1 CHAPTER 4: ROCKET NOZZLE PERFORMANCE

1 Problem 4.10-1 1.3 Step-by-Step Calculation • Characteristic Velocity (C ∗ ):

1.1 Given Data & Assumptions 1.3.1 Part (a)

• Chamber Pressure (Pc ): 5 MPa = 5 × 106 Pa • Area Calculation: – Calculate gas constant:
−3
• Chamber Temperature (Tc ): 3000 K – At = π 2
4 Dt = π 2
4 (0.10 m) = 7.854 × 10 m 2

– Ae = π 2
4 De = π
4 (0.2646 m)
2
= 0.05499 m 2 Ru 8314.4 J/(kmol · K)
• Molecular Weight (M): 15 kg/kg-mol R= = = 554.3 J/(kg · K)
M 15 kg/kmol
• Specific Heat Ratio (γ): 1.2 • Expansion Ratio (ϵ):

• Nozzle Geometry: – ϵ= Ae
At = 0.05499
7.854×10−3 ≈ 7.00
– Calculate C ∗ :
– Dchamber = 15 cm • Exit Pressure (Pe ):
– Dthroat = 10 cm √
– Using ϵ = 7.0 and γ = 1.2 in the isentropic rela- γRTc
– Dexit = 26.46 cm tion: C∗ =   2(γ−1)
γ+1
2
• Ambient Pressure (Pa ): 101, 325 Pa (Sea-level oper- – Pe
≈ 0.020 (via iteration or tables) γ γ+1
ation)
Pc √
– Pe = 0.020 × 5 × 106 Pa = 100, 000 Pa 1.2 × 554.3 × 3000
=
2.2
• Assumptions: 1-D isentropic flow, steady state, ideal 1.2 × 2.22 0.4
gas behavior. • Thrust Coefficient (CF ): √
1, 995, 480
– First, calculate vacuum thrust coefficient CF v : =
1.2 Governing Equations 1.2 × (0.909)5.5
v
u γ+1 " #   1412.6 1412.6
• Characteristic Velocity (C ∗ ): u 2γ 2  2  γ−1   γ−1 = = ≈ 1984 m/s
t 1−
Pe γ Pe 1.2 × 0.593 0.712
√ CF v = + ϵ
∗ γRTc γ−1 γ+1 Pc Pc
C =   2γ−2
γ+1 s
  2.2
2 0.2 h i
2
γ γ+1 2(1.2)2 0.2 • Specific Impulse (Isp ):
= 1 − (0.02) 1.2 + (0.02)(7.0)
1.2 − 1 2.2
• Thrust Coefficient (CF ): r
v 2.88
u γ+1 " # × (0.909)11 × [1 − 0.557] + 0.14
u 2γ 2  2  γ−1   γ−1 = – Calculate Isp :
t Pe γ 0.2
CF = 1− √
γ−1 γ+1 Pc = 14.4 × 0.345 × 0.443 + 0.14
  √
= 2.20 + 0.14 = 1.483 + 0.14 ≈ 1.695 CF × C ∗
Pe − Pa Isp =
+ ϵ g0
Pc
– Calculate sea-level thrust coefficient: 1.553 × 1984
=
• Thrust (F ): F = CF Pc At 9.807
Pa
CF C ∗ CF = CF v − ϵ 3081.2
• Specific Impulse (Isp ): Isp = g0 Pc = ≈ 314.2 s
9.807
101325
• Area Ratio (ϵ): ϵ = Ae = 1.695 − 7.0 ×
At 5 × 106
• Pressure Ratio (Pc /Pe ): = 1.695 − 7.0 × 0.02027 • Expansion Check:
  1  1 = 1.695 − 0.142 = 1.553
Ae γ + 1 γ−1 Pe γ
=
At 2 Pc
v " #
• Thrust (F ):
– Pe = 100, 000 Pa ≈ Pa = 101, 325 Pa.
u   γ−1
uγ + 1 Pe γ
× t 1− – F = CF Pc At = 1.553×(5×10 )×(7.854×10 6 −3
)=
γ−1 Pc 60, 986 N – Result: The nozzle is nearly perfectly expanded.
 CHAPTER 4: PROBLEM SET SOLUTION 2
1.3.2 Part (b) • Nozzle exit pressure (Pe ): 0.8 atm = 81, 060 Pa 2.3.2 Step 2: Determine Chamber Pressure (Pc )
• Relaxing Stagnation Assumption: • Initial vehicle mass (mo ): 40, 000 kg • For ϵ = 8.622, Me = 3.1736 and Cf vac = 1.72298 (from
π flow tables for γ = 1.2).
– Chamber Area Ac = 4 (0.15 m)2 = 0.01767 m2 • Burning time (tb ): 100 sec
Ac

2 • Using the isentropic pressure relation:
– Chamber Area Ratio At = 15
10 = 2.25 • Propellant Properties: γ = 1.2, C ∗ = 1500 m/s
  γ
– From Isentropic Flow Tables (γ = 1.2, AA∗ = 2.25): Pc γ − 1 2 γ−1
• Trajectory Data: Thrust increases by 10% from sea = 1+ Me
Mc ≈ 0.28 Pe 2
level to 20 km altitude.
  0.2
γ
– Stagnation Pressure P0 = Pc (1 + γ−1 2 γ−1
2 Mc ) = 1.2
1.2 − 1
5 MPa(1 + 0.1 × 0.28 ) ≈ 5.24 MPa
2 6 • Standard Atmospheric Pressures: PSL = = 1+ (3.1736)2
101, 325 Pa, P20km = 5, 536 Pa. 2
– Since P0 increases relative to the static Pc assump- 6
tion, mass flow rate ṁ = PC0 A∗ t and exit velocity Ve = [1 + 0.1 × 10.07]
• Assumptions: Ideal performance and constant cham-
increase proportionally. ber pressure throughout flight. = [1 + 1.007]6 = [2.007]6
√
– Velocity at entrance Vc = Mc γRTc = = 65.42
√
0.28 1.2 × 554.3 × 3000 ≈ 396 m/s. 2.2 Governing Equations
– Total enthalpy remains constant: h0 = cp Tc + • Solve for Pc :
1 2 • Thrust (F ): F = ṁVe + (Pe − Pa )Ae
2 Vc = c p T0 .
πDe2 Pc = Pe × 65.42
– Because Mc is low, the change in F is minimal • Exit Area (Ae ): Ae =
(approx. 1-2% increase).
4 = 81, 060 Pa × 65.42
P c At
• Mass Flow Rate (ṁ): ṁ = C∗ = 5.304 × 106 Pa = 5.30 MPa
4. Final Result F
• Specific Impulse (Isp ): Isp = ṁg
• Thrust (Sea Level): 2.3.3 Step 3: Nozzle Throat Diameter (Dt )
• Stagnation/Static Pressure Relation: Ae 0.7854
F = 60,986 N • At = ϵ = 8.622 = 0.0911 m2
  γ−1
γ
Pc γ−1 2 q q
= 1+ Me • Dt = 4At
= 4×0.0911
= 0.341 m
• Specific Impulse: Pe 2 π π

Isp = 315 s 2.3 Step-by-Step Calculation 2.3.4 Step 4: Engine Massflow (ṁ)
• Expansion Status: Nearly perfectly expanded nozzle, 2.3.1 Step 1: Determine Sea-Level and Burnout P c At 5.30×106 ×0.0911
• ṁ = C∗ = = 321.9 kg/s
where Thrust (FSL and FBO ) 1500

Pe ≈ Pa π(1.0)2
• Ae = 4 = 0.7854 m2 2.3.5 Step 5: Engine Specific Impulse (Isp )
• Thrust Change (Part b): The thrust increases by • Let Fvac = ṁVe + Pe Ae . FSL 752,300
• Isp = = = 238.5 s
approximately ṁg 321.9×9.81

∆F ≈ 2% • FSL = Fvac − PSL Ae and FBO = Fvac − P20km Ae .

2.3.6 Step 6: Payload Mass (mpayload )
due to the increase in stagnation pressure. • Given FBO = 1.10FSL :
• mprop = ṁtb = 321.9 × 100 = 32, 190 kg
2 Problem 4.10-5 0.10FSL = FBO − FSL = (PSL − P20km )Ae
0.10FSL = (101325 − 5536) × 0.7854 = 75, 230 N • minert = 0.15 × mprop = 0.15 × 32190 = 4, 830 kg
2.1 Given Data & Assumptions FSL = 7.52 × 105 N • mpayload = mo − mp − mi = 40, 000 − 32, 190 − 4, 830 =
• Nozzle exit diameter (De ): 1.0 m FBO = 1.10 × 7.52 × 105 = 8.27 × 105 N 2, 980 kg
 3 CHAPTER 4: ROCKET NOZZLE PERFORMANCE

4. Final Result 3.2 Governing Equations • Step 3: Thrust (F ):

• Result: • Ambient Pressure at Altitude: F = C F × Pc × A t
  g·M = 1.589 × 750 psi × π in2
– a) Engine Thrust (Liftoff / Burnout): L · h R·L
Pa = PSL × 1 − = 1.589 × 750 × 3.1416
T0
F = 7.52 × 105 N / 8.27 × 105 N = 3744 lbf ≈ 3740 lbf
Psep
• Separation Pressure Ratio: Pc derived from isen-
tropic tables for γ and ϵ • Step 4: Burning Time (tb ):
– b) Chamber Pressure:
750 × π × 32.2
• Thrust (F ): F = CF Pc At ṁ = ≈ 15.17 lb/s
Pc = 5.30 MPa 5000
  250
• Thrust Coefficient (CF ): CF = CF v − ϵ Pa
Pc tb = ≈ 16.5 sec
15.17
– c) Throat Diameter:
P c At g
• Mass Flow Rate (ṁ): ṁ = c∗ 3.3.3 (c) Sea-Level Thrust and Burning Time
Dt = 0.341 m mp
• Burn Time (tb ): tb = ṁ • Step 1: Sea-Level Separation Pressure: Psep,SL =
14.7
– d) Engine Mass Flow Rate: 3 = 4.9 psi.
3.3 Step-by-Step Calculation
• Step 2: Effective Expansion Ratio (ϵsep ): Since
ṁ = 321.9 kg/s 3.3.1 (a) Chamber Pressure (Pc ) for Separation at Psep /Pc = 7504.9
= 0.00653, the nozzle separates at an
20,000 ft effective ϵsep ≈ 11.
– e) Engine Specific Impulse:
• Step 1: Local Ambient Pressure (Pa ): At • Step 3: Sea-Level Thrust Coefficient (CF,SL ): For
20, 000 ft, Pa ≈ 0.46 × 14.7 psi = 6.76 psi. ϵ ≈ 11, CF v ≈ 1.654.
Isp = 238.5 s
 
• Step 2: Separation Pressure (Psep ): Psep = 13 Pa = 14.7
6.76 CF,SL = 1.654 − 11 = 1.438
– f) Payload Mass: 3 = 2.25 psi. 750
• Step 3: Pressure Ratio from Tables: For γ = 1.2 • Step 4: Sea-Level Thrust (FSL ): FSL = 1.438 ×
mpayload = 2,980 kg
Pc ≈ 0.00301.
and ϵ = 30, the exit pressure ratio P 750 × π ≈ 3390 lbf .
e

• Step 4: Required Pc : • Step 5: Burning Time: Since the throat is choked,

3 Problem 4.9 ṁ is independent of Pa . tb remains 16.5 sec.
Psep 2.25
Pc = = ≈ 750 psi
3.1 Given Data & Assumptions 0.00301 0.00301
4. Final Result
• Operating Altitude: 20, 000 feet 3.3.2 (b) Motor Thrust and Burning Time at 20,000 • Chamber Pressure (Pc ):
ft
• Propellant Properties: c∗ = 5000 ft/s, γ = 1.2 750 psi
• Step 1: Throat Area (At ): At = π
4 (2.0)
2
= π in2 .
• Nozzle Expansion Ratio (ϵ): 30 • Thrust (20,000 ft):
• Step 2: Thrust Coefficient (CF ): From tables for
γ = 1.2 and ϵ = 30, CF v = 1.859. 3740 lbf
• Propellant Load (mp ): 250 lb
 
Pa
• Throat Diameter (Dt ): 2.0 inches CF = CF v − ϵ • Thrust (Sea Level):
Pc
6.76 psi 3390 lbf
• Separation Condition: Psep = 13 Pa = 1.859 − 30 ×
750 psi
• Burning Time (tb ):
• Assumptions: Constant chamber pressure (Pc ) oper- = 1.859 − 30 × 0.00901
ation; Standard atmosphere for Pa calculation. = 1.859 − 0.270 = 1.589 16.5 s
 CHAPTER 4: PROBLEM SET SOLUTION 4
4 Problem 4.12 4.3.2 (b) Mass Flow Rate 5 Problem 4.13
4.1 Given Data & Assumptions • Step 1: Calculate c∗ : Using γ = 1.2 and Ru =
1545 ft · lbf /lb-mol · R: 5.1 Given Data & Assumptions
• Nozzle Contour Equation: r = 1 + 0.435|x| −
0.00365x2 − 0.000659|x|3 for |x| ≤ 10 c∗ = 5439 ft/s • Characteristic Velocity (c∗ ): 1500 m/s
• Chamber Pressure (Pc ): 500 psi
• Chamber Temperature (Tc ): 5000 °R • Step 2: Calculate ṁ: • Specific Heat Ratio (γ): 1.2

• Molecular Weight (M): 20 lb/lb-mol At = πrt2 = π(1.0)2 = π in2

• Assumptions: Choked flow at the throat (x = 0); • Chamber Pressure (Pc ): 5 MPa = 5 × 106 Pa
(500 lbf /in2 )(π in2 )(32.2 lbm · ft/lbf · s2 )
γ = 1.2 (inferred from propellant behavior). ṁ = ≈ 9.30 lbm/s
5439 ft/s
• Expansion Ratio (ϵ): 25
4.2 Governing Equations
4.3.3 (e) Ambient Pressure to Invalidate Choked
Ae re2
• Area Ratio (ϵ): ϵ = At = rt2 Flow • Throat Diameter (Dt ): 10 cm = 0.1 m
• Characteristic Velocity (c∗ ): • Step 1: Calculate Throat Pressure (Pt ): For
s  − 2(γ−1) choked flow, M = 1 at the throat.
Ru Tc 2
(γ+1)
• Sea-level Ambient Pressure (Pa ): 101, 325 Pa
∗
c =   1.2
γM γ + 1 Pc 1.2 − 1 2 0.2
= 1+ (1) = (1.1)6 ≈ 1.77 • Assumptions: 1-D isentropic flow; ideal gas behavior.
P c At Pt 2
• Mass Flow Rate (ṁ): ṁ = c∗

• Isentropic Pressure Ratio:

• Step 2: Solve for Pt :
  γ
Pc γ − 1 2 γ−1 5.2 Governing Equations
= 1+ M 500 psi
Pt 2 Pt = ≈ 282 psi
1.77 • Throat Area (At ): At =
πDt2
4
4.3 Step-by-Step Calculation
• Condition: If the ambient (back) pressure rises above
4.3.1 (a) Nozzle Expansion Ratio 282 psi, the flow will no longer be choked at the throat. P c At
• Mass Flow Rate (ṁ): ṁ = c∗
• Throat Radius (rt ): At x = 0:
rt = 1 + 0 − 0 − 0 = 1.0 in 4. Final Result • Thrust Coefficient (CF ): CF = CF v − ϵ PPac
• Exit Radius (re ): At x = 10: • Expansion Ratio:
re = 1 + 0.435|x| − 0.00365x − 0.000659|x|
2 3
18.7 • Thrust (F ): F = CF Pc At
= 1 + 0.435(10) − 0.00365(10) − 0.000659(10)
2 3

= 1 + 4.35 − 0.00365(100) − 0.000659(1000) • Mass Flow Rate: F

• Specific Impulse (Isp ): Isp = ṁgo
= 1 + 4.35 − 0.365 − 0.659
9.30 lbm/s
= 4.326 in
• Separation Criteria (Kalt-Bendall):
• Expansion Ratio (ϵ): • Critical Back Pressure:
 −0.2
r2 4.3262 Psep Pc
ϵ = e2 = ≈ 18.7 282 psi = 0.667
rt 1.02 Pa Pa
 5 CHAPTER 4: ROCKET NOZZLE PERFORMANCE

5.3 Step-by-Step Calculation • Pressure Ratio (Psep /Pc ): 30904

5×106 = 0.00618 6 Problem 4.10-16
5.3.1 (a) Sea-Level Operation (No Nozzle Separa- • Separation Expansion Ratio (ϵsep ): For Psep /Pc =
6.1 Given Data & Assumptions
tion) 0.00618 and γ = 1.2, ϵsep ≈ 17.25
• Area Calculation: • Effective CF : CF,s ≈ 1.454 • Fluid: Compressed air (γ = 1.4, M = 28.8 kg/kmol)
πDt2 π(0.1)2 0.01π
At = = = = 0.007854 m2 • Separated Thrust: Fs = 1.454 × 5 × 106 × 0.007854 =
4 4 4 • Initial Chamber Pressure (Pc ): 6 Atm = 6 ×
57, 100 N 101, 325 Pa
• Mass Flow Rate:
57100
Pc A t • Separated Isp : Isp,s = 26.18×9.81 = 222.3 s
ṁ = ∗ • Ambient Temperature (Ta ): 25°C = 298 K
c
5 × 106 Pa × 0.007854 m2 5.3.3 (c) Altitude for Full Flow
= • Nozzle Geometry:
1500 m/s • Condition: Full flow starts when Pe = Psep .
39, 270
= = 26.18 kg/s • Exit Pressure at ϵ = 25: For γ = 1.2, Pe /Pc = – Throat Diameter (Dt ): 10 mm = 0.01 m
1500
0.0038 → Pe = 19, 000 Pa
• Thrust Coefficient: For ϵ = 25 and γ = 1.2, CF v = – Exit Diameter (De ): 14 mm = 0.014 m
1.842. • Required Ambient Pressure (Pa ):
Pa  1.25 • Assumptions: Ideal performance for part (a); isother-
CF = CF v − ϵ Pe
Pc Pa = = 67, 104 Pa mal expansion in the chamber for part (b); standard
101, 325 0.667Pc−0.2 sea-level ambient pressure (Pa = 101, 325 Pa).
= 1.842 − 25 ×
5 × 106
• Altitude (h): Corresponds to h ≈ 3 km.
= 1.842 − 25 × 0.02027
= 1.842 − 0.507 = 1.335 6.2 Governing Equations
5.3.4 (d) Thrust and Isp at 3 km
• Thrust:   • Characteristic Velocity (C ∗ ):
67104
• Thrust Coefficient: CF = 1.842−25 = 1.506
F = C F × Pc × A t 5×106
√
γRTc
= 1.335 × 5 × 10 × 0.007854
6
• Thrust: F = 1.506 × 5 × 10 × 0.007854 = 59, 141 N
6 C∗ =   2γ−2
γ+1
2
= 1.335 × 39, 270 = 52, 425 N 59141 γ
• Specific Impulse: Isp = 26.18×9.81 = 230.3 s γ+1

• Specific Impulse:
F 4. Final Result  2
Ae De
Isp = • Area Ratio (ϵ): ϵ = =
ṁ × go • Result (a):
At Dt

52, 425  
= ṁ = 26.18 kg/s, F = 52,425 N, s Coefficient (CF ): CF = CF v − ϵ
26.18 × 9.81 CF = 1.335, Isp •
= 204.1
Thrust Pa
Pc
52, 425
= = 204.1 s • Result (b):
256.8
• Initial Thrust (F ): F = CF Pc At
5.3.2 (b) Sea-Level Operation (With Nozzle Separa- Fs = 57,100 N, Isp,s = 222.3 s
CF C ∗
tion) • Specific Impulse (Isp ): Isp = g0
• Result (c):
• Separation Pressure Ratio: Altitude ≈ 3 km
 −0.2 • Kalt-Bendall Separation Criterion:
Psep 5 × 106
= 0.667 = 0.305 • Result (d):  −0.2
Pa 101325 Psep Pc
F ≈ 59,141 N, Isp ≈ 230.3 s = 0.667
Psep = 0.305 × 101325 = 30, 904 Pa Pa Pa
 CHAPTER 4: PROBLEM SET SOLUTION 6
6.3 Step-by-Step Calculation 6.3.2 (b) Separation Pressure Calculation • Nozzle exit pressure (Pe ): 0.8 Atm = 81, 060 Pa
6.3.1 (a) Initial Thrust and Isp at Liftoff • Separation Condition: Flow separates when exit • Initial vehicle mass (mo ): 40, 000 kg
∗ pressure Pe = Psep .
• Characteristic Velocity (C ): • Burning time (tb ): 100 sec
• Exit Pressure Ratio: From isentropic tables for γ =
Ru 8314.4 J/(kmol · K) • Propellant Properties: γ = 1.2, C ∗ = 1500 m/s
Rair = = = 288.7 J/(kg · K) 1.4, ϵ = 2.0, Pe /Pc ≈ 0.0939.
M 28.8 kg/kmol
• Trajectory Data: Thrust increases by 10% from sea
√ • Separation Equation:
γRTc level to 20 km altitude.
C∗ =   2(γ−1)
γ+1  −0.2
2 Pc • Standard Atmospheric Pressures: PSL =
γ γ+1 0.0939Pc = 0.667Pa
√ Pa 101, 325 Pa, P20km = 5, 536 Pa.
1.4 × 288.7 × 298  1.2
= Pc 0.667 • Assumptions: Ideal performance and constant cham-

2.4 = ≈ 7.1
1.4 × 2.4 2 0.8
Pa 0.0939 ber pressure throughout flight.
√
120, 475.24 Pc
= = (7.1)1/1.2 ≈ 5.1
1.4 × (0.833)3 Pa 7.2 Governing Equations
347.1 347.1 • Thrust (F ): F = ṁVe + (Pe − Pa )Ae = Pc At CF
= = ≈ 428 m/s • Critical Pressure: Separation occurs when chamber
1.4 × 0.579 0.811
pressure drops to ≈ 5.1 Atm. πDe2
• Exit Area (Ae ): Ae =
• Area Ratio (ϵ): 4

 2  2 6.3.3 (c) Design Suggestions • Mass Flow Rate (ṁ): ṁ = P c At

C∗
De 14 mm
ϵ= = = (1.4)2 = 1.96 ≈ 2.0
Dt 10 mm • Nozzle Modification: Cut off the nozzle extension • Specific Impulse (Isp ): Isp = F
ṁg
to reduce the exit area, effectively making the nozzle
• Thrust Coefficient (CF ): For ϵ ≈ 2.0, γ = 1.4, vac- shorter to prevent over-expansion. • Stagnation/Static Pressure Relation:
uum CF v ≈ 1.458 (from tables).   γ
• Propellant Modification: Partially fill the rocket Pc γ − 1 2 γ−1
  = 1+ Me
Pa with water to increase the mass flow and maintain Pe 2
CF = CF v − ϵ higher pressure for a longer duration.
Pc
1 Atm 7.3 Step-by-Step Calculation
= 1.458 − 2.0 × 4. Final Result
6 Atm 7.3.1 (a) Engine Thrust (Liftoff and Burnout)
= 1.458 − 2.0 × 0.1667 • Initial Thrust: 2
= 1.458 − 0.333 = 1.125 53.7 N • Exit Area calculation: Ae = π(1.0)
4 = 0.7854 m2 .

• Initial Specific Impulse (Isp ): • Thrust relationship: Let Fvac = ṁVe + Pe Ae .

• Initial Thrust (F ):
π 2 π • Sea-level Thrust (FSL ): FSL = Fvac − PSL Ae .
At = D = (0.01 m)2 = 7.854 × 10−5 m2 49 sec
4 t 4 • Altitude Thrust (FBO ): FBO = Fvac − P20km Ae .
Pc = 6 Atm = 6 × 101, 325 Pa = 607, 950 Pa • Separation Pressure: • Thrust Difference:
F = C F × Pc × A t
5.1 Atm 0.10FSL = FBO − FSL = (PSL − P20km )Ae
= 1.125 × 607, 950 × 7.854 × 10−5
0.10FSL = (101325 − 5536) × 0.7854 = 75, 230 N
= 1.125 × 47.76 = 53.7 N
7 Problem 4.10-5
• Final Thrust Values:
• Specific Impulse (Isp ):
7.1 Given Data & Assumptions – FSL = 7.52 × 105 N
1.125 × 428
Isp = ≈ 49 sec • Nozzle exit diameter (De ): 1.0 m – FBO = 1.10 × 7.52 × 105 = 8.27 × 105 N
9.81
 7 CHAPTER 4: ROCKET NOZZLE PERFORMANCE

7.3.2 (b) Engine Chamber Pressure (Pc ) • Characteristic Velocity (c∗ ): 1500 m/s 8.3.2 (b) Throat and Exit Diameters
• Iteration approach: Choose expansion ratio ϵ = • Specific Heat Ratio (γ): 1.2 • Thrust Coefficient (CF ): Using ϵ = 155 and γ = 1.2,
8.622. vacuum CF v ≈ 1.979.
• Molecular Weight (M): 18 kg/kg-mol
• Parameters: For ϵ = 8.622 and γ = 1.2, Me = 3.1736 2 Pa
and Cf vac = 1.72298. • Mars Gravity (gM ): 3.73 m/s (9.81 × 0.38) CF = CF v − ϵ
Pc
• Calculation: • Mars Ambient Pressure (Pa ): 2 kPa 2 kPa
= 1.979 − 155 ×
1000 kPa
    1.2−1
1.2 • Assumptions: Thrust balances vehicle weight at land-
1.2 − 1 ing; ideal 1-D isentropic flow. = 1.979 − 155 × 0.002
Pc = 81060× 1 + (3.1736)2 ≈ 5.30 MPa
2 = 1.979 − 0.31 = 1.669
8.2 Governing Equations
7.3.3 (c) Nozzle Throat Diameter (Dt ) • Throat Area (At ):
• Thrust (F ): F = mgM
• Throat Area: At = Aϵe = 0.7854
8.622 = 0.0911 m .
2
F
q q • Kalt-Bendall Separation Criterion: At =
 −0.2 C F × Pc
• Diameter: Dt = 4A π
t
= 4×0.0911
π = 0.341 m. Psep Pc 3730 N
= 0.667 =
Pa Pa 1.669 × 1.0 × 106 Pa
7.3.4 (d) Engine Massflow (ṁ) 3730
• Expansion Ratio (ϵ): ϵ = Ae =
5.30×106 ×0.0911 At 1, 669, 000
• Calculation: ṁ = = 321.9 kg/s.
1500
• Thrust Coefficient (CF ): CF = CF v − ϵ PPac = 2.235 × 10−3 m2 = 22.35 cm2
7.3.5 (e) Engine Isp F
• Throat Area (At ): At = CF Pc • Throat Diameter (Dt ):
752,300
• Calculation: Isp = 321.9×9.81 = 238.5 s. r
8.3 Step-by-Step Calculation 4At
Dt =
7.3.6 (f) Payload Mass (mpayload ) π
8.3.1 (a) Maximum Expansion Ratio to Avoid Flow r
Separation 4 × 22.35 cm2
• Propellant Mass: mprop = ṁtb = 321.9 × 100 = =
32, 190 kg. π
• Required Landing Thrust (F ): r
89.4 √
• Inert Mass: minert = 0.15 × mprop = 4, 830 kg. 2 = = 28.45
F = 1000 kg × 3.73 m/s = 3730 N 3.1416
• Payload calculation: mpayload = 40, 000 − 32, 190 − = 5.33 cm
4, 830 = 2, 980 kg. • Separation Pressure (Psep ):
 −0.2 • Exit Diameter (De ):
Psep 1000 kPa
4. Final Result = 0.667 = 0.667(500)−0.2 ≈ 0.192 √
Pa 2 kPa
De = Dt × ϵ
Psep = 0.192 × 2 kPa = 0.384 kPa √
Result: All parameters calculated above satisfy the vehicle = 5.33 cm × 155
constraints and trajectory requirements.
• Expansion Ratio Limit: To avoid separation, the = 5.33 × 12.45
exit pressure Pe must be ≥ Psep . = 66.4 cm ≈ 66.3 cm
8 Problem 4.26
Pe 0.384 kPa
= = 0.000384
8.1 Given Data & Assumptions Pc 1000 kPa 4. Final Result

• Maximum Landing Mass (m): 1000 kg From isentropic flow tables for γ = 1.2 at this pressure • Maximum Expansion Ratio:
ratio:
• Chamber Pressure (Pc ): 1.0 MPa = 1000 kPa ϵmax ≈ 155 155
 CHAPTER 4: PROBLEM SET SOLUTION 8
• Throat Diameter:

5.33 cm

• Exit Diameter:
66.3 cm