Computer Networks – Final Exam
Name: __________________________ Total Marks: 100
Roll No. _________________________ Total Time: 3 hours
Answer Sheet
Cutting and overwriting are not allowed
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (40 marks)
Write the correct option letter (A, B, C, or D)
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
Section B: Short Questions (40 marks)
Write the correct Answer.
31 32
33 34
35 36
37 38
39 40
41 42
43 44
45 46
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47: 0.4,0.6,s,1.8,s,3.9,4.2,s 48: 04
49: 1,0.8,x,x,x,4.6,4.3,x 50: 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5
51: 4,5,6 52: IPv4
53: Yes 54: IPv4
55: [Link] 56: F
57: Elastic Cloud Compute 58: OSPF
59: LS (Link-State) 60: Private
61: 254 62: [Link]/26
63: [Link] 64: [Link]/26
65: [Link] 66: [Link]
67: [Link] 68: [Link]/26
69: [Link] 70: [Link]
71: [Link] 72: Controller
73: OpenFlow 74: Northbound-API
75: Applications 76: CSMA/CD
77: STP 78: Labels/ Labeling
79: ECN 80: ICMP
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Computer Networks – Final Exam
Name: __________________________ Total Marks: 100
Roll No. _________________________ Total Time: 3 hours
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (60 marks)
Select and write the correct option letter (A, B, C, or D) on the answer sheet
Consider a datagram network using 8-bit host addresses.
Suppose a router uses longest-prefix matching, and has the following forwarding table:
1. What is the purpose of MPLS?
A. To replace IP
B. To improve routing efficiency
C. To encrypt data
D. To fragment packets
2. Which of the following is a random access protocol?
A. TDMA
B. FDMA
C. CSMA/CD
D. MPLS
3. What is the main advantage of Ethernet?
A. High latency
B. Low cost and simplicity
C. Requires complex routing
D. Only works with IPv6
4. What is the primary function of the link layer?
A. Routing packets
B. Moving frames between adjacent nodes
C. Encrypting data
D. Managing IP addresses
5. What is the purpose of ARP?
A. To map IP addresses to MAC addresses
B. To route packets
C. To fragment packets
D. To encrypt data
6. Which error detection method uses polynomial division?
A. Checksum
B. Parity bit
C. CRC
D. Hamming code
7. What is the purpose of a VLAN?
A. To connect different ASes
B. To logically segment a physical network
C. To replace routers
D. To encrypt data
8. Which protocol is used for network management?
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A. SNMP
B. BGP
C. OSPF
D. ICMP
9. What does TTL (Time to Live) in an IP header prevent?
A. Packet fragmentation
B. Infinite looping of packets
C. Encryption errors
D. Duplicate packets
10. Which protocol is used for error reporting in IP networks?
A. TCP
B. UDP
C. ICMP
D. ARP
11. Which TCP port does BGP use?
A. 80
B. 179
C. 443
D. 22
12. What is a "flow table" in SDN?
A. A table storing MAC addresses
B. A set of rules defining how packets are forwarded
C. A routing table
D. A list of active TCP connections
13. Which protocol is used in SDN to communicate between the controller and switches?
A. BGP
B. OpenFlow
C. OSPF
D. SNMP
14. What is a middlebox in networking?
A. A device that modifies packets
B. A core router
C. A DNS server
D. A wireless access point
15. Which of the following is a limitation of NAT?
A. Increases latency
B. Breaks end-to-end connectivity
C. Requires IPv6
D. Slows down routing
16. What is the size of an IPv6 address?
A. 32 bits
B. 64 bits
C. 128 bits
D. 256 bits
17. Which field in an IPv4 header ensures packets don’t loop indefinitely?
A. TTL
B. Checksum
C. Protocol
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D. Identification
18. What is the primary role of the data plane in the network layer?
A. Computing routing tables
B. Forwarding packets based on destination addresses
C. Encrypting data
D. Managing congestion control
19. Which of the following best describes "forwarding"?
A. Determining the best path for a packet
B. Moving a packet from an input port to an output port
C. Resolving IP addresses to MAC addresses
D. Fragmenting large packets
20. What is the main function of a router’s forwarding table?
A. To store MAC addresses
B. To map destination addresses to output ports
C. To encrypt packets
D. To compute routing algorithms
21. Which of the following is a key difference between forwarding and routing?
A. Forwarding is done by switches, routing by routers
B. Forwarding is local, routing is global
C. Forwarding uses IP, routing uses MAC
D. Forwarding is faster, routing is slower
22. Which protocol is used for VLAN trunking?
A. STP
B. 802.1Q
C. ARP
D. BGP
23. What metric does RIP use for path selection?
A. Link bandwidth
B. Hop count
C. Delay
D. Packet loss
24. What does "cold potato routing" mean?
A. Keeping traffic longer in your own network
B. Dropping packets in cold weather
C. Encrypting BGP updates
D. Using IPv6 only
25. What is the purpose of a "route reflector" in BGP?
A. To reduce iBGP mesh complexity
B. To encrypt routing updates
C. To fragment packets
D. To assign IP addresses
26. What does "EC2" stand for in AWS terminology?
A. Elastic Compute Core
B. Every Cloud is Cloud
C. Elastic Compute Cloud
D. Essential Cloud Computing
27. Which of the following is a key difference between forwarding and routing?
A. Forwarding is done by switches, routing by routers
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B. Forwarding is local, routing is global
C. Forwarding uses IP, routing uses MAC
D. Forwarding is faster, routing is slower
28. What does "traceroute" use to map paths?
A. TCP sequence numbers
B. ICMP Time Exceeded messages
C. BGP updates
D. OSPF LSAs
29. What is "policy-based routing" in BGP?
A. Letting ISPs define preferred paths
B. Using Dijkstra's algorithm
C. Encrypting BGP updates
D. Fragmenting packets
30. Which routing approach is more scalable for large networks?
A. Distance Vector
B. Link-State
C. Both are equally scalable
D. None of the above
Section B: Short Questions (40 marks)
Write your answers on the answer sheet
Consider the figure below. The IP and MAC addresses are shown for nodes A, B, C and D, as well as for the
router's interfaces. Use the given diagram to answer Questions 18 to 26.
Consider an IP datagram being sent from node D to node A.
31. What is the source mac address at point 5?
AE-17-41-66-90-AE
32. What is the destination mac address at point 5?
F2-68-43-74-17-4F
33. What is the source mac address at point 2?
4C-B4-F4-81-F5-86
34. What is the destination mac address at point 2?
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45-0F-2C-7E-24-93
35. Do the source and destinaton mac addresses change at point 1?
No
36. Do the source and destinaton mac addresses change at point 4?
No
37. Do the source and destinaton mac addresses change at point 2?
Yes
38. What is the source IP address at point 5?
[Link]
39. What is the destination IP address at point 5?
[Link]
Prefix Match Interface
01 1
11 2
011 3
111 4
101 5
Otherwise 6
40. Suppose a datagram arrives at the router, with destination address 11100001. To which interface will
this datagram be forwarded using longest-prefix matching?
4
41. Suppose a datagram arrives at the router, with destination address 10101011. To which interface will
this datagram be forwarded using longest-prefix matching?
5
42. Suppose a datagram arrives at the router, with destination address 10001111. To which interface will
this datagram be forwarded using longest-prefix matching?
6
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43. At time t=1, (I,12) is added as an entry to switch table 2.
44. At time t=2, (E,5) is added as an entry to switch table 1.
45. At time t=3, (B,8) is added as an entry to switch table 2.
46. At time t=4, since the entry for computer I in switch table 1 already exists, no new table
entry is made
86. Consider the network shown below and assume that each node initially knows the costs to each of its
neighbors. Consider the distance vector algorithm and show the distance tables entries at node z. (from
beginning till the end, i.e., fill each table from step 0 till step 3 completely.
Step 0: Table at Node Z
Step 1: Table at Node Z
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Step 2: Table at Node Z
Step 3: Table at Node Z
87. You are simultaneously watching a YouTube video and browsing Facebook on your laptop. Using the TCP/IP
layered model, explain step-by-step how data is sent and received between your device and the servers of
YouTube and Facebook. In your answer, clearly describe the role of each layer.
When you watch YouTube and browse Facebook at the same time:
Layer Role What Happens
Application Services YouTube streams video; Facebook loads posts
Transport TCP/UDP Reliable delivery; multiplexing allows both apps
Network IP Packets routed to YouTube & Facebook servers
Data Link MAC & Frames Frames move across WiFi/Ethernet
Physical Signals Data transmitted as bits, radio waves
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