Chapter 1

Limits and Continuity 1.1 Introduction 1. Limit. We write limx→a f(x) = L and say ”the limit of
f(x), as x approaches a, equals L” if it is possible to make the values of f(x) arbitrarily close to L
by taking x to be sufficiently close to a. 2. Limit - ε, δ Definition. Let f be a function defined on
some open interval that contains a, except possibly at a itself. Then we say that the limit of f(x)
as x approaches a is L, and we write limx→a f(x) = L if for every number ε > 0 there is a δ > 0
such that |f(x) − L| < ε whenever 0 < |x − a| < δ. 3. Limit And Right-hand and Left-hand Limits.
limx→a f(x) = L ⇔ ( lim x→a− f(x) = L and lim x→a+ f(x) = L) 4. Infinite Limit. Let f be a
function defined on a neighborhood of a, except possibly at a itself. Then limx→a f(x) = ∞
means that the values of f(x) can be made arbitrarily large by taking x sufficiently close to a, but
not equal to a. 5. Vertical Asymptote. The line x = a is called a vertical asymptote of the curve y
= f(x) if at least one of the following statements is true: limx→a f(x) = ∞ lim x→a− f(x) = ∞ lim
x→a+ f(x) = ∞ limx→a f(x) = −∞ lim x→a− f(x) = −∞ lim x→a+ f(x) = −∞ 11 12 CHAPTER 1.
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY 6. Limit At Infinity. Let f be a function defined on (a,∞). Then
limx→∞ f(x) = L means that the values of f(x) can be made arbitrarily close to L by taking x
sufficiently large. 7. Horizontal Asymptote. The line y = a is called a horizontal asymptote of the
curve y = f(x) if if at least one of the following statements is true: limx→∞ f(x) = a or lim x→−∞
f(x) = a. 8. Limit Laws. Let c be a constant and let the limits limx→a f(x) and limx→a g(x) exist.
Then (a) limx→a (f(x) ± g(x)) = limx→a f(x) ± limx→a g(x) (b) limx→a (c · f(x)) = c · limx→a
f(x) (c) limx→a (f(x) · g(x)) = limx→a f(x) · limx→a g(x) (d) limx→a f(x) g(x) = limx→a f(x)
limx→a g(x) if limx→a g(x) 6= 0. 9. Squeeze Law. If f(x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) when x is near a (except
possibly at a) and limx→a f(x) = limx→a h(x) = L then limx→a g(x) = L. 10. Trigonometric
Limits. lim θ→0 sin θ θ = 1 and lim θ→0 cos θ − 1 θ = 0. 11. The Number e. limx→0 (1 + x) 1 x
= e and limx→∞ 1 + 1 x x = e. 12. L’Hospital’s Rule. Suppose that f and g are differentiable and
g 0 (x) 6= 0 near a (except possibly at a.) Suppose that limx→a f(x) = 0 and limx→a g(x) = 0 or
that limx→a f(x) = ±∞ and limx→a g(x) = ±∞. Then limx→a f(x) g(x) = limx→a f 0 (x) g 0 (x)
if the limit on the right side exists (or is ∞ or −∞). 13. Continuity. We say that a function f is
continuous at a number a if limx→a f(x) = f(a). 14. Continuity and Limit. If f is continuous at b
and limx→a g(x) = b then limx→a f(g(x)) = f(limx→a g(x)) = f(b). 15. Intermediate Value
Theorem. Let f be continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and let f(a) 6= f(b). For any number M
between f(a) and f(b) there exists a number c in (a, b) such that f(c) = M. 1.2. LIMITS 13 1.2
Limits Evaluate the following limits. Use limit theorems, not ε - δ techniques. If any of them fail
to exist, say so and say why. 1. (a) limx→10 x 2 − 100 x − 10 (b) limx→10 x 2 − 99 x − 10 (c)
limx→10 x 2 − 100 x − 9 (d) limx→10 f(x), where f(x) = x 2 for all x 6= 10, but f(10) = 99. (e)
limx→10 √ −x 2 + 20x − 100 2. limx→−4 x 2 − 16 x + 4 ln |x| 3. limx→∞ x 2 e 4x − 1 − 4x 4.
lim x→−∞ 3x 6 − 7x 5 + x 5x 6 + 4x 5 − 3 5. lim x→−∞ 5x 7 − 7x 5 + 1 2x 7 + 6x 6 − 3 6. lim
x→−∞ 2x + 3x 3 x 3 + 2x − 1 7. lim x→−∞ 5x + 2x 3 x 3 + x − 7 8. lim x→−∞ 3x + |1 − 3x| 1 −
5x 9. limu→∞ u √ u 2 + 1 10. limx→∞ 1 + 3x √ 2x 2 + x 11. limx→∞ √ 4x 2 + 3x − 7 7 − 3x 12.
lim x→1+ √ x − 1 x 2 − 1 13. Let f(x) = ( x 2−1 |x−1| if x 6= 1, 4 if x = 1. Find lim x→1− f(x).
14. Let F(x) = 2x 2−3x |2x−3| . (a) Find lim x→1.5+ F(x). (b) Find lim x→1.5− F(x). (c) Does
limx→1.5 F(x) exist? Provide a reason. 15. limx→8 (x − 8)(x + 2) |x − 8| 16. limx→16 √ x − 4 x
− 16 17. limx→8 √3 x − 2 x − 8 18. Find constants a and b such that limx→0 √ ax + b − 2 x = 1.
19. limx→8 x 1/3 − 2 x − 8 20. limx→∞ √ x 2 + x − x 21. lim x→−∞ √ x 2 + 5x − √ x 2 + 2x
22. limx→∞ √ x 2 − x + 1 − √ x 2 + 1 23. limx→∞ √ x 2 + 3x − 2 − x 14 CHAPTER 1. LIMITS
AND CONTINUITY 24. Is there a number b such that limx→−2 bx2 + 15x + 15 + b x 2 + x − 2
exists? If so, find the value of b and the value of the limit. 25. Determine the value of a so that
f(x) = x 2 + ax + 5 x + 1 has a slant asymptote y = x + 3. 26. Prove that f(x) = ln x x has a
horizontal asymptote y = 0. 27. Let I be an open interval such that 4 ∈ I and let a function f be
defined on a set D = I\{4}. Evaluate limx→4 f(x), where x + 2 ≤ f(x) ≤ x 2 − 10 for all x ∈ D.
28. limx→1 f(x), where 2x − 1 ≤ f(x) ≤ x 2 for all x in the interval (0, 2). 29. Use the squeeze
theorem to show that lim x→0+ √ xesin(1/x) = 0. 30. lim x→0+ (x 2 + x) 1/3 sin 1 x 2 31.
limx→0 x sin e x 32. limx→0 x sin 1 x 2 33. lim x→π/2+ x cot x 34. limx→0 1 − e −x 1 − x
35. limx→0 e −x 2 cos(x 2 ) x 2 36. limx→1 x 76 − 1 x 45 − 1 37. limx→0 (sin x) 100 x 99 sin
2x 38. limx→0 x 100 sin 7x (sin x) 99 39. limx→0 x 100 sin 7x (sin x) 101 40. limx→0 arcsin
3x arcsin 5x 41. limx→0 sin 3x sin 5x 42. limx→0 x 3 sin 1 x2 sin x 43. limx→0 sin x √ x sin
4x 44. limx→0 1 − cos x x sin x 45. limx→∞ x tan(1/x) 46. limx→0 1 sin x − 1 x 47. limx→0
x − sin x x 3 48. lim x→0+ (sin x)(ln sin x) 49. limx→∞ ln x √ x 50. limx→∞ ln 3x x 1.2.
LIMITS 15 51. limx→∞ (ln x ) 2 x 52. limx→1 ln x x 53. limx→0 ln(2 + 2 x ) − ln 2 x 54.
limx→∞ ln((2 x ) 1 / 2 ) ln((3 x ) 1 / 3 ) 55. limx→0 ln(1 + 3 x ) 2 x 56. limx→1 ln(1 + 3 x ) 2 x
57. limθ→π2 + ln(sin θ ) cos θ 58. limx→1 1 − x + ln x 1 + cos(πx ) 59. limx→0 1x2 − 1 tan x
60. limx→0 (cosh x ) 1x2 61. limx→0+ x x 62. limx→0+ x tan x 63. limx→0+ (sin x ) tan x 64.
limx→0 (1 + sin x ) 1x 65. limx→∞ ( x + sin x ) 1x 66. limx→∞ x 1x 67. limx→∞ 1 + sin 3x x
68. limx→0+ ( x + sin x ) 1x 69. limx→0+ x x + 1 x 70. limx→e+ (ln x ) 1 x − e 71. limx→e+
(ln x ) 1x 72. limx→0 e x sin(1/x ) 73. limx→0 (1 − 2 x ) 1/x 74. limx→0+ (1 + 7 x ) 1 / 5 x 75.
limx→0+ (1 + 3 x ) 1 / 8 x 76. limx→0 1 + x2 3/x 77. Let x 1 = 100, and for n ≥ 1, let x n+1 =
12 ( x n + 100 xn ). Assume that L = limn→∞ x n exists, and calculate L. 78. (a) Find limx→0 1
− cos x x 2 , or show that it does not exist. (b) Find limx→2π 1 − cos x x 2 , or show that it does
not exist. (c) Find limx→− 1 arcsin x, or show that it does not exist. 79. Compute the following
limits or state why they do not exist: (a) limh→0 √4 16 + h 2 h (b) limx→1 ln x sin(πx ) 16
CHAPTER 1. LIMITS AND CONTINUITY (c) limu→∞ u √ u 2 + 1 (d) limx→0 (1 − 2x) 1/x
(e) limx→0 (sin x) 100 x 99 sin(2x) (f) limx→∞ 1.01x x 100 80. Find the following limits. If a
limit does not exist, write ’DNE’. No justification necessary. (a) limx→∞ ( √ x 2 + x − x) (b)
limx→0 cot(3x) sin(7x) (c) lim x→0+ x x (d) limx→∞ x 2 e x (e) limx→3 sin x − x x 3 81.
Evaluate the following limits, if they exist. (a) limx→0 f(x) |x| given that limx→0 xf(x) = 3. (b)
limx→1 sin(x − 1) x 2 + x − 2 (c) lim x→−∞ √ x 2 + 4x 4x + 1 (d) limx→∞ (e x + x) 1/x 82.
Evaluate the following limits, if they exist. (a) limx→4 1 √ x − 2 − 4 x − 4 (b) limx→1 x 2 − 1
e 1−x2 − 1 (c) limx→0 (sin x)(ln x) 83. Evaluate the following limits. Use ”∞” or ”−∞” where
appropriate. (a) lim x→1− x + 1 x 2 − 1 (b) limx→0 sin 6x 2x (c) limx→0 sinh 2x xex (d) lim
x→0+ (x 0.01 ln x) 84. Use the definition of limits to prove that limx→0 x 3 = 0. 85. (a) Sketch
an approximate graph of f(x) = 2x 2 on [0, 2]. Show on this graph the points P(1, 0) and Q(0, 2).
When using the precise definition of limx→1 f(x) = 2, a number δ and another number are used.
Show points on the graph which these values determine. (Recall that the interval determined by δ
must not be greater than a particular interval determined by .) (b) Use the graph to find a positive
number δ so that whenever |x − 1| < δ it is always true that |2x 2 − 2| < 1 4 . 1.3. CONTINUITY
17 (c) State exactly what has to be proved to establish this limit property of the function f. 86. If f
0 is continuous, use L’Hospital’s rule to show that lim h→0 f(x + h) − f(x − h) 2h = f 0 (x).
Explain the meaning of this equation with the aid of a diagram. 1.3 Continuity 1. Given the
function f(x) = c − x if x ≤ π c sin x if x > π (a) Find the values of the constant c so that the
function f(x) is continuous. (b) For the value of c found above verify whether the 3 conditions for
continuity are satisfied. (c) Draw a graph of f(x) from x = −π to x = 3π indicating the scaling
used. 2. (a) Use the Intermediate Value Property to show that 2x = 10 x for some x > 0. (b) Show
that the equation 2x = 10 x has no solution for x < 0. 3. Sketch a graph of the function f(x) = 2
− x 2 if 0 ≤ x < 1 5 2 if x = 1 |2 − x| if 1 < x ≤ 3 1 x−3 if 3 < x ≤ 5 2 + sin(2πx) if 5 < x ≤ 6 2 if x
> 6 Answer the following questions by TRUE or FALSE: (a) Is f continuous at: i. x = 1? ii. x =
6? 18 CHAPTER 1. LIMITS AND CONTINUITY (b) Do the following limits exist? i. limx→1
f(x) ii. lim x→3− f(x) (c) Is f differentiable i. at x = 1? ii. on (1, 3)? 4. Assume that f(x) = 2 + √
x if x ≥ 1 x 2 + 5 2 if x < 1 (a) Determine whether or not f is continuous at x = 1. Justify your
answer and state your conclusion. (b) Using the definition of the derivative, determine f 0 (1). 5.
Give one example of a function f(x) that is continuous for all values of x except x = 3, where it
has a removable discontinuity. Explain how you know that f is discontinuous at x = 3, and how
you know that the discontinuity is removable. 1.4 Miscellaneous 1. (a) Solve the following
equation: π x+1 = e. (b) Solve the following equation: 23 x = 10. 2. Find the domain of the
function f(x) = ln(ln(ln x)) x−3 + sin x. 3. (a) What is meant by saying that L is the limit of f(x)
as x approaches a? (b) What is meant by saying that the function f(x) is continuous at x = a? (c)
State two properties that a continuous function f(x) can have, either of which guarantees the
function is not differentiable at x = a. Draw an example for each.
Chapter 2

Differentiation Rules 2.1 Introduction 1. Derivative. The derivative of a function f at a number a

is f 0 (a) = lim h→0 f(a + h) − f(a) h if this limit exists. 2. Tangent Line. An equation of the
tangent line to y = f(x) at (a, f(a)) is given by y − f(a) = f 0 (a)(x − a). 3. Product and Quotient
Rules. If f and g are both differentiable, then (fg) 0 = f · g 0 + g · f 0 and f g 0 = g · f 0 − f · g 0
g 2 , with g(x) 6= 0. 4. Chain Rule If f and g are both differentiable and F = f ◦g is the composite
function defined by F(x) = f(g(x)), then F is differentiable and F 0 is given by F 0 (x) = f 0 (g(x))
· g 0 (x). 5. Implicit Differentiation. Let a function y = y(x) be implicitly defined by F(x, y) =
G(x, y). To find the derivative y 0 do the following: (a) Use the chain rule to differentiate both
sides of the given equation, thinking of x as the independent variable. (b) Solve the resulting
equation for dy dx. 6. The Method of Related Rates. If two variables are related by an equation
and both are functions of a third variable (such as time), we can find a relation 19 20 CHAPTER
2. DIFFERENTIATION RULES between their rates of change. We say the rates are related, and
we can compute one if we know the other. We proceed as follows: (a) Identify the independent
variable on which the other quantities depend and assign it a symbol, such as t. Also, assign
symbols to the variable quantities that depend on t. (b) Find an equation that relates the
dependent variables. (c) Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to t (using the chain
rule if necessary). (d) Substitute the given information into the related rates equation and solve
for the unknown rate. 2.2 Derivatives 1. (a) Assume that f(x) is a real-valued function defined for
all real numbers x on an open interval whose center is a certain real number a. What does it mean
to say that f(x) has a derivative f 0 (a) at x = a, and what is the value of f 0 (a)? (Give the
definition of f 0 (a).) (b) Use the definition of f 0 (a) you have just given in part (a) to show that
if f(x) = 1 2x − 1 then f 0 (3) = −0.08. (c) Find lim h→0 sin7 π 6 + h 2 − 1 2 7 h . 2. Let I be a
bounded function on R and define f by f(x) = x 2 I(x). Show that f is differentiable at x = 0. 3.
Use the definition of derivative to find f 0 (2) for f(x) = x + 1 x . 4. If g is continuous (but not
differentiable) at x = 0, g(0) = 8, and f(x) = xg(x), find f 0 (0). 5. (a) State the definition of the
derivative of f(x) at x = a. (b) Using the definition of the derivative of f(x) at x = 4, find the value
of f 0 (4) if f(x) = √ 5 − x. 6. Let f be a function that is continuous everywhere and let F(x) = f(x)
sin2 x x if x 6= 0, 0 if x = 2.2. DERIVATIVES 21 Use the definition of derivatives to evaluate F
0 (0). Your answer should be in terms of f. 7. The function f(x) = e x if x ≤ 1 mx + b if x > 1 is
continuous and differentiable at x = 1. Find the values for the constants m and b. 8. Suppose the
functions F(x) and G(x) satisfy the following properties: F(3) = 2, G(3) = 4, G(0) = 3 F 0 (3) =
−1, G0 (3) = 0, G0 (0) = 0 (a) If S(x) = F(x) G(x) , find S 0 (3). Simplify your answer. (b) If T(x)
= F(G(x)), find T 0 (0). Simplify your answer. (c) If U(x) = ln(F(x)), find U 0 (3). Simplify your
answer. 9. Suppose that f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions and that h(x) = f(x)g(x). You
are given the following table of values: h(1) 24 g(1) 6 f 0 (1) −2 h 0 (1) 20 Using the table, find g
0 (1). 10. Given F(x) = f 2 (g(x)), g(1) = 2, g 0 (1) = 3, f(2) = 4, and f 0 (2) = 5, find F 0 (1). 11.
Compute the derivative of f(x) = x x − 2 by (a) using the limit definition of the derivative; (b)
using the quotient rule. 12. (a) Write down the formula for the derivative of f(x) = tan x. State
how you could use formulas for derivatives of the sine and cosine functions to derive this
formula. (DO NOT do this derivation.) (b) Use the formula given in part (a) to derive the
formula for the derivative of the arctangent function. 22 CHAPTER 2. DIFFERENTIATION
RULES (c) Use formulas indicated in parts (a) and (b) to evaluate and simplify the derivative of
g(x) = tan(x 2 ) + arctan(x 2 ) at x = √ π 2 . That is, you want to compute a simplified expression
for g 0 √ π 2 . 13. If g(x) = 2x 3 + ln x is the derivative of f(x), find limx→0 f(1 + x) − f(1) x .
14. Find limx→0 √ 1 + x + (1 + x) 7 − 2 x . 15. Let f(x) = x 2 sin 1 x if x 6= 0, and f(0) = 0.
Find f 0 (0) (or say why it doesn’t exist.) 16. Let f(x) = 2x + cos x. Say why f(x) is an increasing
function for all x. Let g(x) = f −1 (x), and calculate g 0 (0). 17. Show that d dx(sin−1 x) = 1 √ 1 −
x 2 . 18. Suppose that f is a differentiable function such that f(g(x)) = x, and f 0 (x) = 1 + (f(x))2 .
Show that g 0 (x) = 1 1 + x 2 . 19. If y = √ x 2 + 1 − √ x 2 − 1 √ x 2 + 1 + √ x 2 − 1 , show that dy
dx = 2x − 2x 3 √ x 4 − 1 . 20. Let f be be a function differentiable on R and such that for all x 6=
2, f(x) = x 4 − 16 x − 2 . Find f (4)(2). 21. Given y = 1 x + cos 2x, find d 5 y dx5 . Simplify your
answer. 22. Find the values of A and B that make f(x) = x 2 + 1 if x ≥ 0 A sin x + B cos x if x <
0 differentiable at x = 0. 2.2. DERIVATIVES 23 23. If f and g are two functions for which f 0 = g
and g 0 = f for all x, then prove that f 2 − g 2 must be a constant. 24. Show that if f and g are
twice differentiable functions (i.e. both have continuous second derivatives) then (fg)” = f”g + 2f
0 g 0 + fg”. 25. Find y 0 when y = (x + 2)3 ln x (x 2 + 1)1/2 . 26. Find y 0 when y = e 4 cosh √ x
. 27. Find f 0 (0) for the function f(x) = sin−1 (x 2 + x) + 5x . 28. Given y = √ 1 + 2x √4 1 + 4x
√6 1 + 6x . . . 100√ 1 + 100x √3 1 + 3x √5 1 + 5x √7 1 + 7x . . . 101√ 1 + 101x , find y 0 at x = 0.
29. The following questions involve derivatives. (a) Evaluate Dt cos−1 (cosh(e −3t )), without
simplifying your answer. (b) Use logarithmic differentiation to find y 0 (u) as a function of u
alone, where y(u) = (u + 1)(u + 2) (u 2 + 1)(u 2 + 2)1/3 , without simplifying your answer. 30.
Differentiate y = cosh(arcsin(x 2 ln x)). 31. Given y = tan(cos−1 (e 4x )), find dy dx. Do not
simplify your answer. Find the derivatives of the following functions: 32. (a) y = e cos x 2 (b) y
= x 20 arctan x (c) y = x ln x 33. (a) y = e 3 ln(2x+1) (b) y = x 2x (c) y = e 2x (x 2 + 1)3 (1 + sin
x) 5 (d) x 2 + 2xy2 = 3y + 4 34. (a) y = x sinh x (b) ln(x + y) = xy − y 3 35. (a) y = sec(sinh x)
(b) e x + e y = x e + y e + e 3 36. (a) f(x) = 3x 2 + 1 e x (b) g(z) = sin √ z 2 + 1 (c) f(x) = x x 24
CHAPTER 2. DIFFERENTIATION RULES (d) h(y) = rcos y y 37. (a) f(x) = 1 x + 1 x (b) g(x) =
ln(√ x 2 + 1 sin4 x) 38. (a) f(x) = arctan(√ x) (b) f(x) = cosh(5 ln x) 39. (a) f(x) = 103x (b) f(x) =
x 10 tanh x (c) f(x) = x cos x 40. (a) f(x) = x x 2 (b) f(x) = ln(cos 3x) 41. (a) f(x) = (x − 1)2 (x +
1)3 (b) f(x) = 22x − (x 2 + 1)2/3 (c) f(x) = tan2 (x 2 ) (d) f(x) = x arctan x (e) Compute f 000(x)
where f(x) = sinh(2x). 42. (a) f(x) = 5x + x 5 + 5x + √5 x + ln 5 (b) y = x 10 tanh x (c) y = (ln x)
cos x 43. (a) f(x) = ln(sinh x) (b) f(x) = e x cos x (c) f(x) = sin x 1 + cos x (d) f(x) = x x 44. (a)
f(x) = g(x 3 ), where g 0 (x) = 1 x2 (b) f(x) = x 2 sin2 (2x 2 ) (c) f(x) = (x + 2)x 45. (a) y = sec √
x 2 + 1 (b) y = x e x 46. (a) y = x 3 + 3x + x 3x (b) y = e −5x cosh 3x (c) tan−1 y x = 1 2 ln(x 2 +
y 2 ) (d) y = x 5 e x 3√3 x 2 + 1 (x + 1)4 47. (a) f(x) = ln(x 2 − 3x + 8) sec(x 2 + 7x) (b) f(x) =
arctan(cosh(2x − 3)) (c) f(x) = cos(e 3x−4 ) (d) f(x) = (tan x) ln x+x 2 (e) f(x) = (sec2 x − tan2 x)
45 48. (a) h(t) = e − tan( t 3 ) (b) 2y 2/3 = 4y 2 ln x (c) f(y) = 3log7 (arcsin y) 49. (a) f(x) = sin−1
(x 2 + x) + 5x (b) g(x) = cosh √ x+1 x2−3 50. (a) f(x) = sinh−1 (2x ) e 4x + a , a ∈ R (b) g(x) =
(2 + cos(3x 2 ))e πx 3 √ x 51. (a) Find d 2 y dx2 if y = arctan(x 2 ). (b) y = x √ x 2.3. RELATED
RATES 25 2.3 Related Rates 1. A ladder 15 ft long rests against a vertical wall. Its top slides
down the wall while its bottom moves away along the level ground at a speed of 2 ft/s. How fast
is the angle between the top of the ladder and the wall changing when the angle is π/3 radians? 2.
A ladder 12 meters long leans against a wall. The foot of the ladder is pulled away from the wall
at the rate 1 2 m/min. At what rate is the top of the ladder falling when the foot of the ladder is 4
meters from the wall? 3. A rocket R is launched vertically and its tracked from a radar station S
which is 4 miles away from the launch site at the same height above sea level. At a certain
instant after launch, R is 5 miles away from S and the distance from R to S is increasing at a rate
of 3600 miles per hour. Compute the vertical speed v of the rocket at this instant. 4. A boat is
pulled into a dock by means of a rope attached to a pulley on the dock, Figure 2.1. The rope is
attached to the bow of the boat at a point 1 m below the pulley. If the rope is pulled through the
pulley at a rate of 1 m/sec, at what rate will the boat be approaching the dock when 10 m of rope
is out. Figure 2.1: Boat, Pulley, and Dock 26 CHAPTER 2. DIFFERENTIATION RULES 5. A
person (A) situated at the edge of the river observes the passage of a speed boat going
downstream. The boat travels exactly through the middle of the river (at the distance d from the
riverbank.) The river is 10 m wide. When the boat is at θ = 600 (see figure) the observer
measures the rate of change of the angle θ to be 2 radians/second. ❄ ✻ w = 10 m s A d y ✧ ✧
✧ ✧ ✧ θ z s v✲ What is the speed, v, of the speed boat at that instant? 6. An airplane flying
horizontally at an altitude of y = 3 km and at a speed of 480 km/h passes directly above an
observer on the ground. How fast is the distance D from the observer to the airplane increasing
30 seconds later? 7. An airplane flying horizontally at a constant height of 1000 m above a fixed
radar station. At a certain instant the angle of elevation θ at the station is π 4 radians and
decreasing at a rate of 0.1 rad/sec. What is the speed of the aircraft at this moment. 8. A kite is
rising vertically at a constant speed of 2 m/s from a location at ground level which is 8 m away
from the person handling the string of the kite. y z 8m kite x (a) Let z be the distance from the
kite to the person. Find the rate of change of z with respect to time t when z = 10. (b) Let x be the
angle the string makes with the horizontal. Find the rate of change of x with respect to time t
when the kite is y = 6 m above ground. 2.3. RELATED RATES 27 9. A balloon is rising at a
constant speed 4m/sec. A boy is cycling along a straight road at a speed of 8m/sec. When he
passes under the balloon, it is 36 metres above him. How fast is the distance between the boy and
balloon increasing 3 seconds later. 10. A helicopter takes off from a point 80 m away from an
observer located on the ground, and rises vertically at 2 m/s. At what rate is elevation angle of
the observer’s line of sight to the helicopter changing when the helicopter is 60 m above the
ground. 11. An oil slick on a lake is surrounded by a floating circular containment boom. As the
boom is pulled in, the circular containment boom. As the boom is pulled in, the circular
containment area shrinks (all the while maintaining the shape of a circle.) If the boom is pulled in
at the rate of 5 m/min, at what rate is the containment area shrinking when it has a diameter of
100m? 12. Consider a cube of variable size. (The edge length is increasing.) Assume that the
volume of the cube is increasing at the rate of 10 cm3/minute. How fast is the surface area
increasing when the edge length is 8 cm? 13. The height of a rectangular box is increasing at a
rate of 2 meters per second while the volume is decreasing at a rate of 5 cubic meters per second.
If the base of the box is a square, at what rate is one of the sides of the base decreasing, at the
moment when the base area is 64 square meters and the height is 8 meters? 14. Sand is pouring
out of a tube at 1 cubic meter per second. It forms a pile which has the shape of a cone. The
height of the cone is equal to the radius of the circle at its base. How fast is the sandpile rising
when it is 2 meters high? 15. A water tank is in the shape of a cone with vertical axis and vertex
downward. The tank has radius 3 m and is 5 m high. At first the tank is full of water, but at time t
= 0 (in seconds), a small hole at the vertex is opened and the water begins to drain. When the
height of water in the tank has dropped to 3 m, the water is flowing out at 2 m3/s. At what rate,
in meters per second, is the water level dropping then? 16. A boy starts walking north at a speed
of 1.5 m/s, and a girl starts walking west at the same point P at the same time at a speed of 2 m/s.
At what rate is the distance between the boy and the girl increasing 6 seconds later? 17. At noon
of a certain day, the ship A is 60 miles due north of the ship B. If the ship A sails east at speed of
15 miles per hour and B sails north at speed 28 CHAPTER 2. DIFFERENTIATION RULES of
12.25 miles per hour, determine how rapidly the distance between them is changing 4 hours
later? 18. A lighthouse is located on a small island three (3) km off-shore from the nearest point
P on a straight shoreline. Its light makes four (4) revolutions per minute. How fast is the light
beam moving along the shoreline when it is shining on a point one (1) km along the shoreline
from P? 19. A police car, approaching right-angled intersection from the north, is chasing a
speeding SUV that has turned the corner and is now moving straight east. When the police car is
0.6 km north of intersection and the SUV is 0.8 km east of intersection, the police determine with
radar that the distance between them and the SUV is increasing at 20 km/hr. If the police car is
moving at 60 km/hr at the instant of measurement, what is the speed of the SUV? 2.4 Tangent
Lines and Implicit Differentiation 1. At what point on the curve y = sinh x does the tangent line
have a slope of 1? 2. Find the point(s) on the graph y = x 3 where the line through the point (4, 0)
is tangent to y. 3. (a) Find arcsin − 1 √ 2 (b) Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of
y = arcsin x when x = − 1 √ 2 . 4. Find the equation of the line that is tangent to the graph of y =
√ x − 1 √ x at x = 1. 5. Let C be the curve y = (x − 1)3 and let L be the line 3y + x = 0. (a) Find
the equation of all lines that are tangent to C and are also perpendicular to L. (b) Draw a labeled
diagram showing the curve C, the line L, and the line(s) of your solution to part (a). For each line
of your solution, mark on the diagram the point where it is tangent to C and (without necessarily
calculating the coordinates) the point where it is perpendicular to L. 2.4. TANGENT LINES
AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 29 6. Find dy dx for the curve e y ln(x + y) + 1 = cos(xy)
at the point (1, 0). Find dy dx if: 7. x 5 + y 5 = 5xy 8. x y = y x 9. e y − 3 x = x sinh y 10. sinh x
− cos y = x 2 y 11. ln(x − y) = xy + y 3 12. Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve y + x ln
y − 2x = 0 at the point (1/2, 1). 13. Use implicit differentiation to answer the following: (a) Find
the tangent line to the graph of sin(x + y) = y 2 cos x at (0, 0). (b) Show that the tangent lines to
the graph of x 2−xy+y 2 = 3, at the points where the graph crosses the x-axis, are parallel to each
other. 14. The curve implicitly defined by x sin y + y sin x = π passes through the point P = P π 2
, π 2 . (a) Find the slope of the tangent line through P. (b) Write the tangent line through P. 15.
Write the equation of the line tangent to the curve sin(x + y) = xex+y at the origin (0, 0). 16. Find
the slope of the tangent line to the curve xy = 6e 2x−3y at the point (3, 2). 17. (a) Find dy dx for
the function defined implicitly by x 2 y +ay2 = b, where a and b are fixed constants. (b) For the
function defined in part (a) find the values of the constants a and b if the point (1, 1) is on the
graph and the tangent line at (1, 1) is 4x + 3y = 7. 18. Let l be any tangent to the curve √ x + √y =
√ k, k > 0. Show that the sum of the x-intercept and the y-intercept of l is k. 30 CHAPTER 2.
DIFFERENTIATION RULES 19. Show that the length of the portion of any tangent line to the
curve x 2/3 + y 2/3 = 9, cut off by the coordinate axis is constant. What is this length? 20. Let C
denote the circle whose equation is (x − 5)2 + y 2 = 25. Notice that the point (8, −4) lies on the
circle C. Find the equation of the line that is tangent to C at the point (8, −4). 21. The so called
devil’s curve is described by the equation y 2 (y 2 − 4) = x 2 (x 2 − 5). (a) Compute the
y-intercept of the curve. (b) Use implicit differentiation to find an expression for dy dx at the
point (x, y). (c) Give an equation for the tangent line to curve at (√ 5, 0). 22. The equation e y
+y(x−2) = x 2 −8 defines y implicitly as a function of x near the point (3, 0). (a) Determine the
value of y 0 at this point. (b) Use the linear approximation to estimate the value of y when x =
2.98. 23. The equation e y + y(x − 3) = x 2 − 15 defines y implicitly as a function of x near the
point A(4, 0). (a) Determine the values of y 0 and y” at this point. (b) Use the tangent line
approximation to estimate the value of y when x = 3.95. (c) Is the true value of y greater or less
than the approximation in part (b)? Make a sketch showing how the curve relates to the tangent
line near the point A(4, 0).