
MICRONUTRIENTS: MAJOR GROUPS OF NUTRIENTS
THE BODY NEEDS. ACCESSORY PARTS:
 VITAMINS & MINERALS o INCLUDES STRUCTURES THAT HELP IN THE
 VITAMINS ARE NECESSARY FOR ENERGY DIGESTION OF FOOD (TONGUE & TEETH)
PRODUCTION, IMMUNE FUNCTION, BLOOD
VLOTTING, AND OTHER FUNCTIONS.
 MINERALS, IRON, ZINC, DIFF. VITAMINS: FOLIC, B1,
B6, VITAMIN B, AND VITAMIN A.

MECHANICAL DIGESTION: FOOD IS CONVERTED

INTO SMALL PIECES BY PHYSICAL MEANS
(MASTICATION BY TEETH)

CHEMICAL DIGESTION: FOOD IS CONVERTED INTO

SIMPLER FORMS BY THE ACTION OF ENZYMES.
o THERE ARE MANY ENZYMES INVOLVED IN OUR
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
 Foundations of Zoology (Lec)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

MOUTH: ENTRANCE OF FOOD, GUARDED BY THE PRIMARY/MILKTEETH (20):

UPPER AND LOWER LIP  APPEARS IN 6 TO 24 MOS AFTER BIRTH;
o ORAL CAVITY (BUCCAL CAVITY): CAVITIES GRADUALLY FALLS TO BE REPLACED BY
LOCATED BEHIND THE MOUTH; SITE OF PERMANENT TEETH.
MASTICATION AND LUBRICATION OF FOOD;  4 INCISORS, 2 CANINES, 4 MOLARS
CONTAINS DIFF. ACCESSORY STRUCTURE:
 ORAL GLANDS: NOT LOCATED IN ORAL PERMANENT TEETH (32):
CAVITY BUT DUCTS CAN BE OPEN TO IT;  APPEARS BY THE AGE OF 6 AND COMPLETED BY
RESPONSIBLE IN SECRETING MUCOUS FOR 13.
LUBRICATION OF FOOD; INVOLVES SALIVA,
 WISDOM TOOTH APPEARS IN LATE 25 YRS OLD
WHICH CONTAINS ENZYME USED IN
 4 INCISORS, 2 CANINES, 5 MOLARS
DIGESTION.

PHARYNX (THROAT):
 TONGUE: MUSCULAR ORGAN USED TO
CATCH PREY IN FROGS; THERMORECEPTORS  COMMON PASSAGEWAY OR FOOD & AIR.
AND CHEMORECEPTORS IN SOME ANIMALS, NARROW SPACE BEHIND THE ORAL CAVITY.
ESP. SNAKES. USED FOR TASTING, ESOPHAGUS:
MANIPULATING FOOD, AND AID IN  PATHWAY FOR PASSAGEWAY OF FOOD; EXHIBIT
SWALLOWING IN MAN. PERISTALSIS MOVEMENT; NARROW MUSCULAR
ORGAN BETWEEN PHARYNX AND STOMACH.
 TEETH: ANTERIOR AND LATERAL SIDES OF
ORAL CAVITY; USED FOR OFFENSE & DEFENSE;
LARGEST AND HIGHLY MUSCULAR PART OF
INVOLVED IN MASTICATION OF FOOD.
DIGESTIVE TUBE (POUCH-LIKE);
 SUSPENDED BY MESOGASTER:
CROWN
 LINED WITH NUMEROUS FOLDS (RUGAE)
 EXPOSED PART
 MAX. CAPACITY: 2.5 PINTS OR MORE (DEPENDS
ROOT
ON THE BUILD OF HUMAN)
 HIDDEN PART
 FOOD STAYS FOR ABOUT 3-5 HRS
NECK
 TEMPORARY STORAGE AND PARTIAL DIGESTION
 IN BETWEEN CROWN & ROOT)
OF FOOD, CHYME, THICK SEMI FLUID MASS.
PARTS/DIVISION OF STOMACH:
ENAMEL:
 CARDIAC SPHINCTER (ANTERIOR OPENING;
 OUTERMOST, HARDEST PART OF TOOTH
OPENS & CLOSES TO LET FOOD INTO THE
DENTIN
STOMACH; PREVENTS BACKFLOW IN
 SLIGHTLY ELASTIC AND SOFT PART BENEATH THE
ESOPHAGUS)
ENAMEL
 FUNDUS (BODY; MOST EXPANDED PART OF
PULP CAVITY
STOMACH)
 INNER PART & SOFT TISSUE ENCLOSED BY DENTIN
 PYLORIC SPHINCTER (POSTERIOR END; OPENS &
WITH PRESENCE OF BLOOD VESSELS & NERVES
CLOSES TO LET FOOD EXIT THE STOMACH;
CEMENTUM REGULATES MOVEMENT OF FOOD GOING INTO
 THIN LAYER OF MATERIAL COVERING THE ROOT THE SMALL INTESTINE.)
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INCISORS: LONGEST, MOST COILED PART
 SHARP, CHISEL-LIKE TEETH AT THE FRONT OF  LINED WITH NUMEROUS FOLD (VILLI)
MOUTH; USED FOR CUTTING FOOD.  22 FT. LONG; FOOD STAYS FOR ABOUT 4-5 HRS
CANINES:  FINAL DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF FOOD
 ROUND, POINTED TEETH AT THE CORNERS OF
MOUTH; USED FOR TEARING AND GRIPPING
PARTS/DIVISIONS
FOOD.
 DUODENUM: ANTERIOR OPENING; UNCOILED, 12
PREMOLARS: INCHES LONG
 SQUARED TEETH WITH SMALL CUPS AT THE BACK  JEJUNUM: MIDDLE, MOST COILED
OF MOUTH; USED FOR GRINDING FOOD.  ILEUM: POSTERIOR END TOWARDS THE LARGE
INTESTINE
 Foundations of Zoology (Lec)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

POSTERIOR PART OF DIGESTIVE TUBE; SECRETES GASTRIC JUICE FOUND IN RUGAE OR

 JOINED TO THE SMALL INTESTINE BY ILEOCOLIC STOMACH; CONTROLLED BY MEDULLA (GASTRIN
JUNCTION (VERMIFORM APPENDIX) HORMONE)
 FOOD STAYS 5-25 HRS OR MORE  MUCIN (LUBRICATION OF FOOD)
 TEMPORARY STORAGE OF UNDIGESTED FOOD &
 HCL (CONVERTS PEPSINOGEN TO PEPSIN,
FURTHER ABSORPTION OF WATER & MINERALS
DIGEST PROTEIN TO POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN)
BEFORE WASTE MATERIALS ARE EXCRETED
 LIPASE (DIGEST FAT INTO FATTY ACIDS AND
 SUSPENDED BY MESOCOLON OR MESORECTUM
GLYCEROL)
PARTS/DIVISION:  RENNIN
 CAECUM: ANTERIOR OPENING, WHERE
VERMIFORM APPENDIX IS LOCATED
SECRETES INTESTINAL JUICE FOUND IN VILLI OF
 COLON: MIDDLE PART (DIVIDED INTO 3: SMALL INTESTINE; COMPOSED OF INTESTINAL JUICE:
ASCENDING, TRANSVERSE, DESCENDING, AND  MUCIN (LUBRICATION OF FOOD)
SIGMOID COLON)  ENTEROKINASE (INVOLVED IN ACTIVATING
 RECTUM: POSTERIOR END; TEMPORARY STORAGE TRIPSINOGEN TO TRIPSIN)
OF UNDIGESTED FOOD AND GOES TO ANUS.  PEPTIDASES (BREAKS POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN TO
AMINO ACID)
POSTERIOR OPENING OF DIGESTIVE TUBE  NUCLEASES (BREAKING DOWN OF NUCLEOTIDES
 EXIT OF FECAL MATTER REGULATED BY ANAL TO NITROGEN BASES. AFTERWARDS TO
SPINCTER MUSCLE PHOSPHORIC ACID and
 SOME VERTEBRATES HAVE CLOACA AS  DISACCHARIDES (MALTASE BREAKS MALTOSE TO
POSTERIOR OPENING GLUCOSE; LACTASE BREAKS LACTOSE INTO
GALACTOSE; GLUCOSE/SUCROSE BREAK
SUCROSE INTO GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE.)

SECRETES SALIVA FOR LUBRICATION OF FOOD SECRETES PANCREATIC JUICES TO THE DUODENUM
FOUND IN ORAL CAVITY; PRESENT ONLY IN THROUGH THE PANCREATIC DUCT.
TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.  FOUND ALONG THE PERIPHERAL SURFACE OF
DUODENUM

TYPES: PANCREATIC JUICES:

PAROTID:  AMYLASE (DIGESTS STARCH AND GLYCEROL
 SECRETES SALIVA WITH PTYALIN ENZYME TO ORAL TO MALTOSE)
CAVITY AND GOES INTO THE PAROTID GLAND  LIPASE (DIGESTS FAT TO FATTY ACID AND
(STENSENS DUCT); LOCATED BEHIND AND BELOW
CONVERT TO GLYCEROL)
EARS; SECRETES SALIVA WITH
SUBMAXILLARY (SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND):  TRYPSINOGEN (CONVERTED TO TRYPSIN BY
 LOCATED BELOW THE MANDIBLE AND SECRETES ENTEROKINASE; DIGESTS PROTEIN TO
SALIVA IN ORAL CAVITY GOING INTO THE WHARTON’S POLYPEPTIDES, PEPTONES, AND PROTEOSES.
DUCT
SUBLINGUAL: LARGEST GLAND; SECRETES BILE (STORED IN GALL
 LOCATED BENEATH THE TONGUE AND SECRETES
BLADDER) LABORATORY OF THE BODY
SALIVA GOING INTO THE ORAL CAVITY GOING INTO
 BILE EMULSIFIES FATS INTO FAT GLOBULES
THE BARTOLIN’S AND RIVINOUS DUCT.
OTHER FUNCTIONS:
SECRETES MUCIN FOR LUBRICATION OF FOOD  DETOXIFY NITROGENOUS WASTES
 PRODUCTION OF FIBRINOGEN (BLOOD
FOUND IN ORAL CAVITY, ESOPHAGUS, SMALL &
CLOTTING)
LARGE INTESTINES
 CENTER FOR FAT AND CARBOHYDRATE
METABOLISM (SERVES AS SITE OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS)
 DESTRUCTION OF WORN OUT RBC
 FORMATION AND STORAGE OF VIT. A & D
 STORAGE OF GLYCOGEN
 Foundations of Zoology (Lec)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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 PEPTIC/GASTRIC ULCER (STOMACH OR SMALL
INSTESTINE DUODENAL)
 INDIGESTION
 CONSTIPATION
 DIARRHEA
 TOOTH DECAY
 MUMPS
 APPENDICITIS