SCIENCE NOTES

RNA- SINGLE STRANDED HELIX

DNA- DOUBLE STRANDED HELIX
HOMOZYGOUS- TWO IDENTICAL ALLELES
ENZYMES- ACT AS CATALYST IN BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS
NUCLEUS- CHROMOSOME
WHITE BLOOD CELLS- FIGHT INFECTIONS
RED BLOOD CELLS- TRANSPORT OXYGEN, CARRYING NUTRIENTS
MITOCHONDRIA- ORGANELLE PROVIDES ENERGY TO THE CELL BY BREAKING DOWN
SUGAR INTO ATP
-POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
Chromosome- A structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information
Metaphase- phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the cell's equator
46- chromosomes are in a normal human somatic cell
Difference between mitosis and meiosis- Mitosis produces identical diploid cells, meiosis produces
haploid gametes
Phenotype- term describes a physical characteristic that results from an organism's genes
Alleles- term for different forms of the same gene
Interphase- DNA replication
Two- chromatids make up a replicated chromosome
Centromere- structure holds sister chromatids together
Telophase- phase of mitosis involves nuclear membrane reformation
Meiosis- type of cell division results in genetic variation
To separeate chromosomes- function of spindle fibers during cell division
Independent assortment- process ensures genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms

MODERN TAXONOMY- CARL LINNAEUS

ANCIENT TAXONOMY- ARISTOTLE
MENDEL- HEREDITY
FLEMMING- PENICILLIN
PASTEUR- RABIES AND A VACCINE, GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
KOCH- TUBERCULOSIS, C.A, CHOLERA (COMMA-SHAPED)
DARWIN- NATURAL SELECTION
LAVOISEIR- FATHER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY
CHARLES DARWIN- THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION; SOCIAL
DARWINISM
Galileo Galilei- Father of MODERN SCIENCE

CAPSID- VIRUS
LIGHT TRAVELS FASTEST- VACUUM
SOUND TRAVELS FASTEST- SOLID

HYPERTONIC- SHRINK
HYPOTONIC- SWELL
ISOTONIC- THE SAME, NO EFFECT

LUNAR ECLIPSE- SEM, FULL MOON

SOLAR ECLIPSE- SME, NEW MOON
LATIN AMERICA- SOUTH AMERICA
ROTATES FROM WEST TO EAST- RISE FROM THE EAST AND SETS IN THE WEST
DIPTEROCARP AND CORAL REEFS- BIOMES THAT HAS THE GREATEST DIVERSITY

CALCIUM- MOST ABUNDANT MINERAL IN THE BODY FOR BLOOD-CLOTTING PROCESS

CARBOHYDRATES- PREFERRED SOURCE OF DIRECT ENERGY OF CELLS
NOBLE GASES- MOST STABLE GROUP IN PERIODIC TABLE
5 LITERS BLOOD- HUMAN BODY HAS
HELIUM- COOLEST OF ALL GASES

FOCUS- WHERE EARTHQUAKE ORIGINATES

POINT- LOCATION WHERE EARTHQUAKE ORIGINATES

FLATWORM- REPROUCES THROUGH FRAGMENTATION

SMR AND BETA- WAVE PATTERNS OF THE EEG OF AN AWAKE ADULT

WATER- MOST ABUNDANT INORGANIC COMPOUND

OXYGEN- MOST ABUNDANT IN THE BODY
CARBON DIOXIDE- 2ND TO OXGEN

RIBOSOME- PROTEIN SYTHESIS

LYSOSOME- BREAK DOWN NUTRIENTS, DIGESTIVE
VACUOLES- SECRETES WASTE
CELL WALL- CELLULOSE
CELL MEMBRANE- THIN STRUCTURE

TROPISM- BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION

MYOSIN FILAMENTS- MUSCLE CONTRACTION

MONOFILAMENTS- STRING OF RACKETS
PSEUDO FILAMENTS- MUTILITY INGESTION
MICROFILAMENTS- CYTOKINESIS, AMOEBID MOVEMENT

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION= NIC-CORE-S

NUDITY
INVASION
COMPETITION
COACTION
REACTION
STABILIZATION

VISCOSITY- POISE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE- WEATHER
BORON- BRIGHT GREEN
POTASSIUM- LILAC
IRON 2- GOLD
CADMIUM- BRICK RED
SODIUM- YELLOW
COPPER- GREEN
ARSENIC- BLUE
MERCURY (HG)- RED
LEAD (PB)- WHITE
NICKEL- SILVER
ZINC- COLORLESS
DMITRI MENDELEV- FATHER OF PERIODIC TABLE
METALLOIDS- HAVE BOTH PROPERTIES OF BOTH METALS AND NON-METALS

6 METALLOIDS (AGREED)
GERMANIUM
ARTIMONY
TELLURIUM
ARSENIC
BORON
SILICON

SHAPES OF BACTERIA
CHOLERA- COMMA SHAPED
SPIRILIUM- SPIRAL
COCCUS- SPHERICAL
BASILI- ROD SHAPED

SPUTNIK 1- 1957

CYTOKININS AND AUXINS- AUXILLARY BUD GROWTH AND APICAL DOMINANCE

ETHYLENE- RIPEN FRUITS
GIBBERLINS- STEM GROWTH
ABSCISATE- SUPRESSED PLANT GROWTH

ADENINE AND THYMINE-GUANINE AND CYTOXIN= PERFECT BASE OF DNA

ADENINE AND URACIL= PERFECT BASE OF RNA

200 MG- METRIC CARAT FOR GEMSTONES

FEMUR- LONGEST BONE IN THE HUMAN BODY
206 BONES- ADULT

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATON- BREEDING IN CAPTIVITY IN ORDER TO RESTORE THE

POPULATIONS OF ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES TO SAFE LEVELS

FOLIATED ROCK- TYPE OF METAMORPHIC ROCK THAT HAS DISTINCT, REPETITIVE

LAYERS
MOUNTAIN BIOMES- NATIVE OF CORDILLERAS
GRASSLAND- INDIGENOUS TRIBES OF THE LOWLANDS
TUNDRA- COLDEST REGION

LUT AND SONORAN- HOTTEST DESSERT IN ASIA

GOBI- COLDEST DESSERT IN ASIA

MANTLE- LAYER OF THE EARTH THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOVEMENT OF

TECTONIC PLATES
CRUST- THIN STRUCTURE OF EARTH
OUTER CORE- MAGNETIC FIELD, LIQUID
INNER CORE- HOTTEST LAYER OF EARTH'S INTERIOR, SOLID

POPULATION- COMPLETE COLLECTION OF ALL ELEMENTS TO BE STUDIED

COMMUNITY- LIVING THINGS
ECOSYSTEM-LIVING AND NON LIVING THINGS
NICHE- ROLE OF THE ORGANISM
DINOSAURS (SCIENTISTS SPECULATE)- SUDDEN CHANGE BY METEORIC IMPACT

ETHNOLOGY- STUDY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

ENTOMOLOGY- INSECTS
ICHTHYLOGY- FISH
ORNITHOLOGY- BIRDS
HERPETOLOGY- AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES

PATHOGENIC- DISEASE CAUSING

- PALSMODIUM FALCIPARUM, INFLUENZA, YERSINIA PESTIS
NON-PATHOGENIC- NON-DISEASE CAUSING
- PROBIOTIC SUCH AS BIFIDOBACTERIA

FUNGAL CELL WALL- CHITIN, PROTEIN AND SUGAR

CELLULAR RESPIRATION- ATP
PHOTOSYNTHESIS- OXYGEN
CHLOROPHYLL- GREEN PIGMENTS
CHLOROPLAST- SITE OF THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS

MENDEL- HEREDITY
FLEMMING- PENICILLIN
PASTEUR- RABIES AND A VACCINE, GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
KOCH- TUBERCULOSIS, C.A, CHOLERA (COMMA-SHAPED)
DARWIN- NATURAL SELECTION
LAVOISEIR- FATHER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY

DEIONIZATION- PLASMA TO GAS

IONIZATION- GAS TO PLASMA
SUBLIMATION- SOLID TO GAS
DEPOSITION- GAS TO SOLID
FREEZING- LIQUID TO SOLID
MELTING- SOLID TO LIQUID
VAPORIZATION- GAS TO LIQUID
CONDENSATION- LIQUID TO GAS
EXOTHERMIC- CONDENSATION AND FREEZING

NUCLEIC ACID- GENETIC MAKE-UP

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATON- BREEDING IN CAPTIVITY IN ORDER TO RESTORE THE
POPULATIONS OF ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES TO SAFE LEVELS
FOLIATED ROCK- TYPE OF METAMORPHIC ROCK THAT HAS DISTINCT, REPETITIVE
LAYERS
MOUNTAIN BIOMES- NATIVE OF CORDILLERAS
GRASSLAND- INDIGENOUS TRIBES OF THE LOWLANDS

EXAMPLES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

VACUUM
WIND TURBINE
BATTERY

SOUND- TRAVEL FASTEST IN SOLID

INCINERATION- RELEASES NOXIOUS GASES
FOSSILS- STONE IMPRINTS, BONES. SHELLS, EXOSKELETONS
SUBLIMATION- SOLID TO GAS
CITRIC ACID CYCLE- WASTE PRODUCT ARE WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE
RECESSIVE GENES- WILL ONLY HAVE PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION IF PRSENT AS A
HOMOZYGOUS GENOTYPE

MORPHOGENESIS- EMBRYOS GROW INTO THE SHAPE OF A COMPLETE ORGANISM VIA

THE DIFFERENTIATION OF CELLS, TISSUES, AND ORGANS
NETTIE MARIE STEVENS- AMERICAN BIOLOGIST AND GENETICIST DEDUCED THAT AN
INDIVIDUAL IS DETERMINED BY A PARTICULAR CHROMOSOME
PHYTOPLANKTON- THE PRIMARY FOOD SOURCE EITHER DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY
OF ALL SEA ORGANISMS
GECKOS- THEY CAN RUN ACROSS CEILINGS (SPECIAL ABILITY APART FROM LIZARDS)
PHYLOGENY- HISTORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF A SPECIES OR GROUP
COWRIE- MARINE SNAIL

PRODUCES THROUGH PARTHEGENOSIS (WITHOUT FERTILIZATION)

HONEYBEES
WATER FLEAS
APHIDS

MOTOR NEURON- CARRIES AN IMPULSE AWAY FROM THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD TO
MUSCLES AND GLANDS
NATURAL GAS- METHANE AND ETHANE

COBALT- ATOMIC WEIGHT IS 58.93

MIXTURE- IT HAS PROPERTIES THAT ARE DIFFERENT FROM ITS INDIVIDUAL
COMPONENTS
STRONG ACID- HYDROCHLORIC ACID

CHARLES'S LAW- VOLUME TO TEMPERATURE

BOYLE'S LAW- PRESSURE AND VOLUME
AVOGADRO'S LAW- EQUAL VOLUMEV OF ALL GASES
ADOLF BUTENDANT- FORCED BY THE NAZI'S TO REFUSE THE NOBLE PRIZE

ACID- RED
BASE- BLUE
NEUTRAL- GREEN

𝗚𝗲𝗻 𝗘𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗷𝗼𝗿𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽

𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗔𝗡 𝗦𝗬𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗠𝗦
𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗦𝗬𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗠
🔵 Mouth
🔵 Esophagus
🔵 Stomach
🔵 Small intestine
🔵 Large intestine

𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗣𝗜𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗦𝗬𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗠
🔵 Nose
🔵 Mouth
🔵 Pharynx - throat
🔵 Larynx – voice box
🔵 Trachea - windpipe
🔵 Bronchi – airway
🔵 Alveoli – Air sacs (most basic part)
🔵 Lungs – Most important organ in respiratory

𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗢𝗖𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗘 𝗦𝗬𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗠
🔵 Pituitary gland – master gland
🔵 Hypothalamus – mood, emotion, and sex
🔵 Thyroid – Metabolism
🔵 Parathyroid – Calcium (parathormone)
🔵 Pineal – Sleep cycle (melatonin)
🔵 Pancreas – regulate blood sugar (insulin)
🔵 Pancreas- increase blood sugar (glucagon)
🔵 Adrenal gland – stress situation (adrenaline and cortisol)
🔵 Testes – male sex hormone (testosterone)
🔵 Ovaries – female sex hormone (estrogen)

𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗚𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗦𝗬𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗠
🔵 Epidermis: This is the outermost layer of the skin. It is thin and constantly shedding dead skin cells.
🔵 Dermis: This is the middle layer of the skin. It contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and
sweat glands.
🔵 Subcutaneous layer: This is the deepest layer of the skin.

𝗡𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗢𝗨𝗦 𝗦𝗬𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗠
𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗡𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺 – 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝗻𝗱
𝗦𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗿𝗱

🔵 Cerebrum – largest part of human brain (rational)

🔵 Cerebellum – Bodily movements and balance
🔵 Brain Stem – connects brain and spinal cord
🔵 Pituitary gland – Master glandThalamus – senses
🔵 Hypothalamus – Pulse, thirst, appetite and emotion

𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗽𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗡𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺

🔵 Autonomic – Heart, Lungs, Pulse
🔵 Somatic - Senses

𝗦𝗞𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗔𝗟 𝗦𝗬𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗠
𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
🔵 Support – Provides framework that supports the body and maintains shape.
🔵 Protection – Protects vital organs (e.g., skull protects brain, ribs protect heart & lungs).
🔵 Movement – Works with muscles to allow body movement.
🔵 Mineral Storage – Stores calcium and phosphorus for body functions.
🔵 Blood Cell Production – Bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗗𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀

1. Axial Skeleton – Central part of the body (protects organs).
🔵 Skull
🔵 Vertebral column (spine)
🔵 Rib cage
2. Appendicular Skeleton – Limbs and girdles (movement).
🔵 Arms and legs
🔵 Shoulder girdle (clavicle & scapula)
🔵 Pelvic girdle (hips)

𝗧𝘆𝗽𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘀
🔵 Long bones – Arms & legs (humerus, femur)
🔵 Short bones – Wrists & ankles (carpals, tarsals)
🔵 Flat bones – Skull, ribs, sternum
🔵 Irregular bones – Vertebrae, facial bones
🔵 Sesamoid bones – Small round bones (patella/kneecap)

𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁𝘀 (𝘄𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝘄𝗼 𝗯𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁)

🔵 Immovable (Fixed) – Skull sutures
🔵 Slightly movable – Spine
🔵 Freely movable (Synovial) – Shoulder, knee, hip
CORE POPULATION THEORY- F. LANDA JOCANO
- TABON MAN
MIGRATION THEORY- BEYER

JARGON- USE IN SPECIFIC PROFESSION

COLLOQUIALISM- CASUAL COMMUNICATION, INFORMAL

FOOD CHAIN- LINEAR

FOOD WEB- INTERTWINE

PARABLE- STORY THAT IS BASED ON THE BIBLE

RODGERS AND HAMMERSTEIN- THE SOUND OF MUSIC (LAST MUSICAL)

NEPTUNE- WINDIEST PLANET

SATURN- HAS MOST MOONS, RINGED PLANET
MARS- RED PLANET, HAS TWO MOONS
MERCURY- SMALLEST PLANET AND NEAREST TO THE SUN

APOLINARIO MABINI- BRAINS OF THE REVOLUTION

EMILIO JACINTO- UTAK NG KATIPUNAN
ANNO DOMINI (AD)- IN THE YEAR OF THE LORD
SOLAR- RENEWABLE

EMILIO AGUINALDO- 1ST AND YOUNGEST PRESIDENT

MANUEL QUEZON- 1ST PRESIDENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH REPUBLIC, SUFFRAGE
JOSE LAUREL- PUPPET PRESIDENT DURING JAPANESE OCCUPATION
SERGIO OSMEÑA- 2ND PRESIDENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH REPUBLIC, SHORTEST
TERM PRESIDENT
MANUEL ROXAS- 3RD PRESIDENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH REPUBLIC
ELPIDIO QUIRINO- FIRST VISAYAN PRESIDENT (ILOCOS REGION)
RAMON MAGSAYSAY- MAN OF THE MASSES
CARLOS GARCIA- FILIPINO FIRST POLICY
RAMON MACAPAGAL- INCORRUPTIBLE PRESIDENT,
FERDINAND MARCOS SR- "I WILL MAKE THIS COUNTRY GREAT AGAIN",
CORAZON AQUINO- FIRST WOMAN PRESIDENT, "INA NG DEMOKRASYA",
COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM (CARP)
FIDEL RAMOS- KNOWN AS "STEADY EDDIE", PHILIPPINES 2000
JOSEPH ESTRADA- FATHER OF THE MASSES, "ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP".
GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO-
BENIGNO AQUINO JR.- NO WANGWANG POLICY, "PHILIPPINE'S IS WORTH DYING FOR".
RODRIGO DUTERTE- FIRST MINDANAOAN PRESIDENT. BUILD BUILD BUILD
FERDINAND MARCOS JR.- UNITY

FRANCE- WORLD'S TOP TOURIST DESTINATION

LIPIDS- HYDROPHOBIC

CUNEIFORM- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

HIEGLOGRYPHICS- EGYPTIAN

STOICISM- CAREFUL PRACTICE OF APATHY

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSCIENCE

PHARISAICAL- HYPOCRITE
LAX- JUSTIFYING AN ACTION EVENTHOUGH IT'S AN EVIL ONE
SCRUPULOUS- AFRAID TO MAKE MISTAKES
DOUBTFUL- CAN'T DECIDE BETWEEN GOOD AND BAD OPTION
CERTAIN- CONVINCED OF UNLAWFULNESS OR LAWFULNESS OF AN ACTION
CALLOUS/SEARED- EVIL, HARD-HEARTED

AIRA VILLEGAS- BOXING

RIG VEDA- HYMNS

UPANISHAD- TEXT
R. TAGORE- GITANJALI (SONG OFFERINGS)
MAHABHARATA- LONGEST EPIC
RAMAYANA- SHORT EPIC UNLIKE MAHABHARATA

HOMER- MYTHICAL GEOGRAPHER, ILLIAD AND ODYSSEY

VIRGIL- AENID
PLATO- REPUBLIC
CICERO- NATURAL LAWS
MASHOU BASHO- GREATEST HAIKU WRITER
JOSE GARCIA VILLA- COMMA POET
ERNEST HEMINGWAY- THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA
GEOFFREY CHAUCER- MORNINGSTAR
- THE CANTERBURRY TALES

GENED MATHEMATICS
STATISTICS
-BRANCH OF MATHEMATICS THAT DEALS WITH THE CO LLECTION, ORGANIZATION,
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
STATISTIC
-A NUMERICAL FACT OR DATUM COMPUTED FROM A SAMPLE
-SAMPLE
PARAMETER- POPULATION

<= LESS THAN

>= GREATER THAN
FORMULA
2 1/2: x= 10:4
2.5: x= 10:4
2.5 x 4/10= 1
REMEMBER: OF MEANS MULTIPLY
WHAT PERCENT MEANS DIVIDE
12.5 OF 30%= 3.75
0.12 / 24= 0.005% X 100= 0.5%

INTEGER- NOT DECIMAL, NOT FRACTION

- WHOLE NUMBER
WHOLE NUMBER- NOT NEGATIVE
PRIME NUMBER- NOT DIVISIBLE OTHER THAT ITSELF
- 25 PRIME NUMBERS (1-100)
PERIMETER- SUM OF THE SIDES OF THE POLYGON
AREA- L x W (A x B)
VOLUME- L x W x H

GCF OF 28 AND 42- 14

GCF OF 52 AND 104- 13
GCF OF 138 AND 414- 23

ISOCAGON- 170
DODECAGON- 54

POWER OF STATE
POLICE
EMINENT DOMAIN
TAXATION

SOCRATES- "THE UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING".

- ACCORDING TO HIM, THE BODY IS A PART OF THAT IS IMPERFECT WHILE THE
SOUL IS PERFECT.
FAITH AND REASON- ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
FAITH- ST. AUGUSTINE

GENED ART APPRECIATION

PARADISE LOST- SINING OF ADAM AND EVE
PABLO PICASSO- FATHER OF CUBISM
VINCENT VAN GOGH- STARRY NIGHT
MICHAELANGELO- THE CREATION OF ADAM, DAVID, PIETA, SISTINE CHAPEL
DONATELLO- THE FEAST OF HEROD
FERNANDO AMORSOLO- LANDSCAPES
- PLANTING RICE
CARLOS "BOTONG" FRANCISCO- CITY HALL OF MANILA, FISHERFOLKS AND FARMERS
DISPERSION- PASSESS THROUGH A PRISM AND SEPARATES INTO ITS COMPONENT
COLORS (ROYGBIV)
REFRACTION- BENDING OF THE LIGHT
REFLECTION- BOUNCING OFF OF LIGHT
DIFFRACTION- UNDERGO TO A SMALL SLIT