* VIV: BLRNANDA VIDYAPEETH Ma SESSION . 2024-2026 A INVESTIGATORY PROJECT REPORT ON 0 find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) olt using 2 plane mirror, an equiconvex lens from a glass of known refractive index) and an bY SIMRAN CLASS: XI-SCIENCE ROLLNO.: 438 15.600 +68 . BISURIThis is to certify Science , that SIMRAN is a student of Class XII Bijuri . She has Successfully completed her Physics Investigatory Project titled “Ta find the refractive Indices of (a) water (b) ait (transparent) using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive Index) and an adjustable object needle” 4S per the guidelines of Central Board of Secondary Education for the academic year 2024-2025 It is further certified th hat this project is the individual and bonafide work Of the candidate. Signature of Physics Teacher Signature of External Examiner: Signature of PrincipalIt gives me Immense pleasure to present the Project an “To find the refractive Indices of (a) water (b) oll (transparent) using @ plane mirror, an equiconvex tens (made From a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle” ” | would like to express my gratitude towards my | express my special gratitude to my principal, Mr. Rath Sir , for allowing me to do this project. | glve my special thanks to my Physics Teacher Mr. Rath Sir , for helping me In every regard . Under whose guidance and constant Supervision the project has been completed. The Instruction and Suggestions given by him have been a major contributor forwards the completion of the project. At the same time, | am very thankful to my parents who Provided all necessary things and my Friends helping me a lot. | am thankful to CBSE for giving me this opportunity. Overall, without the support of all these people this project Could not be successful.ViVV VV VV VV VV WV AIM INTRODUCTION APPARATUS DIAGRAM THEORY PROCEDURE OBSERVATION CALCULATION RESULT PRECAUTION SOURCES OF ERROR BIBLIOGRAPHYINTRODUCTION efractive index » Measure of the bendi f ara f light when ee nae nen passing from one medium into nother. If i is the angle of incidence of a ray in acuum (angle between the incoming ray and the erpendicular to the surface of a medium, called e normal) and r is the angle of refraction (angle etween the ray in the medium and the normal), the fractive index n is defined as the ratio of the sine f the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle f refraction; ie., n=sini/ sin r. Refractive index also equal to the velocity of light c of a given avelength in empty space divided by its velocity v 1a substance, or n= c/v.REFRACTION OF A LIGHT RAY AIM find a refractive indexes of (a) water (b) oil mo j ing ap au mirror, an equiconvex lens, and an justable object needle. Apparatus Convex lens Plane mirror Water . Oil Clamp stand Plumb line oe Knitting needle ~ Half meter scale ‘ — Glass slab ‘ Spherometer.4, If fy and f be the focal length of the glass convex jens and liquid lens and f be the focal length of their combination then:- tee lee eel, j OTe eoae 2. liquid lens formed a plano- concave lens with Ri=R and R2=00 then by using lens make’s formula- jroo leaad =(n- [2-2] © -@- Df -9| onal 1 fae GR| | | | | | =f at Where 1 = Refractive index of the liquid | R= the radius of the curvature of the convex lens. 3. The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by: Poh R= airy "6h Here, / is the average distance between the legs of the spherometer and A is the difference in the reading of the spherometer when placed first on the convex lens and then on plane mirror.a) For focal length of convex lens; 1 Find the rough focal length of the convex lens. 2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the iron stand and then a convex lens on the plane mirror. 3. Hold the needle in the Clamp stand and adjust its position on the stand such that there is no parallax between tip of the needle and its i image. 4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens by using a plumb line and half meter scale. Also measure the distance tip of needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take the mean of the two readings. This means distance will be equal to the focal length of the convex lens (f,).¥ | \ 1) For the length of the combination:- | 5, Put a few drop of the water on the plane mirror and put the convex lens over it with same face above a before. The water spreads in a form of layer and acts like a plano-concave lens. i Ae the step 3 and 4 determine the equivalent focal length of the combination. Termes serseeetetn meron peerage emmentpetgerersert i | | eae the observation. | ; 8. Repeat the step 5,6,7 for other transparent liquid ( | ee¢) For radius of curvature convex lens surface:- |g, determine the pitch ang the least count of the spherometer. 40. remove the convex lens and dry it completely. put the spherometer on this lens surface. 11. all the three legs of the spherometer should be placed symmetrically on the lens and adjust the central scew tip to touch surface of the lens. 12. remove the spherometer from the surface of the lens and place on the plane mirror surface and record the reading. 13. repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times, 14. obtain the impression of the three legs of the spherometer on the Paper and mark them and their erage distance,Observation of the spherometer = 1cm nt of the spherometer =0.01cm st co" "nce between the lens: ge3cm (2) BC=3cm (3) CA=3cm Table for calculation of ‘h’ {flo [initial reading | No, of| Final ‘Additional | h=n x| Mean ofthe CS. on | complete | reading of|cs div.| pitch |“h” the convex | rotations | the cs on|moved | +mx| (cm) lens the glass oe (a) () | stab a2 0 65 55.5 |0.555| 0.5775 64 o a 6) pa To measure focal length ‘f’ of convex lens Distance of needle tip from eo ‘[Link] | Tip of the upper Upper Focal tween surface of the surface of Length ens and convex lens(cm) | the plane fem) Jone mirror x mirror(em) Xe ithout [a (30.5 31 30.75 f= quid: (33.85 2 (367 37.2 36.95 With water | 4 314 31.8 31.6 fo=34.7 2 37.5 (38.1 37.8 Mith olf 1 94 9.6 95 2 (10.4 10.6 10.5CALCULATION. oO SALION: - Mean dis! ; mee as i Lm MtHe sen a Sem (0.555+0.6) hy = SOS55+0.6) meses 2 = 0.5775 em To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens: ooh R= +5 = 2.8861 em ; ; a oe vieasure of the refractive indices of water and oil:- Ft OF Water and OIl:- 1) With water between the convex lens and the plane mirror: 2.8861 R = += 14+ = 1.0831 seer: 347 2) With oil between the convex lens and the plane Mirror Wo =1+ i= 14284-12586 is o Results:- € refractive index of water is uy = 1.0831 € refractive index of water is M2 = 1.2886all i | re { { 12. } ' bine liquid taken should be transparent. 3, The parallax should be reMoved tip to tip. [Link] eye should be a distance about 30 cm from the | reedle while removing the parallax. 5, only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer should be thick. 6. The legs of the spherometer should be vertical. 7. The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in one direction only. a Sources of Error:- I. Liquid may not be quite transparent. 2, The parallax may not be fully removed. The spherometer legs should be placed mmetrical on the surface of the convex lens. ‘The tip of the central screw should not just touch “Surface of lens or mirror.| Bibliography Help from internet Help from teachers NCERT text book NCERT physics lab manual [Link] [Link] [Link] NSP SIG ANP LENS nal examiner remarks:-