SALVACION NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL (SHS)
Busuanga, Palawan
DAILY LESSON LOG
Name of Teacher: Geraldine L. Dumaran-Libarra
Subject: Pre-Calculus
Grade and Block/Section: Grade 11-STEM
Date: June 27, 2025
Content Standards: The learners demonstrate an understanding of key concepts of conic sections and
systems of nonlinear equations.
Performance Standards: The learners shall be able to model situations appropriately and solve
problems accurately using conic sections and systems of nonlinear equations.
Learning Competencies/Code: The learners define a parabola STEM_PC11AG-Ia-5, determine the
standard form of equation of a parabola STEM_PC11AG-Ib-1, and graph a parabola in a rectangular
coordinate system STEM_PC11AG-Ib-2.
Topic: Types of Conic Sections-Parabola
Reference: Curriculum Guide and Calculus Book,
Materials: Leaning Modules, Activity Sheets, Laptop, and TV
Activities:
Activities:
Learners’ Activity—the learners will define a parabola, determine the standard form of equation of
a parabola, and graph a parabola in a rectangular coordinate system.
Activity
Name things that look like parabola
During your JHS Math, the graph of parabola was introduced, can you recall what type of
function it is?
Analysis
What is the standard form of a quadratic function? ______________________
What is Vertex form of a quadratic function? _________________________
What do you call the graph of quadratic function?________________________
Recalling these concepts are useful in studying the new lesson as you go along the parts.
Abstraction
A parabola is one of the conic sections. You have learned from the previous lesson that it is
formed when the plane intersects only one cone to form an unbounded curve. The same
thing with circle, you will learn more about the opening of the graph, equation in standard
form and general form.
Let us discover some important parts of the graph of a parabola.
Figure 2.1
Parabola is the set of all points in a plane equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed line.
This part presents how to convert general form of a parabola to its standard form and vice versa.
Table 2.1 presents the general and standard equations of the parabola with vertex at origin and at (h,k).
Table 2.1
General and Standard Equations of the Parabola
Vertex General Form Standard Form
2 2
y + Dx+ F=0 y =4 cx
2
y =−4 cx
(0,0)
2 2
x + Dy+ F=0 x =4 cy
2
x =−4 cy
2
y + Dx+ Ey + F=0 ( y−k )2=4 c (x−h)
(h,k)
( y−k )2=−4 c (x−h)
2
x + Dx+ Ey + F=0 ( x−h )2=4 c( y−k )
( x−h )2=−4 c ( y−k )
Example 2.1Convert the general equation to standard form: y 2 +12 x +2 y +25=0
Solution: y 2 +12 x +2 y +25=0
2
y +2 y=−12 x−25
2
y +2 y+ 1=−12 x−25+1
2
( y +1) =−12 x−24
2
( y +1) =−12( x +2)
Example 2.2 Convert the general equation to standard form: ( y−3)2=7 (x−8)
Solution: ( y−3)2=7 ( x−8)
2
y −6 y + 9=7 x−56
2
y −6 y + 9−7 x +56=0
2
y −7 x−6 y+ 65=0
Consider the point F(0, 2) and the line ℓ having equation y = 2, as shown in Figure 1.14. What are
the distances of A(4, 2) from F and from ℓ? (The latter is taken as the distance of A from Aℓ, the point on ℓ
closest to A). How about the distances of B(−8, 8) from F and from ℓ (from Bℓ)?
AF = 4 and AAℓ = 4
√
BF= (−8−0)2 +¿ ¿ and BBℓ = 10
There are other points P such that PF = PPℓ (where Pℓ is the closest point on line ℓ). The
collection of all such points forms a shape called a parabola.
Let F be a given point, and ℓ a given line not containing F. The set of all points P such that its
distances from F and from ℓ are the same, is called a parabola. The point F is its focus and the line ℓ its
directrix.
Figure 1.14 Figure 1.15
Consider a parabola with focus F(0, c) and directrix ℓ having equation y = c. See Figure 1.26. The
focus and directrix are c units above and below, respectively, the origin. Let P(x, y) be a point on the
parabola so PF = PPℓ, where Pℓ is the point on ℓ closest to P. The point P has to be on the same side of
the directrix as the focus (if P was below, it would be closer to ℓ than it is from F).
PF = PPℓ
√ x 2+¿ ¿ = y − (−c) = y + c
x2 + y2 − 2cy + c2 = y2 + 2cy + c2
x2 = 4cy
The vertex V is the point midway between the focus and the directrix. This equation, x2 = 4cy, is
then the standard equation of a parabola opening upward with vertex V (0, 0).
Suppose the focus is F(0,-c) and the directrix is y = c. In this case, a point P on the resulting
parabola would be below the directrix (just like the focus). Instead of opening upward, it will open
downward. Consequently, PF = √ x 2+( y +c)2 and PPℓ = c− y (you may draw a version of Figure 1.15
for this case). Computations similar to the one done above will lead to the equation x2 = −4cy.
We collect here the features of the graph of a parabola with standard equation
x2 = 4cy or x2 = −4cy, where c > 0.
Figure 1.16 Figure 1.17
(1) vertex : origin V (0, 0)
If the parabola opens upward, the vertex is the lowest point. If the
• parabola opens downward, the vertex is the highest point.
(2) directrix : the line y = −c or y = c
• The directrix is c units below or above the vertex.
(3) focus: F(0, c) or F(0, −c)
• The focus is c units above or below the vertex.
• Any point on the parabola has the same distance from the focus as it
has from the directrix.
(4) axis of symmetry : x = 0 (the y-axis)
This line divides the parabola into two parts which are mirror images
• of each other.
Example 2.3. What is the standard equation of the parabola in Figure 1.14?
Solution: From the figure, we deduce that c=2. The equation is thus x 2=8 y
In all four cases below, we assume that c > 0. The vertex is V (h, k), and it lies between the focus
F and the directrix ℓ. The focus F is c units away from the vertex V, and the directrix is c units away from
the vertex. Recall that, for any point on the parabola, its distance from the focus is the same as its
distance from the directrix.
2 2 2 2
(x−h) = 4c(y − k) (x−h) = −4c(y − k) ( y−k ) = 4c(x − h) ( y−k ) = −4c(x − h)
directrix ℓ: horizontal directrix ℓ: vertical
axis of symmetry: x=h, vertical axis of symmetry: y=k, horizontal
Note the following observations:
The equations are in terms of x-h and y-k: the vertex coordinates are subtracted from the
corresponding variable. Thus, replacing both h and k with 0 would yield the case where the vertex
is the origin. For instance, this replacement applied to (x h)^2 = 4c(y k) (parabola opening
upward) would yield x^2 = 4cy, the first standard equation we encountered (parabola opening
upward, vertex at the origin).
If the x-part is squared, the parabola is “vertical”; if the y-part is squared, the parabola is
“horizontal.” In a horizontal parabola, the focus is on the left or right of the vertex, and the directrix
is vertical.
If the coefficient of the linear (non-squared) part is positive, the parabola opens upward or to the
right; if negative, downward or to the left.
Cite more examples.
Application
Let us find out if you really understand the concept discussed by answering these exercises.
1. Convert the following general form to standard form of a parabola.
a. 4 x 2−24 x−40 y −4=0 c. y 2−6 x +2 y−17=0
b. x 2−2 x−6 y +25=0 d. 2 y 2−x−12 y +18=0
2. Convert the following standard form to general form of a parabola.
a. ( y +1)2=−2( x +2) c. ( x−3)2=12( y −4)
b. (x−1)2=8( y−3) 2 −3( x−3)
d. ( y−3) =
2
3. Determine the vertex, focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry of the parabola with the given
equation. Sketch the parabola, and include these points and lines
a. y2 = 20x
b. 3x2 = −12y
c. . x2 − 6x − 2y + 9 = 0
d. 3y2 + 8x + 24y + 40 = 0
4. A parabola has focus F( 11, 8) and directrix x = -17. Find its standard equation
5. Find the equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin whose properties are given below.
a. length of latus rectum is 10 and parabola opens downward
b. equation of directrix is y=8
c. focus at (0,4)
d. diretcrix is x=7
Let us check your knowledge by filling the blanks with a correct symbols/letter or terms to complete the
statement/s.
1. A parabola is the set of all points in the plane that are equidistant from a fixed point called the
_________ and fixed line called the __________ of the parabola.
2. The graph of the equation x 2=4 cy is a parabola with focus F(__,__) and directrix y=____. So the
graph of x 2=12 y is a parabola with focus F(__,__) and directrix y=_____.
3. The graph of the equation y 2=4 cx is a parabola with focus F(__,__) and directrix x=_____.
So the graph of y 2=12 x is a parabola with focus F(__,__) and directrix x= ___.
Teacher’s Activity- the teacher will model the lesson, monitors and directs the learners’ work.
Evaluation: choose the best answer.
Refer to the equation y 2−2 x +2 y−1=0 , and give what is being asked.
1. Standard form
2 2
a. ( y +1 ) =2( x +1) c. ( x +1 ) =2( y +1)
b. ( y−1 )2 =2(x−1) 2
d. ( x−1 ) =2( y−1)
2. Vertex
a. (1,1) c. ( −12 ,−1)
b. (-1,-1) d. ( 12 , 1)
3. Focus
a. (1,1) c. ( −12 ,−1)
b. (-1,-1) d. ( 12 , 1)
4. Directrix
−3
a. x= c. x=−1
2
−3
b. y= d. y=−1
2
5. Graph
a. Yellow
b. Pink
c. Blue
d. Green
Assignment: Read in advance about Ellipse.
Remarks: ______________________________________________
Reflection: ____________________________________________