School La Paz Integrated School Grade Level XII

Teacher Intern Ilonah Mae B. Sugabo Learning Area General

Biology 2
Teaching Date November 24, 2025 Quarter Third
and Time
I. OBJECTIVES The learner should demonstrate understanding of:
A. Content Relevance, Mechanisms, Evidence/Bases, and Theories of Evolution
Standard
B. Performance The learners should be able to:
Standard Make a diagram (e. g., pictogram, poster) showing the evolution of a domesticated crop
C. Most Essential The learners:
Learning  Explain the mechanisms that produce change in populations from generation to
Competencies generation (e. g., artificial selection, natural selection, genetic drift, mutation,
recombination)
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
 identify the genetic mechanisms that cause change in populations;
 explain how each genetic mechanism causes change in populations; and
 calculate the change in gene and genotype frequencies cause by selection
D. Integration
E. Valuing
F. Teaching 7E’s of Teaching, Reflective Learning Strategy, Inquiry-Based Strategy, Constructivist
Strategy Strategy, and Cooperative Learning
II. CONTENT A. Learning resources
DepEd Negros Oriental Recombinant DNA Gen Bio 2 Q1/W3

B. Learning Materials
 PPT
 Quizziz (Wayground)


III. PROCEDURES Teacher’s Activity Students’ Activity

A. Preliminary A. Prayer -The students will rise from their seats
Activities and participate in the prayer.
B. Greetings -The students will greet the teacher and
their classmates.
C. Checking of Attendance - The students will respond when their
name is called.
D. Setting Standard -The students will listen and
Listen actively acknowledge the class rules.
Engage in every activity
Act responsibly
Respect everyone
Never stop trying

B. ELICIT
(Activating
Prior
Knowledge)

C. Engagement
(Motivation)

Students’ answers may vary

Students’ answers may vary
Students’ answers may vary

Link: [Link]

Questions:
1. What is the video all about?
2. Where did the use of GMOs begin?
3. Why were the GMOs useful?
Presentation of What is recombinant DNA?
the Lesson  Molecules of DNA from two different
species that are inserted into host
organism to produce new genetic
combinations that are of value to
science, medicine, agriculture, and
industry.
 It is often shortened to rDNA.
 It is an artificially made DNA strand
that is formed by the combination of
two or more gene sequences. This
new combination may or may not
occur naturally but is engineered
specifically for a purpose to be used
in one of the many applications of
recombinant DNA.

Brief history of recombinant DNA

 rDNA technology began in the early
1970s with gene transfers in E. coli.
 In 1978, scientists inserted the
human insulin gene into E. coli,
creating the first GMO.
 By 1982, the FDA approved
recombinant insulin for mass
production.
 This made insulin cheaper and
widely available for diabetes
patients.
 The success launched modern
biotechnology, enabling gene
transfer in many organisms
(bacteria, yeast, plants, animals).

What are the important applications of

recombinant DNA?
The three important applications are
(1) agricultural applications (applications in
crop improvement), (2) medicinal
applications (applications in medicines), and
(3) industrial applications.

Activity 2. Cut Me Out

Materials:
 Scissor (Restricting Enzyme)
 Coloring Materials
 Glue/Tape (DNA Lygase)
 Bond Paper
 Box/Container

Direction: Draw the following images the

teacher will flash, the cut it out the same
way. With the finished materials, you will
now do the five basic processes in genetic
engineering with the help of a
demonstration video. Do it in 3 groups.

The teacher will then explain each of the

step in the process of rDNA.

The process of genetic engineering requires

the successful completion of a series of five
steps.

Step 1. DNA Extraction

Why do we need to separate DNA from the
rest of the cell?

Step 2: Gene cloning

How do we make many copies of the gene
we want?

Step 3: Gene design

What parts of the gene need modification so

it works inside another organism?

Step 4: Transformation
How does the gene enter the new host cell?

Step 5: Backcross breeding

Why do breeders mix the new trait into
strong parent lines?

What is genetic engineering?

 It is the process of using rDNA
technology to alter the genetic
makeup of an organism.
Traditionally, humans have
manipulated genomes indirectly by
controlling breeding and selecting
offspring with desired traits.
 It involves the direct manipulation of
one or more genes. Most often, a
gene from another species is added
to an organism's genome to give it a
desired phenotype.
 It is the artificial modification of an
organism’s genetic composition.
Genetic engineering typically
involves transferring genes from one
organism into another organism of a
different species to give the latter
specific traits of the former. The
resulting organism is called a
 transgenic or genetically modified
organism (GMO).

Five Basic Processes in Genetic

Engineering

Step 1. DNA Extraction

DNA extraction is the first step in

the genetic engineering process. In order to
work with DNA, scientists must extract it
from the desired organism. A sample of an
organism containing the gene of interest is
taken through a series of steps to remove the
DNA.

Step 2: Gene cloning

EXPLORE
(The learner
discovers the
lesson) The second step of the genetic
engineering process is gene cloning. During
DNA extraction, all of the DNA from the
organism is extracted at once. Scientists use
gene cloning to separate the single gene of
interest from the rest of the genes extracted
and make thousands of copies of it.

Step 3: Gene design

 We must separate DNA because it is
mixed with many cellular parts.
Extracting it allows scientists to isolate
only the genetic material they need to
Once a gene has been cloned, study or modify.
genetic engineers begin the third step,
designing the gene to work once inside a We insert the gene into a plasmid and
different organism. This is done in a test place it into bacteria. As the bacteria
tube by cutting the gene apart with enzymes multiply, they also copy the inserted
and replacing gene regions that have been gene, creating many identical copies.
separated.
The promoter, coding sequence, and
marker gene may need modification so
Step 4: Transformation the organism can read, express, and
detect the gene properly.

Scientists use delivery methods—like

heat shock, electric pulses, bacteria, or
microprojectiles—to allow the cell to
take up the recombinant DNA.

Breeders combine the new gene with

elite varieties to maintain high yield, pest
resistance, and overall plant
performance.

EXPLAIN
(The teacher will The modified gene is now ready for
give the correct the fourth step in the process,
word or term of transformation, or gene insertion.
every discovery)
Since plants have millions of cells, it
would be impossible to insert a copy of the
transgene into every cell. Therefore, tissue
culture is used to propagate masses of
undifferentiated plant cells called callus.
These are the cells to which the new
transgene will be added.

The new gene is inserted into some

of the cells using various techniques. Some
of the more common methods include the
gene gun, agrobacterium, microfibers, and
electroporation.

The main goal of each of these

methods is to transport the new gene(s) and
deliver them into the nucleus of a cell
without killing it. Transformed plant cells
are then regenerated into transgenic plants.
The transgenic plants are grown to maturity
in greenhouses, and the seed they produce,
which has inherited the transgene, is
collected. The genetic engineer's job is now
complete. He/she will hand the transgenic
seeds over to a plant breeder who is
responsible for the final step.

Step 5: Backcross breeding

Transgenic plants are crossed with

elite breeding lines using traditional plant
breeding methods to combine the desired
traits of elite parents and the transgene into
a single line. The offspring are repeatedly
crossed back to the elite line to obtain a
high-yielding transgenic line. The result will
be a plant with a yield potential close to
current hybrids that expresses the trait
encoded by the new transgene.

Activity 2. Picture Matching Task

Directions: Divide yourself into two groups.
Match the picture of a GMO with the DNA
trait that is inserted into it.

Trait inserted:
1. Insect-killing gene (protects the
plant from pests)
2. Vitamin A–producing gene (makes
rice richer in nutrients)
3. Slow-softening gene (keeps the
tomato fresh longer)
4. Human insulin gene (helps bacteria
make insulin for medicine)
5. Weed-killer protection gene (lets the
plant survive herbicides)
6. Fast-growth gene (helps the salmon
grow quicker)

GMOs (photos)
Bt Corn

Golden Rice
GMO Tomato (Flavr Savr)

Insulin-Producing Bacteria

Herbicide-Resistant Soybean

GMO Salmon

GROUP CONCEPT MAPS

Directions:
1. Each group receives manila paper.
2. They draw a concept map linking:
o 5 steps of genetic
engineering
o 3 application areas
(agriculture, medicine,
industry)

Following Question:
1. Which application of genetic
engineering do you think benefits
society the most, and why should it
be used responsibly?

Criteria Description Poin

ts
Content Steps of genetic 8
Accuracy engineering +
application of rDNA
explanation are
correct.
Answers may vary
Completenes Includes use, how it 5
 s was made, benefits, • Transgenic plants are crossed with
and 5 steps. elite breeding lines to combine good
Design & Infographic is 4 traits with the new gene.
Creativity visually clear and • Offspring are repeatedly bred back to
appealing. the elite line.
Neatness & Logical flow, 3 • Result: a high-yielding plant that keeps
Organization readable text, elite traits and expresses the new
proper spacing. transgene.
TOTAL 20
pts

 If one step in the genetic engineering

process fails—for example, if gene
design is incorrect—how would this
affect the final GMO and its applications
in agriculture, medicine, or industry?

Students’ answers may vary

If gene design is incorrect, the gene may

ELABORATE not function properly once inserted into
(The teacher the host organism. This could result in a
allows the GMO that does not express the desired
students to apply Very good insights. This shows that genetic trait, such as a crop failing to resist pests
the lessons engineering is a step-by-step system where or bacteria failing to produce insulin. It
through an each part matters. When we understand may also cause harmful or unpredictable
activity) how each step is connected, we also effects, showing that every step in
understand why scientists need to be genetic engineering must be precise and
accurate and responsible in using rDNA carefully controlled.
technology.

Watch the video below and answer the

following question.

[Link]

Questions:
1. How does the responsible use of
rDNA and genetic engineering
technology improve human life and
society?
GENERALIZATION Students’ answers may vary
2. In what situations should  Responsible use of rDNA improves
biotechnology be used carefully to life by helping create medicines like
avoid negative consequences? insulin, vaccines, and treatments for
diseases; producing healthier crops;
and solving problems in agriculture
and industry without harming people
or the environment.

3. What ethical considerations should  Biotechnology should be used

scientists think about before carefully when it involves modifying
modifying genes in living organisms? human genes, altering ecosystems,
changing food crops, or when
consequences are not fully known.
Ethical approval and safety testing
must be done.

 Ethical considerations include

respecting human life, avoiding harm
to future generations, protecting
biodiversity, ensuring fairness,
preventing misuse (like biological
weapons), and considering long-term
VALUING impacts on society.
EVALUATION Quizziz (Wayground)

Directions: Scan the code and answer the

questions carefully. The questions are
timed for 20 seconds only so hurry up.

1. The main purpose of DNA

extraction is to:
a. Change the DNA sequence
b. Destroy unwanted genes Answer Key:
c. Separate DNA from other cell 1. c
parts 2. b
d. Transfer DNA to a plant 3. b
2. What is produced during gene 4. c
5. b
cloning?
6. b
a. A new organism
7. c
b. Many copies of a target gene 8. c
c. A mutated protein 9. b
d. A new species 10. c
3. In gene design, scientists mainly: 11. b
a. Grow the plants 12. b
b. Change gene regions so it works 13. c
in another organism 14. a
c. Produce amino acids 15. b
d. Destroy unwanted traits
4. Which step involves inserting the
modified gene into cells?
a. DNA extraction
b. Gene design
c. Transformation
d. Cloning
5. Backcross breeding is used to:
a. Produce vaccines
b. Mix the new trait into strong
parent lines
c. Extract DNA faster
d. Create antibiotics
6. The first GMO ever developed was
used to produce:
a. Antibiotics
b. Human insulin
c. Bt crops
d. Growth hormones
7. Bt-corn is designed to resist:
a. UV rays
b. Drought
c. Insects
d. Herbicides
8. Which field uses rDNA to produce
penicillin and streptomycin?
a. Industry
b. Agriculture
c. Medicine
d. Mining
9. Which microorganism is often used
to produce GMOs?
a. Amoeba
b. Yeast
c. Protist
d. Virus
10. DNA from two different sources
combined together is called:
a. Hybrid DNA
b. Mutated DNA
c. Recombinant DNA
d. Natural DNA
11. A transgenic organism means it
has:
a. No DNA
b. A foreign gene
c. No nucleus
d. A mutated chromosome
12. rDNA in industry is used to:
a. Increase rainfall
 b. Improve fermentation processes
c. Create new metals
d. Increase soil acidity
13. A gene gun is used in which step?
a. Extraction
b. Cloning
c. Transformation
d. Backcrossing
14. Which of the following is an
example of a transgenic animal?
a. Cow producing human proteins
in milk
b. Natural wild salmon
c. C3 rice plant
d. Non-GMO tomato
15. Why are GMOs like insulin-
producing bacteria important?
a. They make plants colorful
b. They produce medicine cheaply
and safely
c. They increase earthquakes
d. They remove DNA entirely

EXTEND Understanding Genetic Engineering

(Assignment) Through Real-World Examples
Choose a GMO or medical biotech product,
then do a poster and write:
 Its use
 How genetic engineering created it
 Why it benefits people
Write it in a whole yellow pad paper.

Criteria Description Poi

nts
Accuracy Information about the 8
of GMO/biotech product
Content is correct and
scientifically accurate.
Complet All three required parts 5
eness are present: its use,
how it was created,
why it benefits people.
Clarity Ideas are organized, 4
& easy to follow, and
Organiza clearly explained.
tion
Neatness Work is clean, legible, 3
& Effort and follows the
instruction of using
whole yellow pad
paper.
TOTAL 20
pts
Prepared and demonstrated by:
Ilonah Mae B. Sugabo
Teacher Intern
Abra State Institute of Science and Technology-
Bnagued Campus

Noted By:

Mrs. Grazed Yvette T. Belleza

Teacher II
La Paz Integrated School