Family Dynamics
• Common framework for study family functions
interconnected
·
an
as
- interdependence
whole
• All members have effect on all other
affect how they interact
members ex stressed parent a can
:
with their children/partner
• Affected by social support, employment strong social
support
stress and
can ↓
improve
family functioning
parent-child
• All relationship qualities important child-child
independent
• Changes to one member affect all
:
ex : teen - more
parents - change parenting style
illness personal growth stress
structure of family 2
,
,
• Changes in structure due to births, deaths,
divorce or remarriage can affect the whole
dynamic of the family
1
B
Parental Socialization
• Parents instill values, mores, norms, skills,
cultural and ethnic practices
• Done through: ↓
When parents intentionally teach guide discipline
,
their children
,
helping with homework
setting rules explaining smth
– Direct instruction
ex : , ,
children learn by
when
observing their parents
Common framework for study
– Indirectly-modeling attitudes
• All members have &effectbehaviors
on all other
actions
ex:
watching parent help
members neighbour
– Providers and controllers of opportunity
• Affected by social support, employment
• All relationship qualities important
• Changes to one member affect all
• Peers, schools, family gatherings,
• Changes learning
in structure due to births, deaths,
experiences, culture divorce
people
or remarriage
settings
>
-
dynamic of the family
can affect the whole
shape and
individual has
that what experiences choices chances
, ,
an
2
Parenting Styles
Mom Because I said so
↑ warmth ↑ control ↓ warmth M control
explains rules listens - kid-confident well-adjusted
,
, demands obedience a kid obedient but anxious
:
Dany
↑ warmth↓ control
↓ warmth↓ control
few rules indulgent & kid :
impulsive dependent uninvolved - kid : low self-esteem
poor performance
, ,
,
3
Authoritative Authoritarian
Permissive Neglectful
4
Baumrind’s Styles
• Authoritative-best style
– Clear limits
– Warm and responsive and loving
– Communicate why limits set
– Want kids to develop internal control
• Authoritarian-strong limits but not warm
– Control child with threats and punishment Because I said so
• Permissive-responsive but no limits
– Warm and loving
– Don’t learn to regulate
• Rejecting/neglecting/uninvolved-ignore kids and no
limits
– Parents who are focused on own needs
– Don’t give children love or attention
5
6
Why does authoritative parenting
work best?
• Children respond more to punishment when rare
• More likely to follow limits when reasonable
• When parents give children decisions, they’re
more likely to comply when parents ask
• Control that is fair and reasonable is more likely
to be internalized
• Disapproval works best when approval is the
norm
independence
• Autonomy granting fosters self-esteem and
maturity
7
Outcomes of Parenting Styles
• Authoritative-do well in school, confident,
lots of friends, good coping skills
• Authoritarian-act out (though not at home),
anxiety depression guilt
,
behaviours
aggression defiance hyper
higher internalizing and externalizing,
,
, ,
lower peer and academic skills
• Permissive-poor at school, lots of
externalizing and conduct problems
• Uninvolved-worst outcomes: poor
relationships, promiscuity, high
internalizing and externalizing 8
middlea
ex : Genie
9
eating
Regularly
without
- dinner
parents
eating
Regularly
with
dinnerrents
~
10
Punishment
for discipline to work, a child must understand and accept the reason for punishment, not just fear it
• Needs to be internalized
behaviour is only sometimes rewarded/punished
• Intermittent reinforcement worst
if trying to stop a behaviour ,
-
it is hard to extinguish
because it works sometimes
I strengthens bad behaviour)
• Punishment should be immediate,
consistent, explained
often mis-used create shame neglect loss of privileges
• Time outs and taking away not effective
,
,
show what is
• Teach new behaviour correct
• Time-out allows calming down time
kid induces
• Other-oriented induction
how their behaviour affects others
moral reasoning
explaining
↓
harm ,
hurt 11
12
Child’s Effects on Parenting
• Differences in children have an effect on
parenting→ more differences in children change
can
parenting
• Attractive children get more attention
• Difficult children-hard to keep authoritative
• Unintentional rewarding of negative behaviour they don't want
parent reinforces
behavior
a
the
ex : kid screaming so they give them candy to stop the screaming which then reinforces
negative behaviour
• Children’s perceptions of parenting also
important
• Bidirectionality strengthens behaviors and
interactional patterns over time
* child's temperament, personality ,
behaviour shape parents responses
13
Coercive Cycle of Parent-Child Interactions-leads to worsening behaviour
conflict
+
these factorsincrease
chancesercive discipline
thewill use Power
Strug the
↓
acting out-get
their way
Surrendering -
stops the noisel
stress
- 1
worse to give in 50 % and reprimand 50%
way
conclusion= consistency matters
↑
children are
more frustrated/ 14
defiant
Bidirectional Parent-child Interactions
e More
e
: child's earlier
temperament and the
Parent's discipline style contribut
15
Siblings
• Many sibling relationships get off to rocky start
• Get along better if temperamentally alike unless one
or bothis difficult dad's attention is
Often seen as more
limited and earned
&
• Signs6of favoritism
12
create
old
brings
problems, especially dads
comparison/competition
-> more social powerful feels more
years
-
• Middle childhood rivalry often increases, especially
if same sex and close in age
jealousy & for
children's
interests abilities expectations
fathers approval is
strongly linked to
self-esteem and social confidence
Compete roles :
same ex ,
• Adolescence get better again
,
kids/siblings creates a
good model for
• Parents have warm relationship-good model
• Good relationship as children→ good as adults
16
how families in Western societies have changed
in the last 50 years
17
structure of Canadian Families
18
Divorce
• Stress of fighting before divorce impact
impacts the children lot
a
• Joint custody & cooperation key (stressful
insecure)
,
fear emotionally
,
• Most harmful in middle childhood and
adolescence
• During time of divorce often minimal parenting declines
temporarily during
period of divorce
parenting as parents deal with divorce
50 %
courts have shifted
• Half of families joint custody toward the best interests
of the child
joint share custody
• Mom sometimes financial and social
problems if full custody
household income typically drops especially for non-breadwinners
increased parenting burden
reduced social support
19
Effects of Divorce
• Greater short-term and long-term risk for
depression, low self-esteem, dropping
out, delinquency, and having kids out of
wedlock
• As adults, have a greater risk for divorce
• Most kids okay after 2 years, but about
20-25% not
• Children who are put in the middle or
have to keep secrets have the most
problems
20
21
Mediated by Good Parenting
lots of the kids
behaviourobs N
• Dads often spoil from
lessrobs
guilt if they did smth wrong
• Both should maintain
authoritative parenting
w
bareninay arma • Some children do better
after divorce, especially
-quality of
girls
parenting plays
a major role in
how children
cope post divorce-
related stress
22
Stepparents
• 2021 8% of kids lived in a stepfamily
• Can be simple or complex child from
>
- both partners bring children from
or
previous relationships
having a new kid
I parent brings a a previous relationship into a new one
together
• Often leads to less contact with
noncustodial parent--> stressful built gradually + on mutual
↑ respect
parents
• Can have a good bond with stepparent
all
>
-
need to work
as a team
• Best if stepparent warm and involved but
leaves major decisions up to biological
ex : bio mom
• Other parent may communicate negative
feelings about stepparent ex : Step mom
23
* creates confusion conflict , , loyalty stress
24
25
LGBTQIA2S+ Parents
• Estimated 6 million children in US have non-
heterosexual parents
• Often parent comes out after divorce donomination moreptance
↑
a
- Imoms
• Increasingly lesbians giving birth or adopting-helpswith
it's still more difficult for gay men in some places
need surrogate or adoption which have
stricter laws
• Don’t seem to have adjustment difficulties
en
• Don’t seem to get teased but may hide
• May have better outcomes d
• Happy home→ better outcomes
26
Maternity leave per country
27
28
Peer Relationships
• Piaget-learn more about
other’s perspectives
through disagreements
• Vygotsky-learn more
through collaboration
• Sullivan-important
source of emotional
support
• Equal in power-at least
most of the time
29
30
31
who do ppl confide in by age ?
↑
more
confide/about
care
partner
with age
most -
concerned
w/ friends
32
How parents influence their
children's social development • Internal working how they to treat them
expect ppl
and how
themselves
model important they view
in relationships
responsive consistent,
• Modeled
,
war m parents develop
,
a more secure IWM
interpersonal &
behaviour children learn social behaviour
by observing how their parents interact
with others
• Parental beliefs about &
parents' expectation
child’s social skills and perceptions
of their child's social
abilities strongly
influence the child's
• Gatekeeping and ↑
confidence and
behaviour
coaching
↑
parents
opportunities
control access to social
(arranging playdates joining
teams visiting friends
,
,
teach and guide
kids how to behave
socially (how to share
,
handle teasing introduce
,
33
Reactions of abused/non-
abused to other kids in
distress
34