Chapter 1:

Problem and Its Background

Introduction

Alcohol contains ethanol, a psychoactive and toxic substance that can cause

dependence and is linked to serious health risks. In 2019, alcohol consumption resulted in

2.6 million deaths worldwide, with the highest rates in the WHO European and African

Regions. Young adults aged 20 to 39 represented the largest share of alcohol-related deaths.

Approximately 400 million individuals aged 15 and older suffer from alcohol use disorders,

with about 209 million experiencing alcohol dependence. While the global rate of alcohol-

attributable deaths decreased by 20.2% from 2010 to 2019, access to effective treatment

and interventions remains limited. Many countries are establishing national alcohol policies

and implementing excise taxes, but industry interference continues to be a challenge. Only

about half of the countries with guidelines for treatment have legal measures to protect

patient confidentiality, and the proportion of people with alcohol use disorders receiving

treatment is very low, ranging from under 1% to 14% (World Health Organization, 2024 ).

According to Fady (2021), Patterns of excessive alcohol consumption, such as binge

drinking and heavy drinking, can lead to the development of an alcohol use disorder. When

individuals drink large amounts, they often start to crave the sensations associated with

drinking. Over time, these individuals may feel a growing urge to consume more alcohol to

fulfill those cravings and the associated feelings. Those who drink heavily may also develop a

tolerance to alcohol. As tolerance increases, they might find that the amount of alcohol that
previously affected them no longer has the same impact. In an attempt to counteract this

issue, individuals may increase their intake, which can ultimately result in alcohol addiction.

In the Philippines, substances such as alcohol, beer, and cigarettes are readily

available, which has led to noticeable instances of use, abuse, and addiction among

individuals. It is disheartening to see that even younger generations are becoming involved.

This reality is part of the current administration’s primary agenda to reduce, if not eliminate,

cases of substance use, abuse, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Research conducted in

2014 indicated that children often turn to alcohol and drugs as they mimic the behaviors of

their parents and family members who use these substances. Their initiation into smoking is

often influenced by friends and curiosity. The peers and friends are the top influence on

individuals trying drugs, with factors like familial issues and lack of attention playing

significant roles. Further study confirmed that peers are crucial in motivating individuals to

experiment with alcohol, tobacco, and other vices, especially among students who lack

parental guidance. Schools and parents can significantly help prevent students from

engaging in these harmful behaviors (Oco [Link], 2022).

This research study, titled 'Factors Influencing Alcohol Consumption Among Senior

High School Students,' aims to provide an opportunity for undergraduate criminology

students at Andres Soriano College to investigate and establish the prevalence of alcohol

consumption among senior high school students. The study seeks to determine the number

of students who are influenced by alcohol and identify the types of factors that contribute to

their consumption of it. By exploring the underlying causes of alcohol consumption among

this demographic, this research hopes to contribute to a deeper understanding of the issue

and inform potential interventions to mitigate its negative effects.

Statement of the Problem

Typically, the study aims to determine the factors affecting alcoholic drinking to the

selected senior high school students.

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of

a. Gender

b. Age

c. Year Level

d. Strand

2. What led the student to drink alcohol, and at what age group did they first

experience drinking?

a. Curiosity

b. Family Problem

c. Reducing Stress

d. Friend Influence

e. Personal Problem

f. Relaxation

3. How many students are prone in alcoholic drinking?

a. Male

b. Female
Conceptual Framework

Below are the variables use to stablish the conceptual framework of the study. The

first figure is the independent variable. It shows the factor influence the students to

consume alcohol base on his/her curiosity, family problem, reducing stress, friends, personal

problem and relaxation. While the second figure is the dependent variable of the study and

it shows the number of students who consumed alcohol.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

FACTOR INFLUENCE THE

STUDENTS TO CONSUME
ALCOHOL
 Curiosity

 Family Problem
NUMBER OF THE
 Reducing Stress STUDENTS WHO
CONSUMED ALCOHOL
 Friend Influence

 Personal Problem

 Relaxation

Figure 1: The Independent and Dependent Variables

Theoretical Framework

This theoretical framework serves as the backbone of the current research study,

providing a structured lens through which to examine and interpret phenomena. It

integrates existing theories and concepts pertinent to the research topic, establishing a

foundation for the study’s design and methodology. By delineating the key variables and

their relationships, a theoretical framework not only guides the research process but also

ensures coherence and clarity in the analysis of results.

Social learning theory, introduced by psychologist Albert Bandura, proposed that

learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling and is influenced by factors

such as attention, motivation, attitudes, and emotions. The theory accounts for the

interaction of environmental and cognitive elements that affect how people learn. The

theory suggests that learning occurs because people observe the consequences of other

people's behaviors. Bandura's theory moves beyond behavioral theories, which suggest that

all behaviors are learned through conditioning, and cognitive theories, which consider

psychological influences such as attention and memory (Cherry [Link], 2024).

The Health Belief Model (HBM) is an important framework in health behavior

research, developed in the 1950s by social psychologists in the USPHS to address why people

often avoid preventive health measures and screenings. It explores how individuals perceive

health threats and make decisions, influenced by the value they place on goals and their

belief in achieving them. The model comprises six key dimensions: perceived susceptibility,

perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action.

While the HBM has been applied in various areas, such as chronic disease prevention and

health education, it faces criticism for focusing too heavily on cognitive factors and
neglecting emotional and social influences. Critics also argue that it overlooks cultural

contexts and assumes rational decision-making, which may not reflect real-life complexities.

Furthermore, its predictive power is limited, falling between 20% and 40% compared to

other models that include social, economic, and environmental variables (Alyafei and

Easton-Carr, 2024).

The coping theory explores how individuals react to sudden stress and their coping

mechanisms. People may respond by forming a plan, discussing their feelings with friends,

avoiding the issue, or using comfort food or substances to cope. Coping is defined as both

conscious and unconscious efforts to manage stress and maintain mental balance.

Psychology identifies coping skills as adaptive tools influenced by personality traits. For

example, extroverted individuals might adopt solution-focused strategies, while introverted

ones may use defensive methods. The article outlines coping theory, referencing Lazarus and

Folkman's definition as dynamic cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage stressors

perceived as overwhelming. It emphasizes that coping strategies can be positive or negative

and are highly individualized. The text also offers free resources to improve resilience and

coping skills (Chowdhury, 2024).

Significant of the Study

The purpose of the study is to identify the factors of alcoholic drinking that may

experience among the senior high school student. The following individuals will benefit from

this study.

Students: The result of the study would aide them to increase their awareness about

alcohol drinking and alcohol related issues so that at the early stage of life they

would develop desirable habit and value toward a better and quality of life.
 Parents: This study would serve as an EYE OPENER to them to see the real scenario

of what is happening to the teenagers now in our generation.

Teachers: This study can provide information to the teachers to understand the

students why they are drinking alcohol in their adolescence stage.

Community: The study will help them prevent minors, especially students from

senior high school, from purchasing alcohol in sari-sari store and give them a better

perspective on senior high school student who drink alcohol.

Future Researcher: It will provide an overview in their topic and serve as a guide to

them in conducting their research.

Scope and Limitation

This study investigates alcohol consumption among senior high school students at

Andres Soriano College of Bislig, focusing on the prevalence and factors influencing this

behavior. It aims to determine the proportion of students influenced to drink, examine their

demographic characteristics (age, sex, grade level), and identify contributing factors such as

peer pressure and family influence. Additionally, the research will explore students' attitudes

and knowledge regarding the risks associated with alcohol consumption. The findings are

expected to offer insights that can inform prevention and intervention strategies to promote

a healthier school environment.

Definition of Terms

To ensure clarity and precision in this study, it is essential to define key terms that

will be used throughout the research. The following section provides a brief explanation of

the terms used in this study, allowing for a deeper understanding of the concepts and ideas
explored in the investigation of alcohol consumption among senior high school students at

Andres Soriano College of Bislig.

Alcohol: An ethanol especially when considered as the intoxicating agent in

fermented and distilled. It’s a drink SUCH AS WHISKEY OR BEER containing ethanol

and a mixture of ethanol and water that is usually 95 percent ethanol.

Alcoholism: Continued excessive or compulsive use of alcohol drinks. A chronic a

progressive, potentially fatal disorder marked by excessive and usually compulsive

drinking of alcohol leading psychological and physical dependance or addiction.

Curiosity: Curiosity is the urge you feel to know more about something. The state of

being curios inquisitive, wondering, ready to poke around and figure something out.

Influence: To cause someone to change a behavior, belief, or option, or to cause

something to be changed.

Peers: It refers to classmate, lover and people that is not totally close.

School: A school is an institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning

environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers.

Youth: Best understood as a period of transition from the dependence as members

of a community. Youth is a more fluid category than a fixed age group.

 Chapter II

Reviews of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter incorporates a comprehensive array of pertinent sources, drawing from

local studies, regional literature, international research, and global publications. Together,

these resources provide valuable insights to tackle the factor influence students to consume

alcoholic beverages.

Foreign Literature

Alcohol is commonly regarded as the only psychoactive substance with addictive

properties that lacks regulation through legally binding international frameworks, despite its

significant impact on public health and populations. Recent years have seen an increase in

studies examining the negative health effects of alcohol, which indicate that even moderate

consumption can lead to more than 60 acute and chronic health issues. Furthermore,

research has demonstrated a link between alcohol consumption and over 200 diseases,

although the severity and harmfulness of chronic illnesses related to alcohol depend on

factors such as the quantity and quality of alcohol consumed, as well as the consumption

patterns associated with it (Iranpour and Nakhaee, 2019).

According to Moore (2023), alcohol can have a wide range of effects on your body,

influenced by the quantity consumed. Health experts generally recommend that women

limit their intake to one drink per day, while men can safely enjoy up to two. Exceeding these

moderate levels can increase the risk of immediate dangers, such as falls and vehicle

accidents. Chronic excessive drinking, on the other hand, can lead to severe health issues,

including heart disease, liver damage, and other serious conditions. For optimal health and
well-being, it is advisable to enjoy alcohol in moderation and remain mindful of its potential

risks.

Currently, 13% of the U.S. adult population, or 30 million individuals, are affected by

alcohol use disorder (AUD), which is primarily marked by an inability to control drinking, a

strong focus on alcohol, continued drinking despite adverse effects (such as health issues,

job performance problems, and relationship difficulties), increased tolerance, and

withdrawal symptoms. Alcohol consumption ranks as the third leading cause of preventable

illness and death in the U.S., with economic losses exceeding $249 billion annually. When

compared to all other substances, including tobacco and opioids, alcohol inflicts the greatest

harm on both individuals and society. Additionally, the U.S. consumes 50% more alcohol per

capita than the global average, which may contribute to the higher rates of AUD in the

country (Peltier [Link], 2019).

As stated by Carr [Link] (2024), as alcohol consumption increases, so does the

likelihood of developing or succumbing to an alcohol use disorder (AUD). While this

relationship is somewhat expected, there is limited understanding of how varying levels of

alcohol consumption specifically relate to the occurrence or mortality from AUD.

Furthermore, these risk factors likely vary based on several demographic elements such as

age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socio-economic status (SES). Although women typically drink

less frequently and consume smaller amounts of alcohol than men, they are more

vulnerable to particular alcohol-related issues and are less likely to seek assistance for these

issues. Moreover, among women, there are racial and ethnic disparities in both access to

treatment and the quality of care provided. For instance, in the U.S., Black and Latina

women have a notably lower chance of receiving specialized treatment for AUD compared to
White women. Additionally, prior studies indicate that socio-economic disparities are nearly

twice as prevalent in alcohol-related deaths compared to overall mortality rates.

Consequently, the connection between alcohol consumption and AUD incidence or mortality

may differ across various socio-demographic groups.

Excessive daily alcohol consumption poses substantial health risks to an individual's

well-being. The alarming rise in alcohol-related deaths in the United States highlights the

severity of these risks. Notably, between 2016 and 2021, the number of deaths attributed to

excessive drinking saw a significant increase of 40,000 deaths over just five years, with

approximately 178,000 people losing their lives in 2021 alone. Prolonged heavy drinking can

have devastating consequences on organ health, particularly the liver, which may be afflicted

with a spectrum of problems, including acute and chronic inflammation and debilitating

diseases. Moreover, research indicates that consuming more than one standard drink per

day greatly elevates the risk of heart disease, underscoring the need for responsible drinking

habits to safeguard cardiac health (Dr. Wandler, 2024).

As stated by Wade [Link] (2021), the importance of understanding risk factors for

substance use, emphasizing the need for research to focus on intermediary time points

rather than solely on individuals who have already initiated use. Curiosity has been

identified as a significant predictor of future substance use, particularly tobacco, suggesting

it may also relate to alcohol use. However, there is a lack of studies exploring the link

between risk factors for alcohol use and curiosity about alcohol in pre-adolescent youth. To

address this gap, the authors aim to investigate various factors that influence curiosity about

alcohol use in this age group, utilizing a data-driven approach. They hypothesize that higher
levels of certain identified latent factors will correlate with an increased likelihood of

curiosity about alcohol use.

According to Vasileiou [Link] (2024), the influence of emotions on alcohol

consumption has been explored in earlier research, revealing a cyclical relationship between

alcohol use and feelings. Individuals often turn to alcohol as a means to cope with sadness

and stress, yet these same negative emotions can heighten the urge to drink. Additionally,

while alcohol can enhance positive feelings, many people report consuming it because it

helps them feel better. Furthermore, certain products like alcohol are frequently purchased

impulsively when individuals struggle with self-control, primarily due to the overpowering

nature of cue-triggered impulses.

Research consistently shows a strong connection between alcohol consumption and

various types of injuries, supported by diverse methodologies including laboratory

experiments, emergency department studies, driving simulations, and analyses of

population-level data. A significant correlation exists between the amount of alcohol

consumed in the three hours prior to an incident and the likelihood of both motor vehicle

and non-motor vehicle injuries. Even moderate drinking (around 24 g of pure alcohol) nearly

doubles the risk of injury, and this risk sharply increases with higher consumption levels,

with individuals consuming 120 g facing more than a 50-fold rise in motor vehicle injury risk

compared to non-drinkers. At the population level, time-series analyses indicate that

changes in per-capita alcohol consumption are linked to variations in mortality rates from

road injuries, suicides, and homicides, highlighting alcohol consumption as a key factor in

injury rates, although the impact varies by country due to differing drinking patterns and

prevention measures. These findings have shaped regulatory policies and public health
initiatives in many countries, with long-standing measures like legal blood alcohol limits for

drivers and more recent updates to national drinking guidelines (Chikritzhs and Livingston,

2021).

Hjarnaa [Link], 2023), many young individuals experience a significant rise in alcohol

use as they transition from middle school to high school, with parties becoming a key aspect

of their social lives. Additionally, binge drinking is more common among those aged 15 to 19

than among drinkers in general. In comparison to other countries, young people in Denmark

typically drink more alcohol per occasion, and the rates of drunkenness are higher than in

any other European nation. According to the latest 2019 report from the European School

Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD), 40% of 16-year-old respondents

reported being intoxicated in the past 30 days, which is nearly double the rates seen in

Austria and Hungary, the countries with the second-highest incidence of reported

drunkenness. Previous research that examined populations with high levels of alcohol

consumption often focused on older age groups, included small sample sizes, relied on self-

reported data from youths about their grades, or concentrated on educational outcomes in

early adulthood.

A connection between alcohol and tobacco use and negative academic outcomes for

children and adolescents, it is important to determine the factors that may contribute to this

relationship. One potential mediating factor is class skipping. Some researchers suggest that

substance use can lead to challenges in staying focused on academic responsibilities, which

ultimately harms the academic performance of children and adolescents. Because skipping

class may indicate a lack of commitment to school, it could help explain the detrimental

impact of substance use on academic success. In a study involving 80 first-semester college

students, it was found that alcohol consumption was indirectly linked to academic

performance through the act of skipping class. Another longitudinal study showed that

students with alcohol or cannabis use disorders were more likely to miss classes, resulting in

lower GPAs. Additionally, research indicated that class skipping partially accounted for the

relationship between alcohol use and academic performance, similar patterns were

observed with marijuana usage and academic outcomes as well (Chai [Link], 2020).

Local Literature

The Philippines has made some progress in addressing the harm caused by alcohol

consumption, but more needs to be done. Implementing the SAFER measures, such as

strengthening restrictions on alcohol availability and increasing taxes, could help reduce

excessive drinking and its consequences (Amol, G., 2023). Consuming alcohol before the age

of 21 is associated with risks such as alcohol poisoning, accidents, sexual assault, violence,

altered brain development, and other risky behaviors like smoking, substance abuse, and

hazardous sexual practices. Personal factors, including age, gender, family background, and

socio-economic status, influence the degree of alcohol intake and drinking patterns (Basas,

M., 2022).

As stated by Lu [Link] (2022), the ever-increasing global road traffic accidents are

caused by several risk factors: human factors, vehicle factors, and road environmental

factors. Globally, road crashes claim many lives, with a significant portion being alcohol-

related, and in one country, 12,000 road users die annually due to road crashes, with almost

one-third of these being alcohol-related. In addition to the statement of Monteza, AJ (2024),

driving involves inherent risks, which can arise from factors such as adverse weather

conditions, poor road quality, mechanical issues, distractions, and human mistakes.
However, numerous fatalities and injuries could be avoided, particularly in instances of

driving under the influence of alcohol.

In 2019, alcohol was responsible for more than 2.6 million deaths worldwide, with

the Philippines seeing over 27,000 fatalities, primarily from noncommunicable diseases like

cirrhosis, cardiovascular diseases, and liver cancer. These chronic health issues place a heavy

burden on individuals and healthcare systems. Although many recognize the risks alcohol

poses to liver health, its roles in heart disease and cancer are often underestimated. The

detrimental effects of alcohol also disproportionately affect vulnerable groups such as youth,

women, and children, leading to increased risks of violence and accidents. Young individuals

aged 15 to 29 are particularly affected, with alcohol being the leading risk factor for 20.3

percent of their deaths. Binge drinking among young people raises the risk of accidents,

injuries, and potential alcohol-use disorders. Early exposure to alcohol leads to increased

health risks and economic challenges, resulting in higher healthcare costs and diminished

productivity. Families endure emotional and financial burdens from these preventable

issues, including the untimely loss of young lives due to alcohol-related causes (Monteza,

2024).

According to Alberto [Link] (2022), although low-income and middle-income countries

have lower rates of alcohol consumption compared to high-income countries, they bear a

disproportionately high burden of alcohol-related mortality. The age-standardized death rate

is notably higher in low- and middle-income countries, with 42.1 to 46.2 deaths per 100,000

people recorded in 2016, in contrast to 27.1 deaths per 100,000 people in high-income

nations. In the Philippines, alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis accounts for 21.1 deaths per

100,000 men, while cancer related to alcohol use results in 136 deaths per 100,000 men.
 Consuming alcohol raises the likelihood of developing at least seven different types

of cancer. For individuals undergoing cancer treatment, regularly drinking a few beers or

cocktails can also pose other significant risks, such as reducing the effectiveness of their

treatments. Furthermore, for those who have survived cancer for an extended period,

evidence suggests that habitual alcohol consumption may heighten the risk of cancer

recurrence. Substantial number of cancer patients and long-term survivors reported

consuming alcohol regularly—many at moderate levels, while some exhibited heavy or

frequent drinking habits. The findings highlighted that male long-term survivors and younger

cancer patients were particularly prone to being heavy or frequent drinkers (Phillips, 2023).

Children and teenagers tend to binge drink more and are at a higher risk of

developing alcohol-related problems compared to adults. This may be due to the fact that

the area of the brain responsible for pleasure develops before their ability to make sound

decisions. As a result, they can experience the enjoyable effects of alcohol, such as reducing

anxiety or enhancing mood, before they learn to make informed choices about their drinking

behavior. This can result in actions that are embarrassing, risky, or even life-threatening.

Although parenting teenagers can be challenging, it's crucial to recognize that you can

significantly influence your child's decisions, particularly during their preteen and early

teenage years. By following certain guidelines, you can find effective ways to discuss alcohol

with your child, address any underlying issues that might contribute to their drinking, and

guide them towards making better choices in the future (Robinson [Link], 2024).

In the 19th century, women's movements identified male alcohol use and

intoxication as a critical social issue. These movements highlighted the adverse effects on

women caused by living with violence, instability, and financial difficulties stemming from
their partners’ alcohol use, advocating for restrictions on alcohol availability through limits

on trading hours, Sunday closures, and the establishment of alcohol-free zones. Despite the

historical origins of these concerns and extensive evidence linking alcohol to violence, the

connection has occasionally been a contentious topic. Alcohol is sometimes used as an

excuse by perpetrators, which can lessen their accountability for acts of violence, leading

researchers in intimate partner violence to be hesitant to emphasize the role of alcohol. This

essay adopts a public health perspective to explore how alcohol policies affect various harms

to women and children resulting from men's alcohol consumption, including but not limited

to physical violence (Karriker-Jaffe [Link], 2023).

Cited to Del Rosario (2024), in light of the concerning rates of alcohol consumption

among young people in the Philippines, the DOST-FNRI urged parents to implement

preventive measures regarding drinking and to encourage healthy lifestyle choices through

proper nutrition and guidance. The parents advised to engage in conversations about

underage drinking with their children, exemplify responsible drinking behaviors, and

promote healthy eating habits. To deter youth from early alcohol consumption, the DOST-

FNRI pointed out the introduction of House Bill No. 1753, known as the Anti-Underage

Drinking Act, which was filed on July 11, 2022. This proposed legislation aims to raise the

legal drinking age to 21 years and introduce penalties for violators, with the goal of reducing

alcohol availability to adolescents and young adults.

Foreign Studies

Demographic factors significantly influence preferences for alcoholic beverages. Age

is inversely related to the preference for alcopops and beer, while older individuals tend to

prefer wine; cultural differences affect the relationship with liquor or spirits. Gender
consistently shows that women prefer wine over beer, and men the opposite, though

preferences for liquor vary. Cultural background also plays a role, exemplified by native

Norwegians' preference for beer. Research linking religious affiliation to alcohol preferences

is limited, but one study found that religious adolescents favor wine. Additionally, studies on

civil and parental status regarding beverage preferences are sparse, with one indicating no

relationship between marital status and choices (Erevik [Link], 2020).

Early alcohol consumption is linked to adverse effects, including changes in attention,

verbal learning, and memory, as well as disrupted development of key brain areas. These

detrimental effects can result in behavioral, emotional, social, and academic issues later in

life. Studies have indicated that excessive alcohol intake can contribute to the onset of

various health problems, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, liver diseases, hepatitis,

risky sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted infections, mental and behavioral disorders,

injuries, violence, and poor academic performance (Abogye [Link], 2021).

A study of Wittgens [Link] (2022), alcohol is often used as a way to deal with stress,

but it can actually make things worse. While it's clear that stress can lead to increased

drinking and a higher risk of relapse, the underlying psychological reasons for this are not

well understood. Experiencing stressful events, which can be unpredictable and feel

overwhelming, is a major factor in excessive drinking and alcohol use disorders. The impact

of stress on drinking habits depends on various factors, including the type, duration, and

severity of the stress. For people with alcohol use disorders, drinking becomes a habitual

response to stress. Stress plays a significant role in all stages of alcohol consumption, from

initial use to regular and excessive use, and can even trigger a relapse in those with alcohol

use disorders.
 In Croatia, graduate nurses provide adolescents with education, guidance, and

information regarding the risks associated with alcohol consumption and misuse. They

promote the cultivation of positive habits and attitudes to help prevent addiction.

Additionally, these nurses are instrumental in educating young individuals about safe

drinking limits. Furthermore, the influence of parents and the social environments of young

people is crucial in tackling alcohol misuse among adolescents. Research indicates that

effective supervision and open communication between parents and their children can

postpone the initiation of drinking (Posavec [Link], 2022).

Providing calorie information for alcoholic beverages represents a promising public

health intervention that may not only help to reduce alcohol consumption but also mitigate

the prevalence of overweight and obesity. While existing research has yielded mixed results

regarding the effectiveness of calorie information on influencing drinking intentions,

purchasing decisions, and consumption habits, further exploration is needed. Notably, the

impact of calorie labeling in on-trade settings—such as bars and restaurants—on consumer

behavior related to both alcoholic and food choices remains largely unstudied. This gap in

research calls for a thorough investigation to better understand how calorie information can

shape consumer decisions in these contexts (Jones [Link], 2024).

According to Nagata [Link] (2023), excessive alcohol consumption significantly

contributes to the mortality rate among young adults in the U.S., with over a quarter of

deaths attributed to it and more than a third of 12th graders reporting recent drinking.

Those who start drinking before age 15 are six times more likely to develop alcohol use

disorders later in life. Alcohol expectancies, which are beliefs about the effects of drinking,
influence behavior and can be shaped by social interactions. Positive expectancies relate to

perceived benefits of alcohol, while negative ones concern its adverse effects.

Adolescents learn about alcohol usage through both direct observation and

narratives. The rise of social media provides new opportunities for social learning, where

young people often share positive portrayals of alcohol, increasing peer exposure to content

that may promote drinking. The engagement with comments and "likes" on such posts

reinforces the perception of drinking as having positive outcomes, potentially leading to

higher rates of alcohol initiation. Research shows that increased social media usage is linked

to greater exposure to alcohol-related content, suggesting that the more time adolescents

spend online, the greater their risk of normalizing and adopting drinking behaviors over time

(Brunbrog [Link], 2022).

Based on the study of University of Glasgow (2023), teenagers who spent a

significant amount of time on social media at the age of 14 were more likely to engage in

risky behaviors. Those who spent 30 minutes or more per day on social media were more

likely to report using alcohol and engaging in binge drinking. The study found that the more

time spent on social media, the higher the likelihood of alcohol consumption and binge

drinking. Specifically, teenagers who spent 30 minutes to under an hour per day on social

media were 62% more likely to drink six or more times a month and 51% more likely to binge

drink. Adolescents who spent 2 hours or more per day on social media were almost five

times more likely to report using alcohol. Interestingly, the research revealed that prolonged

social media use had a greater impact on socioeconomically advantaged teenagers,

increasing their likelihood of binge drinking. This was in contrast to those from
disadvantaged backgrounds, where the influence of social media use on binge drinking was

less pronounced.

Adolescence is a crucial stage of human development, during which the onset and

increase of alcohol consumption typically take place. Engaging in alcohol use during these

years raises the likelihood of accidents and leads to negative psychological and physiological

health consequences, as well as the potential for developing alcohol-related problems in

adulthood. The significance of both environmental elements, such as the family setting and

parental role models, along with individual factors, in understanding adolescent

development and the reasons why some adolescents engage in risky behaviors (Berglund

[Link], 2022).

Both parental support and control are thought to significantly impact children's

outcomes. Parental support encompasses actions that demonstrate love and value for the

child, which can include praise, approval, encouragement, assistance, companionship,

physical affection, and expressions of warmth, acceptance, and worth. Theoretically, such

warmth and support create strong connections between children and their parents,

fostering adolescents’ social skills, identification with their parents, and growth toward

autonomy. In contrast, parental control involves behaviors aimed at guiding children's

actions in ways that align with parental expectations. A specific aspect of control known as

monitoring refers to parents' active engagement in observing and regulating their children's

activities (LaFreniere [Link], 2022).

Local studies

Alcohol consumption and its associated problems are shaped by a complex interplay

of structural, intermediate, and individual factors, influenced by social inequalities such as

class, economic status, education, gender, migrant status, and location. While personal

attributes like knowledge and attitudes play a role in risky behavior, broader social and

cultural contexts are the main determinants of drinking behaviors. In societies with distinct

gender roles, men typically consume more alcohol than women. Community dynamics,

including alcohol availability and social drinking norms, further impact individual

consumption patterns. Higher rates of alcohol use disorders are found in areas with greater

social isolation, whereas strong community connections lead to better health outcomes.

Tailored community health initiatives can enhance health, especially for disadvantaged

groups, but there is insufficient understanding of how effective these interventions are in

reducing adult alcohol use due to methodological weaknesses in existing studies and a lack

of implementation details. Despite the challenges in evaluating these programs, some

community-based initiatives have successfully addressed alcohol-related issues (Porthe [Link],

2022).

According to Swaim (2023), prolonged alcohol consumption results in alterations in

the brain that impair decision-making, emotional regulation, and self-control, increasing the

likelihood of aggression and violence among individuals who drink heavily. The U.S.

Department of Justice reports that alcohol contributes to an increase in both the frequency

and severity of intimate partner violence. Additionally, research has indicated that even

sporadic binge drinking can have negative effects on families. Ali [Link] (2023), family

members of individuals struggling with alcohol addiction often deal with feelings of anxiety,

depression, and shame connected to their loved one's issue. Additionally, they may endure

emotional or physical outbursts as a result. To protect their family from the consequences of

alcohol abuse, an individual with an addiction might attempt to create distance. However,

this isolation fails to safeguard family members from the financial and emotional
repercussions of alcoholism. Furthermore, neglect can adversely affect their loved ones as

well. In addition to Buddy (2023), individuals with alcohol addiction often display compulsive

behaviors despite the negative effects on their health and those around them. Family and

friends of someone with an alcohol use disorder may seek to better understand these

behaviors, but it can be difficult not to take their harmful actions personally.

The unpredictable nature of behavior associated with alcohol can lead to a highly

unstable and chaotic home environment. Instead of being a safe haven, the household can

transform into a battleground where individuals feel vulnerable and their sense of safety is

diminished. Family members of individuals struggling with alcohol addiction often find

themselves cautiously navigating their interactions, anxious about the potential

repercussions of their words or actions. This is due to the erratic behavior that can

accompany alcohol dependency, prompting loved ones to try to appease the individual

consuming alcohol and steer clear of confrontation. This ongoing atmosphere of stress can

have lasting repercussions, especially for children, who may develop a fundamental sense of

insecurity and difficulties in trusting others (Spinks [Link], 2025).

Using alcohol may seem like a way to cope with stressors, but over time, frequent

heavy drinking can lead to dependence on the substance. Once individuals become

psychologically addicted, alcohol misuse can become all-consuming. As individuals are often

part of social networks, it is easy to understand how alcohol misuse has a ripple effect across

a person’s entire network of family, friends, employers, colleagues, and anyone else who

depends on the person (Sharp, 2024). Alcohol can serve as a tempting way to cope during

stressful times, as it has the ability to calm you and promote feelings of relaxation in the
moment. It is classified as a depressant, which means it slows down brain activity and alters

your thoughts, emotions, and behavior. In small amounts, alcohol can enhance feelings of

relaxation, boost confidence, and encourage sociability. It may lead to an overall sense of

well-being and joy. Many people find alcohol to be an easy and effective way to cope with

stress, especially after a challenging work week or a difficult life event, as it can help

diminish feelings of tension. However, it's important to note that it does not actually resolve

or address the underlying causes of stress (Patterson, 2022).

According to Bryan and Dr. Singh (2024), excessive alcohol consumption can lead to

insomnia, a sleep disorder marked by challenges in falling and staying asleep. Approximately

three-quarters of individuals with alcohol dependence report experiencing insomnia

symptoms while consuming alcohol. Insomnia is also prevalent among those undergoing

withdrawal or in the early stages of recovery from alcohol addiction. Additionally, the

relationship between insomnia and alcohol use can be reciprocal. Individuals suffering from

insomnia have a higher likelihood of developing alcohol use disorder, as many may seek out

alcohol as a means to help them sleep. (McPhillips and Goodman, 2023), there are

differences in personal characteristics may explain why moderate drinkers appear to

experience better health outcomes compared to abstainers. These differences may make it

seem like low-level alcohol consumption has a positive effect on health, rather than the

consumption itself being the cause of these benefits.

Health experts generally advise against alcohol consumption, as even small amounts

can be harmful. Current guidelines recommend total abstention from alcohol, but if

individuals choose to drink, moderation is advised. Alcohol misuse includes behaviors such
as binge drinking, heavy drinking, and drinking during pregnancy or underage. While not

everyone who drinks excessively has alcohol use disorder (AUD), heavy and binge drinking

can increase the risk of developing it. Those who feel their drinking is causing harm are

encouraged to seek help from healthcare or mental health professionals or contact support

organizations (French, 2023).

Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides an outline of the research methods employed in the study. It

includes details on the research locale, research design, research respondent, sampling

method and statistical tools. This chapter also describes the data collection instrument and

the procedures that will be followed to gather data. Furthermore, the methods for analyzing

the collected data are outlined, ensuring that readers have a comprehensive understanding

of the research methodology employed in the study.

Research Locale
The research study is currently being conducted at Andres Soriano College of Bislig

(ASCB), under the supervision of the esteemed school president, Dr. Paciencia M. Malazarte.

The college is situated in Barangay Mangagoy, Bislig City, Surigao Del Sur, and is easily

accessible via various means of land transportation.

Figure 2: Map of Andres Soriano College of Bislig (ASCB)
Source: [Link]

Research Design
This research study will employ a qualitative research design. The qualitative

approach is particularly suited for this investigation, as the study aims to explore the factors

influencing students' alcohol consumption and to determine the prevalence of alcohol use

among students. To collect data from participants, the researcher will utilize a survey

questionnaire, which will facilitate the gathering of rich, descriptive information.

Subsequently, all data will be meticulously tabulated and analyzed in order to present

precise and insightful results, essential for addressing the research problem effectively.

Research Respondents

The participants in this study are senior high school students from Andres Soriano

College of Bislig. The researcher employed a purposive sampling method to select a sample

of 60 respondents from a total of 227 students enrolled in the twelfth grade across various

strands, including General Academic Strand (GAS), Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), and

the eleventh-grade Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) and

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) strands. This non-probability sampling

approach was intentionally chosen to ensure that the participants accurately represent the

specific cohort under investigation, thereby facilitating a comprehensive analysis of the

variability within this particular demographic. By focusing on a targeted group of senior high

school students at Andres Soriano College of Bislig (ASCB), the researcher seeks to collect

rich, relevant data through a survey questionnaire, ultimately enhancing the depth and

quality of insights derived from the study.

GRADE STRAND POPULATION SIZE (N) TAGET PERCENTAGE SAMPLE SIZE (n)
GAS 73 33% 24
12
SMAW 60 28% 17
STEM 42 15% 6
11
ICT 52 24% 13
TOTAL 227 100% 60

Sampling Method

Purposive sampling was use to estimate the number of the respondent who are

involve in this study. Purposive sampling is a non-randomized sampling

technique that selects sampling units based on certain criteria. Purposive

research sampling is a type of non-probability approach in which the researcher

chooses a sample (person, cases, or events) based on their assessment that it

would fit the study’s objectives. As a result, purposive sampling is an intentional

and strategic selection procedure that uses samples to explore their specific

characteristics (Bisth, 2024).

Research Instrument
The researcher developed a customized survey questionnaire as the primary

instrument for data collection in this study. The questionnaire comprises two sections:

Section A and Section B. Section A is designed to gather essential demographic information

about the respondents. Section B, on the other hand, includes three types of questions. The
first type requires a simple yes or no response. The second and third types utilize a 5-point

Likert scale, where 5 indicates "strongly agree," 4 corresponds to "agree," 3 is "neutral," 2

signifies "disagree," and 1 denotes "strongly disagree." This structure allows for a

comprehensive analysis of the respondents' views and opinions.

Data Gathering and Procedure

The following are the five steps procedure to gather data from the respondents:
 Obtain necessary permissions: Get approval from the school administration,

teachers, and students' parents or guardians.

 Identify and recruit respondents: Determine the target population (senior high

school students), develop a sampling frame, and recruit participants.

 Collect data: Administer a survey using a standardized instrument, ensuring

confidentiality and security.

 Tabulate and analyze data: Compile, organize, and analyze the data using statistical

methods and techniques.

 Measure and interpret results: Use a Likert scale and percentage to measure

responses, interpret results, and draw conclusions.

 Draw conclusions and make recommendations: Summarize key findings, draw

conclusions, and make recommendations for future research, policy, or practice.

Statistical Tools

The following statistical tools were utilized to determine the sample size of the

respondents and to analyze their responses effectively.

Percentage: In mathematics, a percentage refers to a number or ratio expressed as a

fraction of 100. To calculate a percentage, you divide a number by the total and then
multiply by 100. Therefore, a percentage can be understood as a portion of a

hundred, commonly denoted by the symbol (%).

P = AV/TV x 100

P – Percentage

AV – Actual Value

TV – Total Value

Likert Scale: A Likert scale is a widely utilized research instrument that invites

respondents to express their level of agreement or disagreement with a

specific statement. This scale typically ranges from strong agreement to

strong disagreement, allowing for nuanced feedback. Frequently employed in

surveys and questionnaires, Likert scales serve as an effective method for

assessing attitudes, perceptions, and levels of knowledge across diverse

topics. By quantifying subjective opinions, they provide valuable insights that

can inform decision-making and enhance understanding in various fields of

study.

Interval Scale Description Interpretation

The respondent expressed strong

4.21 – 5.0 5 Strongly agreement with the statement provided

for their consideration.

Agree

The respondent expressed agreement

3.41 – 4.20 4 Agree with the statement provided for their

consideration.
 The respondent expressed neutral with

2.61 – 3.40 3 Neutral the statement provided for their

consideration.

The respondent expressed disagreement

1.81 – 2.60 2 Disagree with the statement provided for their

consideration.

The respondent expressed strong

1.0 – 1.80 1 Strongly disagreement with the statement

provided for their consideration.

Disagree

Name (optional): __________________________________ Gender: _____ Age: _____

Year level: ________________ Strand: _______________________________________
Direction: Read the following question thoroughly and answer it honestly. Please put check
on the space provided for your response.
1. Have you ever had the experience of drinking alcoholic beverages before?
Yes No

2. At what age did you first begin consuming alcohol? Please indicate your response
using a scale from 1 to 5, where 5 represents "Strongly Agree" and 1 represents
"Strongly Disagree."

Age Group 5 4 3 2 1
5 to 10 years old
11 to 16 years old
17 to 22 years old
23 to 28 years old
29 to 34 years old
35 years old and above

3. What factors influence your decision to consume alcoholic beverages? Please

indicate your response using a scale from 1 to 5, where 5 represents "Strongly Agree"
and 1 represents "Strongly Disagree."

Various factors that can influence the consumption of 5 4 3 2 1

alcoholic beverages.
Curiosity
 Family Problem
Reducing Stress
Friends Influence
Personal Problem
Relaxation

Name (optional): __________________________________ Gender: _____ Age: _____

Year level: ________________ Strand: _______________________________________
Direction: Read the following question thoroughly and answer it honestly. Please put check
on the space provided for your response.
1. Have you ever had the experience of drinking alcoholic beverages before?
Yes No

2. At what age did you first begin consuming alcohol? Please indicate your response
using a scale from 1 to 5, where 5 represents "Strongly Agree" and 1 represents
"Strongly Disagree."

Age Group 5 4 3 2 1
5 to 10 years old
11 to 16 years old
17 to 22 years old
23 to 28 years old
29 to 34 years old
35 years old and above

3. What factors influence your decision to consume alcoholic beverages? Please

indicate your response using a scale from 1 to 5, where 5 represents "Strongly Agree"
and 1 represents "Strongly Disagree."
A. Curiosity

10 different types of curiosity that might explain why people 5 4 3 2 1

consume alcohol:
1. Social Connection: Many people are curious about how
alcohol can facilitate social interactions and help them bond
 with others in social settings.
2. Relaxation and Stress Relief: Individuals may wonder how
alcohol can serve as a way to unwind after a long day,
providing temporary relief from stress and anxiety.
3. Celebration and Ritual: Curiosity about the role of alcohol in
celebrations, rituals, and traditions can draw people to consume it
during significant life events.
4. Flavor and Experience: Some are curious about the diverse
flavors, aromas, and experiences offered by different types
of alcoholic beverages, leading them to explore various
options.
5. Peer Influence: People might wonder about the effects of
social pressure or the desire to fit in with peers who
consume alcohol, driving them to participate.
6. Cultural Norms: Curiosity about how different cultures
perceive and consume alcohol can influence individuals to
try it as part of understanding or integrating into a
community.
7. Self-Discovery: Some consume alcohol out of a desire to
explore their own boundaries and understand their
reactions in altered states of consciousness.
8. Escapism: The curiosity to escape from life’s challenges or
boredom may lead individuals to use alcohol as a temporary
solution.
9. Experimentation: Especially among younger individuals,
curiosity about the effects of alcohol and the thrill of trying
something new can drive consumption.
10. Status and Identity: Some may be curious about how
consuming certain types or brands of alcohol can influence
their image or status among peers and society.

B. Family Problem

10 types of family problem that can cause people consume 5 4 3 2 1

alcoholic beverages:
1. Parental Divorce or Separation: Children who experience
parental divorce or separation may turn to alcohol as a
coping mechanism for the stress and emotional pain
associated with the situation.
2. Emotional or Physical Abuse: Individuals who have
experienced emotional or physical abuse from family
members may use alcohol to self-medicate and escape the
trauma.
3. Inadequate Parenting: Parents who are neglectful,
inconsistent, or overly critical may contribute to their
children's feelings of insecurity, leading to substance abuse as
a way to cope.
 4. Family Conflict: Chronic family conflict, such as constant
arguing, yelling, or criticism, can create an environment
where family members feel anxious, stressed, or desperate,
making them more likely to turn to substances like alcohol.
5. Lack of Emotional Support: Families that do not demonstrate
emotional support or validation may lead to feelings of
isolation, loneliness, or disconnection, which can increase the
likelihood of substance use.
6. Modeling Behavior: Children who grow up in families where
parents or other influential adults drink excessively or abuse
substances may learn to follow suit.
7. Financial Stress: Families dealing with financial difficulties,
unemployment, or poverty may turn to alcohol as a way to
cope with stress and anxiety.
8. Trauma and Loss: Families that have experienced significant
trauma, such as the loss of a loved one, may be more likely to
have family members who use substances as a way to
manage their emotions and cope with grief.
9. Cultural and Societal Pressures: Families that place a strong
emphasis on substance use or encourage drinking as a social
norm may contribute to the development of substance use
disorders.
10. Mental Health Problems: Families where there are
underlying mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety,
or bipolar disorder, may be more susceptible to substance
abuse, including alcohol consumption.

C. Reducing Stress

10 reason why person may consume alcohol to manage stress: 5 4 3 2 1

1. Temporary Escape: Alcohol can provide a temporary escape
from stressful situations and emotions, allowing individuals
to feel relaxed and carefree for a while.
2. Social Facilitation: Drinking in social settings can help
alleviate social anxiety and make it easier for people to
interact, leading to a more relaxed environment.
3. Coping Mechanism: Some individuals use alcohol as a
coping strategy to deal with overwhelming emotions or life
challenges, believing it can help numb their feelings.
4. Cultural Acceptance: In many cultures, alcohol is a socially
accepted way to cope with stress and celebrate, making it a
go-to option for stress relief.
5. Ritualistic Unwinding: For some, having a drink at the end of
a long day becomes a ritual that signals relaxation and the
end of stressors.
6. Reduction of Inhibitions: Alcohol can lower inhibitions and
 reduce self-consciousness, making it easier to let go of stress
and enjoy oneself.
7. Peer Pressure and Norms: Social norms or peer pressure
may encourage drinking as a way to deal with stress in
certain groups, leading individuals to partake in alcohol
consumption
8. Physical Relaxation: Alcohol can lead to physical relaxation,
helping to alleviate muscle tension and promote a sense of
calm.
9. Routine and Habit: Some people develop a habit of drinking
when stressed, creating a conditioned response that
reinforces the behavior over time.
10. Cultural Acceptance: In many cultures, alcohol is a socially
accepted way to cope with stress and celebrate, making it a
go-to option for stress relief.

D. Friend Influence

10 types of friend influence that can encourage alcohol 5 4 3 2 1

consumption:
1. Social Norms: If a person's friend group frequently drinks
alcohol as part of social gatherings, the individual may feel
pressured to conform to these norms to fit in.
2. Peer Pressure: Direct persuasion from friends to drink,
particularly in social situations, can lead to increased alcohol
consumption, especially among younger individuals.
3. Desire for Acceptance: The need to be accepted and liked by
peers can drive individuals to drink, particularly if their
friends view drinking as a bonding experience.
4. Celebration Participation: Friends may often celebrate
occasions (birthdays, holidays, etc.) with drinks, making
individuals feel compelled to join in the festivities.
5. Shared Interests: Friends who enjoy activities that are
commonly paired with drinking, such as going to bars,
concerts, or parties, may encourage others to partake in
alcohol consumption.
6. Normalization of Drinking: Friends who regularly drink
without negative consequences can create a perception that
alcohol consumption is a normal and harmless part of life.
7. Escapism: If friends drink to cope with stress or boredom,
this behavior can influence others in the group to see
drinking as a viable escape mechanism.
8. Risky Behavior Modeling: Friends who exhibit adventurous
or risky behavior associated with drinking (e.g., binge
drinking, escapades) can lead others to mimic these patterns.
9. Celebrating Milestones: Friends may encourage drinking to
 celebrate achievements (graduations, promotions, etc.),
reinforcing the idea that alcohol is part of recognizing
success.
10. Social Media Influence: Friends who frequently post about
drinking on social media can create an impression that
alcohol is integral to social enjoyment and a fulfilling lifestyle.

E. Personal Problem

10 types of personal problems that may contribute to why people 5 4 3 2 1

consume alcohol:
1. Stress and Anxiety: Some individuals may drink to calm their
nerves, relax, and temporarily escape from the pressures of
daily life, such as work-related stress, financial worries, or
relationship issues.
2. Low Self-Esteem: People with low self-esteem or confidence
may use alcohol as a way to feel more comfortable in social
situations, to boost their mood, or to mask feelings of
inadequacy.
3. Depression: Alcohol may be used as a coping mechanism for
individuals experiencing depression, as it can provide a
temporary sense of relief or escape from negative emotions.
4. Trauma and PTSD: People who have experienced traumatic
events or have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may
turn to alcohol as a way to self-medicate and manage their
symptoms, such as flashbacks, nightmares, or anxiety.
5. Relationship Issues: Individuals may drink to cope with
relationship problems, such as a breakup, divorce, or conflict
with a partner or family member.
6. Grief and Loss: Some people may use alcohol to cope with
the emotional pain of losing a loved one, a job, or a
significant life change.
7. Social Anxiety and Shyness: Alcohol can be used as a social
lubricant to help individuals feel more at ease in social
situations, particularly if they struggle with social anxiety or
shyness.
8. Physical or Chronic Pain: People experiencing chronic pain or
illness may turn to alcohol as a way to manage their
discomfort or pain, even if it's not a recommended or
effective treatment.
9. Boredom and Lack of Purpose: Individuals who feel
unfulfilled, bored, or lacking in purpose may drink to fill a
void or to create a sense of excitement or stimulation in their
lives.
10. Family or Childhood Issues: People who experienced abuse,
neglect, or dysfunctional family dynamics in their childhood
 may be more likely to develop unhealthy relationships with
alcohol as a way to cope with unresolved emotional pain or
trauma.

F. Relaxation

10 types of relaxation that may motivate individuals to drink 5 4 3 2 1

alcohol:
1. Social Relaxation: Alcohol is often consumed in social
settings, helping individuals feel more at ease, enhancing
camaraderie, and reducing social anxiety.
2. Stress Relief: Many people turn to alcohol as a way to
unwind after a stressful day, using it as a tool to temporarily
escape or mitigate stress.
3. Emotional Escape: Alcohol may be consumed to cope with
emotional pain, such as sadness, loneliness, or anger,
providing a means to numb difficult feelings.
4. Enhanced Enjoyment: Alcohol can enhance the enjoyment of
certain activities, such as dining, dancing, or attending
events, contributing to an overall relaxed and pleasurable
experience.
5. Ritualistic Relaxation: For some, consuming alcohol is part of
a personal or cultural ritual, such as toasting during
celebrations or enjoying a drink after work, which can create
a sense of comfort and routine.
6. Physical Relaxation: Alcohol can produce physical effects
such as muscle relaxation and sedation, helping individuals to
unwind their bodies and reduce tension.
7. Sleep Induction: Some people consume alcohol with the
intention of helping them fall asleep faster, as it can create a
sedative effect, although it may disrupt overall sleep quality.
8. Mind Distraction: Alcohol can serve as a distraction from
racing thoughts or worries, allowing individuals to enjoy a
momentary mental break from life's pressures.
9. Creativity Enhancement: Some individuals believe that
alcohol can stimulate creativity or open-mindedness, leading
to a more relaxed state conducive to artistic or self-
expressive activities.
10. Shared Experience: Drinking with friends or family can create
shared moments and bonding experiences, fostering a sense
of unity and relaxation through mutual enjoyment.
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