Scribd
Upload
23 views10 pages

Electromotive Forces in Circuit Analysis

This lecture covers circuits with electromotive forces (EMF), focusing on concepts such as Ohm's law, internal resistance, and circuit analysis. It explains the relationship between EMF, voltage, and current in circuits, as well as the efficiency and power calculations. Additionally, it introduces Kirchhoff's laws for analyzing complex circuits and provides methods for identifying circuit segments and loops.

Uploaded by

naeem20nasser
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views10 pages

Electromotive Forces in Circuit Analysis

This lecture covers circuits with electromotive forces (EMF), focusing on concepts such as Ohm's law, internal resistance, and circuit analysis. It explains the relationship between EMF, voltage, and current in circuits, as well as the efficiency and power calculations. Additionally, it introduces Kirchhoff's laws for analyzing complex circuits and provides methods for identifying circuit segments and loops.

Uploaded by

naeem20nasser
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

LECTURE 2

CIRCUITS WITH ELECTROMOTIVE FORCES

Main things to learn  Electromotive force


 Ohm’s law for a circuit with a battery
 Internal resistance
 Useful power and efficiency
 Potential difference and EMF
 Second Kirchhoff’s law
 Analysis of a circuit
POWER SUPPLY

Electric current I flows in closed circuits in which there is


a voltage source or a power supply or a battery

– +
Symbol: Another possible symbol: +
(direct current sources)

Possible voltage sources:


 Chemical - battery
 Thermal - contacts of two metals at different temperatures
 Magnetic field - generators

QUESTIONS
What is the direction of the electric field in the battery?
In which direction does the current flow?
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)
– + The electric field is directed from + to – both in the resistor
and in the battery, so that in the battery, current flows
in the direction opposite to the electric field
E
I There is a power is consumed in the resistor, but
R the overall work done by the electric field is zero
How is it possible?
To provide the electric current in a circuit,
U=IR an external force in the battery is required
When a charge Q passes through the battery,
this external force does the work A = E Q
Electromotive force E (EMF) is a quantitative characteristic of a battery
Measurement unit - volt [V]
EMF is the work done by such a force in a battery when the unit charge
passes through. EMF is not a force!

When a charge Q passes through a resistor, energy consumed is W =UQ


Does it mean that E = U ? Not exactly.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A BATTERY
E,r
A battery may have internal resistance r .

When a charge Q passes through the battery,


I work done by EMF is A = E Q = E It
R
Energy consumed in the resistor WR = I 2Rt
Energy consumed in the battery Wr = I 2rt
U=IR
A = WR + W r
I
E - Ohm’s law for a circuit with EMF
Rr

Voltage U between the battery contacts: U = IR = E – Ir


In which case U =E ?
1) if I = 0 (open circuit) 2) if r = 0 (ideal battery)

Voltage between the contacts is a characteristic of a circuit.


EMF is a characteristic of a battery.
USEFUL POWER AND EFFICIENCY
E,r
I E
Rr
I 2
R Ptotal  I 2 (R  r )  E
Rr
E 2R
Puseful  I 2 R 
U=IR (R  r ) 2
Puseful R
Efficiency  
Ptotal Rr

Current is maximum if R = 0 (short-circuit current) but = 0


Useful power is maximum if R = r but = 1/2
Efficiency is maximum if R >> r but I = 0
Real life: for a given load R , a source with a much smaller r is required
CONNECTION OF VOLTAGE SOURCES IN SERIES
E1, r1 E2, r2 E3, r3
I R + I r1 + I r2 + I r3 = E1 + E2 + E3
Equivalent EMF

E = E1 + E2 + E3
I
R
Connection in series is very often used

E,r Does it always E,r E,r


make sense?

I I1 
E I
R Rr R
2E
I2 
U1= I1R R  2r U2= I2R
I2 > I1 and U2 > U1 only if R > r
A CIRCUIT WITH EMF
A segment AB is a part of a complicated circuit
R E
A B UAB = ?
I
Energy consumed: W = I 2Rt
Work done by the electric field: AF = UABQ = UABIt W = AF + AEMF
Work done by EMF : AEMF = E Q = E It

I R = E + UAB

Sign conventions

I positive if flows from A to B , negative if flows from B to A


E positive if a battery is passed from – to +, negative if passed from + to –
SECOND KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
A loop (mesh) ABCA within a complicated circuit

I1 E1 I1 R1 = E1+ UAB
B
A I2 R2 = – E2+ UBC
R1
– I3 R3 = – E3+ UCA
E2
R3
I3 I1 R1 + I2 R2 – I3 R3 = E1 – E2 – E3
R2
E3
I2
For any loop within a circuit
C
 Ii Ri =  Ej
ANALYSIS OF A CIRCUIT (I)
 Identify all segments in the circuit
 Assign current notations including directions to all segments
 Identify all junctions in the circuit
 Identify all independent loops in the circuit

How to identify loops


 Choose first simple loop
 Choose another loop which includes at least one new segment
 Continue until all circuit segments are included
 Choose direction in each loop
ANALYSIS OF A CIRCUIT (II)
 Write equations of the 1st Kirchhoff’s law
for all junctions in the circuit (except the last one)

 Write equations of the 2nd Kirchhoff’s law


for all independent loops in the circuit

You obtain a system of linear equations, with currents being unknown variables
If after solving the system, any resulting current is negative,
this current actually flows in the direction opposite to the assigned one

 Voltage between any points A and B in the circuit can be found from

 Ii Ri = UAB +  Ej

You might also like