Chapter 11 Study Guide
1. Describe the five different ways fascicles can be arranged to form skeletal muscles.
Circular: arranged in a circular pattern
Convergent: very large, start off broad then become a slimmer tendon attached to bone
Fusiform: both ends of muscles is narrow
Parallel: very long and thin muscle, arranged parallel to each other
Pennate: arranged obliquely (at an angle)
Multipennate: multiple of them
Bipenneate: two of them
Unipennate: One
2. What are the seven criteria that can be used to name a muscle?
1. muscle action
2. Specific body regions/locations
3. Muscle attachments
4. Orientation of muscle fibers
5. Muscle shape
6. Muscle shape
7. Number of muscle heads at an attachment site
BODY REGION
Abdominal Abdomen Rectus abdominis
Brachial Arm Biceps branchii
Carpal Wrist Flexor carpi ulnaris
Digital Fingers/toes Extensor digiti
minimi
Femoral Thigh Rectus femoris
Gluteal Buttocks Gluteus maximus
Hallux Big toe extensor hallucis
longus
Oculi Eye Orbicularis oculi
Oral Mouth Orbicularis oris
Pectoral Chest Pectoralis minor
Pollux Thumb Abductor pollicis
longus
Action Definition Example
Abduction Pulls away from Abductor
the midline pollicis longus
Adduction Pulls towards the Adductor
midline magnus
Depression Pulls down Depressor
anguli oris
Erection Holds erect/ Erector spinae
straight
Extension Increases the Extensor
angle between digitorum
bones longus
Flexion Decreases the Flexor carpi
angle between radialis
bones
Levitation Raises a body Levator
part palpebrae
superioris
Pronation Turns palm Pronator teres
posteriorly
Supination Turns palm Supinator
anteriorly
Muscle Definition Example
Location
Anterior Toward the Tibialis anterior
front
External Toward the External
outside intercostal
Infra Below Infraspinatus
Intercostal Between the Internal
ribs intercostal
Internal Toward the Internal oblique
inside
Supra Above Supraspinatus
Muscle attachments:
Skeletal muscles begin and end at distinct anatomical locations
! Origin: anchoring point on bone
! Insertion: tendon attaches to bone
OR
! Axial muscles
! Superior vs inferior attachment
! Superior attachments are more moveable than inferior
! Appendicular muscles
! Proximal vs distal attachments
! Distal attachments are more moveable than proximal
ORIENTATION OF MUSCLE FIBER
Muscle Fiber
Definition Example
Orientation
Oblique At an angle External oblique
Orbicular Circular Orbicularis oculi
Rectus Straight Rectus femoris
Across/ Transversus
Transversus
transverse abdominis
MUSCLE SHAPE
Muscle Shape Definition Example
Deltoid Triangular Deltoid
Quadratus Rectangle Pronator
quadratus
Rhomboid Rhombus Rhomboid
major
Serratus Serrated/ Serratus
jagged anterior
Trapezius Trapezoid Trapezius
MUSCLE SIZE
Muscle Shape Definition Example
Deltoid Triangular Deltoid
Quadratus Rectangle Pronator
quadratus
Rhomboid Rhombus Rhomboid major
Serratus Serrated/ Serratus
jagged anterior
Trapezius Trapezoid Trapezius
NUMBER OF MUSCLE HEAD ATTACHMENTS
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
(Multiple individual muscles working together to perform a movement/action)
Agonists
prime mover, provide most force
Synergist
Muscle Heads Definition Example
Biceps Two heads Biceps femoris
Quadriceps Four heads Quadriceps
femoris
Triceps Three heads Triceps brachii
aid agonist, provide supplemental force
(What one muscle “does”, another “undoes”
antagonists
opposite action of agonist, usually located on opposite side of bone/joint
a. Take each of the muscles you are required to know and break down their names.
i. Are they named after their function, region, size, etc.?
3. Muscles are categorized based on their role in a specific movement. Roles depend on the movement
that you’re interested in. Define the three functional groups of groups of skeletal muscles.
a. Complete the flowing table of select examples. Recommended to do this for all actions.
Movement Agonist Synergist Antagonist
Mandible depression
Arm abduction
Thigh flexion
Leg extension
Plantarflexion
4. Complete the following tables of the muscles you need to know for the exam. You should know
general location and actions. Review Chapter 9 for joint movements.
Muscles of the Face (mostly insert into face skin, rather than across joints)
Location/Description/Something to help
Muscle Name Action
you remember
Elevates eyebrow. Wrinkles Located on the forehead
Occipitofrontalis forehead
Above and below the eye, around
Orbicularis Oculi
Closes eye
Levator Palpebrae Behind the eye
Superioris Elevated upper eyelid
Closes mouth, puckers lips Right below the bottom lip
Orbicularis Oris
Pulls corners of the mouth Next to the chin
Depressor Anguli Oris inferiorly to frown
Protrudes lower lip Middle of the chin
Mentalis
Tenses skin of neck and Lateral sides of neck
Platysma pulls lower lip inferiorly
Component of the cheek
Buccinator
Compresses cheek
Cheek bone
Zygomaticus Major
Elevates corners of mouth
Covers nasal bone
Nasalis
Flares nostrils
Muscles of Mastication
Location/Description/Something to help
Muscle Name Action
you remember
Elevates and retracts mandible
Temporalis Located in temporal bone
Elevates mandible PRIME
Masseter Cheek bone
MOVER COMPARED TO
TEMPORALIS
Depresses and protracts
Lateral Pterygoid Deep to temporals and masseter
mandible. Moves mandible side
to side
Sternocleidomast Splenius Capitis
Splenius Cervicis
Muscles that Move the Head and Neck
Location/Description/Something to
Muscle Name Action
help you remember
Anterolateral Muscles
Example of bilateral contraction
Neck flexion. Bilateral movement: Chin trying to touch the
contraction neck and moving head back. YES
Sternocleidomastoid MOVEMENT
Rotate head to opposite same Unilateral contraction is moving
side. Unilateral contraction head left and right. NO
MOVEMENT
Posterior Muscles
Bilateral: extend neck. YES
Extend neck: bilateral
MOVEMENT
Splenius Capitis and Cervicis contraction
Unilateral contraction. NO
Rotate head to same side:
MOVEMENT
unilateral contraction
Muscles that Move the Vertebral Column
Location/Description/Something to
Muscle Name Action
help you remember
1)- Spinalis Extends vertebral
column. Bilateral contraction
lateral flection of vertebral
column
Unilateral contraction
2) Longissiums extend
vertebral column, bilateral
contraction. Lateral flection of
Erector Spinae vertebral column
(iliocostalis, longissmus, Unilateral contraction
spinalis) 3) Iliocostalis extend vertebral
column, bilateral contraction.
Lateral flection of vertebral
column
Unilateral contraction
Muscles of Respiration
Location/Description/Something to
Muscle Name Action
help you remember
Diaphragm Inspiration, flattens floor of
thoracic cavity. PRIME MOVER
Inspiration. Elevates rib cage
External Intercostals
Expiration. Depresses rib cage
Internal Intercostals
Muscles of Abdominal Wall
Location/Description/Something to
Muscle Name Action
help you remember
Compresses abdominal cavity
Flexes trunk- abdomen closer to
Rectus Abdominis What gives us a “6 pack”
thigh. “Sit up”
Compresses abdominal cavity
Flexes trunk- abdomen closer to
thigh. “Sit up”. laterally flexes and Superficial to internal oblique and
External Oblique
rotates trunk- (One side of transverse abdominis
abdomen closer to thigh)
Compresses abdominal cavity
Flexes trunk. abdomen closer to Deep to external oblique but
Internal Oblique
thigh. “Sit up”. laterally flexes and superficial to transverse abdominis
rotates trunk- (One side of
abdomen closer to thigh)
Deep to the external and internal
Transversus Abdominis Compresses abdominal cavity.
oblique
Overview of pectoral girdle:
Bones:
clavicle- (unmovable)
scapula
Function
support
muscle attachment
mobility
Superior Abduction
Inferior Adduction
Muscles that Move the Scapula
Location/Description/Something
Muscle Name Action
to help you remember
Anterior Muscles
Protraction and depression of
Pectoralis Minor scapula Deep muscle of pectorals major
Deep muscle located in the lateral
Protraction of scapula
Serratus Anterior side of the thoracic cavity. Jab
movement of the scapula
Posterior Muscles
Deep muscle of trapezius. Most
Levator Scapulae Elevates the scapula superficial
Deep muscle of trapezius. Most
Elevates, retracts and inferiorly
Rhomboids Major and Minor deep
rotates the scapula
Elevates and superiorly rotates
the scapula
Retracts the scapula (middle
Trapezius portion) Superficial muscle
Depresses the scapula (inferior
portion)
Label the movements of the scapula on the figures below.
B Levation. Levator scapulae muscle and superior portion of trapezius
D. superior and inferior rotation
of scapula
Muscles that Move the Arm at the Shoulder Joint
Location/Description/Something
Muscle Name Action
to help you remember
Flexes arm and adducts PRIME
Pectoralis Major
MOVER
Medially rotates the arm
Flexes arm
Biceps Brachii Flexes and supinates forearm
Abducts arm PRIME MOVER
Deltoid Looks like a triangle
Flexes and medially rotates arm
Extends and laterally rotates arm
Extends arm PRIME MOVER
Latissimus Dorsi Adducts and medially rotates arm
Extends, adducts and medially
Teres Major rotates arm
Extends and adducts arm
Triceps Brachii Extends forearm
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Subscapularis Anterior side of scapula
Medially rotates arm
Abducts arm
Supraspinatus Posterior side of scapula
Laterally rotates arm
Infraspinatus Posterior side of scapula
Laterally rotates arm
Teres Minor Posterior side of scapula
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Muscles that Move the Forearm at the Elbow Joint
Location/Description/Something
Muscle Name Action
to help you remember
Anterior Arm Compartment
Flexes arm
Biceps Brachii Flexes and supinates forearm
Flexes the forearm PRIME MOVER
Brachialis
Flexes the forearm
Assist in pronation and supination of
Brachioradialis
forearm
Posterior Arm Compartment
Extends and adducts arm
Extends forearm
Triceps brachii
PRIME MOVE
Anterior Forearm Compartment
Pronates forearm
Pronator Teres
Triceps Brachii
Pronator Teres
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Muscles that Move the Hand at the Wrist Joint and Fingers
Location/Description/Something
Muscle Name Action
to help you remember
Anterior Forearm Compartment
Flexes hand
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexes hand
Flexor Digitorum Flexes hands and digits 2-5
Superficialis
Posterior Forearm Compartment
Extends hand
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Extends 5th finger
Extends hand and digits 2-5
Extensor Digitorum
Extensor Carpi Radialis
Longus extends hand
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Extensor Digitorum Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Muscles that Move the Thigh at the Hip Joint
Location/Description/Something
Muscle Name Action
to help you remember
Anterior Compartment
Flexes thigh
Psoas Major
Psoas major and lilacs come
Iliacus Flexes thigh together to form lliospsoas which
is the prime mover
Rectus Femoris
flexes thigh and extends leg
Flexes thigh and extends leg
Sartorius
Posterior Compartment
Largest
Extends thigh
Gluteus Maximus
PRIME MOVER
Laterally rotates thigh
Abducts thigh Medius
Gluteus Medius Medially rotates thigh
Tensor Fascia Latae
Adductor Longus
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Smallest
Gluteus Minimus Abduts thigh
Medially rotates thigh
Hamstrings (list them) Extends thigh and flexes leg Biceps femoris: lateral muscle
1._biceps femoris semimembranosus: medial,
_______________ smaller than semitendinosus.
2._semimembranosus_____ “Bun”
__________ Semitemdinosus: medial has a
3.__semitendinosus larger tendon than
______________ semimembranosus. “Hot dog”
Lateral Compartment
Lliotibal tract Proximal and lateral aspect of
Tensor Fasciae Latae Abducts, flexes and medially thigh
rotates thigh
Medial Compartment
Adductor Longus Adducts, flexes and medially
rotates thigh
Adductor Magnus Adducts, flexes and medially Deep to adductor longs
rotates thigh
Adducts, flexes and medially
Gracilis
rotates thigh.
Flexes leg
Muscles that Move the Leg at the Knee Joint
Location/Description/Something
Muscle Name Action
to help you remember
Anterior Compartment
Quadriceps (list them) Flexes thigh- ONLY rectus 1. rectus femoris: large, center of
femoris thigh
1. _rectus femoris Extends leg all 4 2. vastus lateralis: lateral to rectus
_______________ femoris
2. __vastus lateralis 3. __vastus medialis: medial to
______________ rectus femoris
3. __vastus medialis 4. vastus intermedius: in-between
______________ vastus lateralis and vastus
4. ___vastus intermedius medialis. DEEP to rectus
_____________ femoris
Flexes thigh
Sartorius Flexes leg
Adducts, flexes and medially
Gracilis
rotates thigh
Flexes leg
Posterior Compartment
Flexes leg PRIME MOVER Opposite of quariceps
Hamstrings
Muscles that Move the Feet at the Ankle Joint and Toes
Location/Description/Something
Muscle Name Action
to help you remember
Anterior Compartment
dorsiflexion of the foot
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extension of toes 2-5
dorsiflexion of the foot In-between the extensor digitorum
Extensor Hallucis Longus
extension of big toe longus and tibias anterior
Dorsiflexion of the foot PRIME Lateral to tibia
Tibialis Anterior MOVER
Inversion of the foot
Posterior Compartment
Plantar flexion of foot PRIME
Gastrocnemius MOVER
Plantar flexion of foot PRIME
Soleus MOVER
plantar flexion of the foot
Tibialis Posterior inversion of the foot
plantar flexion of the foot
Flexor Digitorum Longus
flexion of toes 2-5
plantarflexion of the foot Lateral to flexor digitorum longus
Flexor Hallucis Longus
flexion of big toe
Lateral Compartment
Fibularis Longus Plantar flexion of foot
Eversion of the foot PRIME
MOVER
Fibularis Brevis Plantarflexion of the foot
Eversion of foot PRIME MOVER
ALSO
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Calcaneal
(Achilles) Tendon
Calcaneus Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Gastrocnemius
(cut)
Soleus