► D”P gva¨wgK \ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (cÖ_g cÎ) \ Aa¨vqwfwËK Av‡jvPbv I Abykxjbxg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi

D”P gva¨wgK \ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (cÖ_g cÎ)

1g Aa¨vq: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cwiwPwZ
iv‡óªi mv‡_ bvMwiK‡`i Ges Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK cªwZôv‡bi mv‡_ iv‡óªi 3. ivR‰bwZK cªwZôvb m¤ú‡K©i Av‡jvPbv: †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi
m¤úK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡q ÁvbPP©vi mywbw`©ó GKwU aviv wnmv‡e mv‡_ ivR‰bwZK cªwZôvbmg~n Ir‡cªvZfv‡e RwoZ| ivóª iv‡óªi
†cŠibxwZ cªwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q| AvaywbKKv‡j cª‡Z¨K bvMwiK I msMVb aviYv, iv‡óªi DrcwË, iv‡óªi Kvh©vewj, ivóª m¤ú‡K©i wewfbœ
iv‡óªi wbKU n‡Z AwaKZi `vwqZ¡m¤úbœ †mev cªZ¨vkv K‡i| G‡nb gZev`, iv‡óªi Dcv`vb, msweavb, msweav‡bi †kªwYwefvM,
ev¯ÍeZvq, †cŠibxwZi Av‡jvPbvq mykvmb welqwU cªvavb¨ cv‡”Q| msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨, miKvi, miKv‡ii †kªwYwefvM, miKv‡ii
wewfbœ A½, RbgZ, Rbg‡Zi evnb, wbe©vPKgÛjx, ivR‰bwZK
†cŠibxwZi aviYv `j, wbe©vPb Kwgkb cªf…wZ †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvPbvi
†cŠibxwZ nj mvgvwRK I bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb| †cŠibxwZi AšÍf~³© |
Bs‡iwR cªwZkã Civics (wmwfKm)| Civics kãwU j¨vwUb kã 4. mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK weg~Z© welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv: †cŠibxwZ I
Civis Ges Civitas kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Civis Ges Civitas k‡ãi mykvmb mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK A½‡bi wewfbœ weg~Z© welq wb‡q
A_© h_vµ‡g bvMwiK Citizen. I bMiivóª (City State)| myZivs Av‡jvPbv K‡i| AvBb, AvB‡bi Drm I cªK…wZ, AvBb I
kãMZ ev DrcwËMZ A‡_© Civics ev †cŠibxwZ nj bMi iv‡óª ˆbwZKZv, ¯^vaxbZv, ¯^vaxbZvi cªK…wZ, ¯^vaxbZvi i¶vKeP, mvg¨
emevmiZ bvMwiK‡`i AvPvi-AvPiY, ixwZbxwZ I Kvh©vewj msµvšÍ I ¯^vaxbZv, mv‡g¨i cªKvi‡f` cªf…wZ m¤ú‡K© †cŠibxwZ I
mykvmb Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
weÁvb| Z‡e cªvPxbKv‡j fviZe‡l© Ges Mªx‡m Civics ev †cŠibxwZ
5. ivR‰bwZK NUbvewj: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb ivR‰bwZK wewfbœ
ej‡Z bvMwiK‡`i AwaKvi I KZ©e¨‡K †evSv‡bv n‡Zv|
NUbvewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| †hgb- evsjv‡`‡k †cŠibxwZ I
mykvmb cjvkxi hy×, wmcvnx we‡`ªvn, 1940 mv‡ji jv‡nvi cª¯Íve,
mykvm‡bi aviYv 1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vjb, 1954 mv‡ji hy³ dªÈ wbe©vPb,
mykvmb cªZ¨qwU †cŠibxwZi mv¤cÖwZK ms‡hvRb| mykvm‡bi Bs‡iwR 1966 mv‡ji Qq `dv, 1969 mv‡ji MY-Afy¨Ìvb, 1970 mv‡ji
cªwZkã nj ÔGood GovernanceÕ| mykvmb‡K ¯úófv‡e eyS‡Z wbe©vPb, 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy×, mvgwiK Afz¨Ìvb BZ¨vw`
n‡j kvmb m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| Governance nj GKwU ivR‰bwZK ch©vq m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
eûgvwÎK aviYv hv wewfbœ `…wó‡KvY, †¶Î Ges †cª¶vcU †_‡K e¨vL¨v 6. mykvmb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb iv‡óªi mykvm‡bi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Government Gi gZB Governance kãwU G‡m‡Q eûgvwÎK aviYv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i| mykvm‡bi Dcv`vb,
ÔkubernaoÕ bvgK j¨vwUb kã †_‡K, hvi A_© cwiPvjbv Kiv| mykvm‡bi mgm¨v, mykvm‡bi mgm¨vi mgvavb, mykvm‡bi mgm¨v
mvaviYZ Governance ev kvmb Ggb GKwU c×wZ‡K †evSvq, mgvav‡b miKvi I RbM‡Yi f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
†hLv‡b GKwU cwiKwíZ cªwµqvi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv ms¯’v, mgvR ev ivóª Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î wm×všÍ MªnY I bxwZ wba©viY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| 7. bvMwi‡Ki AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨r wb‡q Av‡jvPbv: †cŠibxwZ I
mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©‡e¨i eZ©gvb ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K©
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges Gi gva¨‡g fwel¨r bvMwiK Rxe‡bi Av`k© I
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa e¨vcK| †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa ¯^iƒ‡ci Bw½Z cª`vb K‡i|
m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj− 8. bvMwi‡Ki ¯’vbxq, RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv:
1. bvMwiKZv welqK: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb g~jZ bvMwiKZv welqK †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Kvh©vewji
weÁvb| bvMwi‡Ki DËg I gh©v`vc~Y© Rxeb cªwZôv Kiv †cŠibxwZ mv‡_ m¤ú…³ ¯’vbxq ms¯’vi †hgb- BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv
I mykvm‡bi cªavb j¶¨| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cwil`, †cŠimfv, †Rjv cwil`, wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb BZ¨vw`. MVb,
I KZ©e¨, m‡PZbZv, mybvMwiKZv, bvMwiKZv AR©b I we‡jvc, ¶gZv I Kvh©vewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| bvMwi‡Ki RvZxq welq
bvMwiKZvi A_© I cªK…wZ, mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj cªf…wZ m¤ú‡K© †hgb- ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg, gyw³hy×, wewfbœ RvZxq
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| †bZvi Ae`vb, †`k i¶vq bvMwi‡Ki f~wgKv, RvZxq ivR‰bwZK
2. †gŠwjK cªwZôvb m¤úwK©Z: gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m cwievi nj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbvmg~n. m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK wewfbœ
Avw` I AK…wÎg cªwZôvb| Kv‡ji weeZ©b avivq cwiev‡ii ms¯’v I msMVb Ges wewfbœ NUbvewj m¤ú‡KI© †cŠibxwZ I
m¤cÖmviY n‡q‡Q Ges M‡o D‡V‡Q ivóª I Ab¨vb¨ eûwea mykvmb Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
mvgvwRK Ges ivR‰bwZK cªwZôvb| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cwievi 9. bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú…³ welqvw`: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i mgvR, ivóª iv‡óªi DrcwË I weKvk, iv‡óªi AvaywbK bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú…³ wewfbœ welqvewj wb‡q
Kvh©vewj cªf…wZ †gŠwjK cªwZôvb †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi AšÍf~³
© | Av‡jvPbv K‡i| wewfbœ mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavbI
1
HULKENSTEIN HSC
 ► D”P gva¨wgK \ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (cÖ_g cÎ) \ Aa¨vqwfwËK Av‡jvPbv I Abykxjbxg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi

cvIqv hvq Gi gva¨‡g| †hgb- BfwUwRs, `yb©xwZ, B‡jKUªwbK wKfv‡e my›`i I my›`i mgvR Rxeb MVb K‡i gvby‡li me©vwaK
Mf‡b©Ý B-Mf‡b©Ý., `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡bi gZ welq¸wji Av‡jvPbv Kj¨vY Kiv hvq Zv †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa‡K mg…× K‡i‡Q|
10. mykvmb I B-Mf‡b©Ý: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb eZ©gvb mg‡q mykvmb 5. e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki †¶‡Î: bvMwi‡Ki e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Rb¨
I B-Mf‡b©Ý wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| miKvi wKfv‡e Revew`wnZv, †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi cªq‡vRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| ivóª KZ©…K
AvB‡bi kvmb, wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv, wbi‡c¶ wbe©vPb, `yb©xwZ ¯^xK…Z I cª`Ë AwaKvimg~n cvV I PP©vi gva¨‡g bvMwiK Zvi
wbqš¿, `¶ gvbe m¤ú` M‡o Zyj‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q †cŠibxwZ I e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk K‡i _v‡K| ivóª †_‡K bvMwiK †hgb wewfbœ
mykvmb Av‡jvPbv K‡i| AwaKvi MªnY K‡i †Zgwb iv‡óªi cªwZ bvMwi‡Ki wKQy KZ©e¨ ev
`vqe×Zv i‡q‡Q hv GKRb bvMwiK †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ gva¨‡g Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª bvMwi‡Ki mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Yi wbwg‡Ë †cŠibxwZ 6. `…wófw½i cwieZ©b: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV gvbe g‡bi
I mykvmb cv‡Vi weKí †bB| †Kbbv †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwiKZvi msKxY©Zv `~i K‡i gnr Rxeb MV‡bi Aby‡cªiYv †`q| wek¦
mv‡_ RwoZ mKj welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| mykvmb cv‡Vi åvZ…Ze¡ ‡va I gvbeZv‡eva m…wó‡Z †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb AMªYx
cªq‡vRbxqZv Zy‡j aiv nj: f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †`k I we‡k¦i Kj¨vYv‡_© G kv¯¿ bvMwi‡Ki
1. ivóª I miKvi m¤^‡Ü Rvbv: ivóª I miKvi e¨ZxZ bvMwiK Rxeb gvbwmK `…wófw½i DbœwZ NUvq|
Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| Avi bvMwiK wn‡m‡e ivóª I miKvi m¤ú‡K© 7. RvZxq †PZbvi D‡b¥l: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g
cªq‡vRbxq Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| ivóª iv‡óªi Dcv`vb, miKvi, bvMwi‡Ki g‡b RvZxq †PZbvi D‡b¥l nq| m‡PZb bvMwiK iv‡óªi
miKv‡ii †kªwY wefvM, iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvšÍ gZev`, msweavb Ag~j¨ m¤ú`| RvZxq †PZbvq DØy× n‡q m‡PZb bvMwi‡Kiv †`k
BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi †Kvb †mevq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i| Gi d‡j iv‡óªi mvgwMªK mg…w×
weKí †bB| cwijw¶Z nq|
2. mybvMwiK nIqvi wk¶v: iv‡óªi GKRb mvaviY bvMwiK †_‡K 8. mykvmb m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf: mykvmb cªZ¨qwU mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q
wKfv‡e mybvMwiK nIqv hvq †m m¤^‡Ü Ávbjvf Kiv hvq †cŠibxwZi mv‡_ m¤ú…³ n‡q‡Q| hvi d‡j †cŠibxwZ Av‡iv †ewk
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb †_‡K| GKRb mybvMwiK eyw×gËv, we‡eK I mg…× n‡q‡Q| †Kvb ivóª mykvm‡bi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ n‡j AwZ
AvZ¥msh‡gi AwaKvix nIqvq iv‡óªi cªwZ Zvi AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ kxNª BwáZ j‡¶¨ Av‡ivnb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
m¤ú‡K © m‡PZb _v‡K| mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e iv‡óªi cªwZ AvbyMZ¨ cv‡Vi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, AvB‡bi kvmb,
cªKvk m¤ú‡K© Ávbjvf Kivi Rb¨I †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv, MYgva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv, wbi‡c¶
cª‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| wbe©vP‡bi gZ welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Ávbjvf Kiv mnRZi nq|
3. ¯^‡`k †cªg RvMªZ Kivi Rb¨: †`‡ki cª‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki g‡a¨ 9. MYZ‡š¿i weKvk m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf: eZ©gvb mg‡qi me‡P‡q
¯^‡`k †cªg RvMªZ Kivi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb m¤ú‡K© Ávb Rbwcªq kvmbe¨e¯’v nj MYZš¿, MYZ‡š¿i ¯^iƒc, fwel¨r,
_vKv Avek¨K| GKwU †`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœqb wbf©i K‡i cªK…Z †`k Kvh©KvwiZv Ges weKvk m¤ú‡K© Ávbjvf Kivi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I
†cªwgK RbM‡Yi Dci| ¯^‡`k †cªg RvMªZ Kivi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZi mykvmb cv‡Vi weKí †bB|
Ávb LyeB Riæwi| 10. wek¦kvwšÍ cªwZôvi Rb¨: ivóª †hgb bvMwi‡Ki Kj¨vY mvab K‡i
4. my¯’¨ I my›`i mgvR Rxeb MV‡bi wk¶v: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb _v‡K †Zgwb bvMwiK iv‡óªi cªwZ AvbyMZ¨ cªKvk K‡i _v‡K|
bvMwi‡Ki my¯¨’ I my›`i mgvR Rxeb MV‡b wk¶v w`‡q _v‡K| GKRb mybvMwiK iv‡óªi AMªMwZi Rb¨ bvbvwea cwiKíbv K‡i|
gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Rxeb‡K †K›`ª K‡i †cŠibxwZ I †m cwiKíbvi Dci wfwË K‡i ivóª I we‡k¦i kvwšÍ I Dbœq‡bi
mykvmb M‡o D‡V‡Q| cvi¯úwiK mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV AZ¨vek¨K|

cixÿv cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ Abykxjbxg~jK m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

1. Zvbfxi I iv‡k` `yB eÜy| Zviv `y'R‡b wfbœ wfbœ welq wb‡q wbe©vPb K‡i| Zvbfxi I iv‡k` cvV¨welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i
co‡Q| ivóª, miKvi msweavb, bvMwiK, AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v GB me j¶ Kij welq `y'wU wfbœ n‡jI D‡Ïk¨ GK|
wel‡qi cªwZ Zvbfx‡ii AvMªn †ewk| Ab¨w`‡K, iv‡k` me mgq K. ivóª Kx?
gy`ªve¨e¯’v, Avq-e¨q, ev‡RU ˆZwi, m¤ú‡`i mylg eÈb BZ¨vw` L. kãMZ A‡_© †cŠibxwZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
wel‡qi cªwZ †ewk AvK…ó| ZvB K‡j‡R Zviv cQ›`gZ welq M. Zvbfxi I iv‡k` †Kvb `y'wU wel‡qi cªwZ AvMªnx? †Zvgvi
cvV¨eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K wbY©q Ki|
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HULKENSTEIN HSC
 ► D”P gva¨wgK \ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (cÖ_g cÎ) \ Aa¨vqwfwËK Av‡jvPbv I Abykxjbxg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi

N. Zvbfxi I iv‡k‡`i gZ ZywgI wK g‡b Ki welq `yBwU wfbœ n‡jI A_©bxwZ‡K ejv nq A_©bxwZ welqK weÁvb| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
D‡Ïk¨ Awfbœ? †Zvgvi gZvgZ we‡kølY Ki| bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨, AvPiY, cªZ¨vkv cªf…wZ
ch©v‡jvPbv I we‡kølY K‡i| Avi A_©bxwZ bvMwi‡Ki myweav‡_©
 1 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi  wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Df‡qi j¶¨
K. ivóª Ggb GKwU ivR‰bwZK msMVb hvi wbw`©ó f~LÐ, msMwVZ bvMwi‡Ki Kj¨vY mvab Kiv|
miKvi, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Ges Kg A_ev wecyj Rbmgwó i‡q‡Q| cªwZwU ivR‰bwZK mgm¨vi †hgb A_©‰bwZK w`K i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb
L. kãMZ A‡_© †cŠibxwZ n‡jv bMiiv‡óª emevmiZ bvMwiK‡`i cªwZwU A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi i‡q‡Q ivR‰bwZK w`K| ZvB
AvPiY I Kvh©vewj msµvšÍ weÁvb| ivRbxwZwe`‡`i A_©‰bwZK Ávb Ges A_©bxwZwe`‡`i ivR‰bwZK
†cŠibxwZi Bs‡iwR cªwZkã Civics kãwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q `ywU Ávb _vKv `iKvi| mgvR‡mev, mgevq, A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv,
j¨vwUb kã- Civis I Civitas †_‡K| Civis A_© 'bvMwiK', m¤ú‡`i eÈb, Drcv`b BZ¨vw` †cŠibxwZ I A_©bxwZ Dfq
Avi Civitas A_© ÔbMiivóªÕ| myZivs DrcwËMZ A‡_© bMiivóª I kv‡¯¿B ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i Av‡jvwPZ nq| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb g~jZ
bMievmx m¤úwK©Z ixwZ-bxwZ, AvPvi-Abyôvb wb‡q Áv‡bi †h bvMwiK‡K AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K,
kvLv M‡o D‡V‡Q ZvB †cŠibxwZ| ms¯‹…Z fvlvq bMi‡K 'cyi' ev A_©bxwZ gvby‡li Rxe‡b Afve I Pvwn`vi gv‡S mvgÄm¨ weavb
'cyix' Ges bM‡ii Awaevmx‡`i 'cyievmx' ejv nq| Avi †cŠi K‡i my›`i I myLx Rxebhvc‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| Gfv‡e G `ywU
n‡”Q 'cyi' Gi we‡klY hvi A_© cyi ev bMi msµvšÍ welq| cªvPxb welq bvMwiK Rxeb‡K cwic~Y©Zv †`Iqvi Rb¨ KvR K‡i| GKwU
wMª‡mi G‡_Ý, ¯úvU©v BZ¨vw` wQj GK GKwU bMiivóª| Z‡e †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi ¯’vwqZ¡ I mg…w× †m †`‡ki
we‡k¦i eZ©gvb iv󪸇jv cªvPxb wMª‡mi 'bMiiv‡óªi' (City-State) A_©‰bwZK msMV‡bi Ici cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Avevi †Kv‡bv
g‡Zv †QvU I mij bq| †`‡ki Avw_©K DbœwZ I AebwZ mgvbfv‡e †m †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK
M. DÏxc‡Ki eY©bv Abyhvqx, Zvbfxi †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cªwZ, e¨e¯’vi Ici wbf©ikxj|
Avi iv‡k` A_©bxwZ wel‡qi cªwZ AvMªnx| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, eZ©gvb Kj¨vYg~jK iv󪸇jv bvMwi‡Ki mvwe©K
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb n‡”Q mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi †mB kvLv †hLv‡b g½‡ji j‡¶¨ Kg©m~wP MªnY K‡i| Kg©ms¯’vb, gRywi, mgevq
miKv‡ii msMVb I c×wZ, msweavb Ges bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I Av‡›`vjb, Ki-LvRbv BZ¨vw` A_©‰bwZK KvR¸‡jv ivóªxq
KZ©e¨mg~n m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| cvkvcvwk GwU bvMwi‡Ki cªkvm‡bi gva¨‡gB cwiPvwjZ nq| Gw`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j
AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨r Ges ¯’vbxq RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK †`Lv hvq, | †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZ cªK…Zc‡¶
†cª¶vcU ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, A_©bxwZ ev A_©kv¯¿ Mfxifv‡e ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z `ywU welq|
mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv, hv c‡Y¨i Drcv`b, mieivn,
wewbgq, weZiY, †fvM I †fv³vi AvPiY Ges gvby‡li Afve I 2. ivwd GKv`k †kªwY‡Z gvbweK wefv‡M fwZ© n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ welq
weKí e¨envi‡hvM¨ mxwgZ m¤ú` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i| †e‡Q †bIqvi †¶‡Î mgm¨vq c‡o †m Zvi evevi Kv‡Q civgk©
DÏxc‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, `yB eÜy Zvbfxi I iv‡k` GKB K‡j‡R PvBj| wZwb Zvi mšÍvb‡K mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj AR©b Ges
`ywU wfbœ welq wb‡q co‡Q| ivóª miKvi, msweavb, bvMwiK, bvMwiK AwaKvi †fvM I KZ©e¨ h_vh_fv‡e cvj‡bi Rb¨
AvšÍR©vwZK ms¤^v G¸‡jvi cªwZ Zvbfx‡ii AvMªn _vKvq †m bvMwiKZv mswkøó GKwU welq‡K cvV¨ wn‡m‡e †bIqvi civgk©
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb welqwU wb‡q‡Q| wewfbœ mvgvwRK ev ivóªxq w`‡jb| ZLb ivwd Zvi evev‡K ejj, G wel‡q Abvm© covi †Zv
cªwZôv‡bi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gvbyl †hme KvR K‡i Zvi mewKQyB Gi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB| ivwdi evev ej‡jb, evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ
AšÍfy³© | Avevi †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa ev welqe¯Íy †Kej wek¦we`¨vj‡q GB wel‡qi mv‡_ NwbôZi GKwU wel‡q Abvm©
mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK †¶‡ÎB mxgve× bq, eis GwU bvMwiKZvi covi my‡hvM Av‡Q|
mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z me welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, gy`ªv K. mykvmb Kx?
e¨e¯’v, Avq-e¨q, ev‡RU ˆZwi, m¤ú‡`i mylg eÈb BZ¨vw` L. AvB‡bi kvmb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
wel‡qi cªwZ iv‡k` †ewk AvMªnx| GwU A_©bxwZ welqwU‡KB M. DÏxc‡K ivwdi evev †h welqwU †e‡Q †bIqvi civgk©
wb‡`©k K‡i| †Kbbv, A_©bxwZ bvMwiK‡`i A_© DcvR©b, A_© e¨q w`‡qwQ‡jb Zvi welqe¯Íy e¨vL¨v Ki|
Ges mxwgZ A‡_© Kxfv‡e eûwea Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z nq †m N. DÏxc‡Ki `ywU wel‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ Mfxi e³e¨wU
m¤ú‡K© Ávb `vb K‡i| we‡kølY Ki|
N. n¨vu, Zvbfxi I iv‡k‡`i gZ AvwgI g‡b Kwi welq `yBwU wfbœ
n‡jI D‡Ïk¨ Awfbœ|  2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZ welq `ywU K. miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv Ges RbM‡Yi AskMªn‡Yi wfwˇZ
Mfxifv‡e m¤úK©hy³| DfqB mgvRweÁv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv| kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvB n‡”Q mykvmb|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb‡K ejv nq bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb, Avi L. AvB‡bi kvmb ej‡Z AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mevi mgvb nIqv Ges me
wKQyi Ic‡i AvB‡bi cªvav‡b¨i ¯^xK…wZ‡K †evSvq| AvB‡bi
3
HULKENSTEIN HSC
 ► D”P gva¨wgK \ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (cÖ_g cÎ) \ Aa¨vqwfwËK Av‡jvPbv I Abykxjbxg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi

kvm‡bi A_© n‡”Q ag©-eY©-‡kªwY Ges †QvU eo wbwe©‡k‡l mevB ¯^vaxbZv, AvBb, mvg¨ AvšÍR©vwZK cªwZôvb BZ¨vw`| Z‡e
AvB‡bi Kv‡Q mgvb| †h †KD AvBb f½ Ki‡j Zv‡K wePv‡ii †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb A‡c¶v ivóªweÁv‡bi welqe¯Íy e¨vcK Ges
KvVMovq `vuov‡Z n‡e Ges b¨vqwePvi cªwZôv Kiv n‡e— GUvB Zvi cwimi w`b w`b AviI e…w× cv‡”Q| e¯ÍyZ, †cŠibxwZ I
AvB‡bi kvm‡bi weavb| AvB‡bi kvmb e¨w³i mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi mykvmb bvMwiKZv welqK Ges ivóªweÁvb ivóª m¤úwK©Z weÁvb|
i¶vKeP| Avi bvMwiK I ivóª GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ aviYv| iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg
M. DÏxc‡K ivwdi evev Zv‡K cvV¨ wn‡m‡e †h welqwU †e‡Q †bIqvi Dcv`vb bvMwiK| bvMwiK Qvov ivóª n‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi ivóª
civgk© w`‡qwQ‡jb †mwU n‡jv †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb| gvbyl †hme Qvov bvMwi‡Ki aviYv A_©nxb| G wn‡m‡e †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
cªwZôvb, Af¨vm I Kvh©vewj Ges †PZbvi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK Ges ivóªweÁvb Nwbôfv‡e m¤úK©hy³| myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi
`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb †mme welq wb‡q cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq, †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges ivóªweÁv‡bi
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| GQvov wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M cªhyw³i DbœwZi cvkvcvwk g‡a¨ m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ Mfxi|
bvMwiK‡`i mvg‡b mgm¨v I RwUjZv evo‡Q| ZvB †cŠibxwZi
Av‡jvPbvi cwiwa we¯Í…Z n‡”Q| Av‡Mi g‡Zv Gi welqe¯Íy ïay 3. Rvwnb D”P gva¨wg‡Ki QvÎ| †m Zvi cvV¨welq wn‡m‡e `ywU
ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î mxgve× †bB, eis bvMwi‡Ki Kj¨vYmswkøó me ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq‡K †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q| Gi cª_gwU iv‡óª GKRb bvMwiK
w`‡K we¯Í…Z n‡q‡Q| mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj Ges bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ wn‡m‡e e¨w³i Kvh©vewj I AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i, Avi
I KZ©e¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡jvP¨ welq| Ab¨wU wk¶v †`q Kxfv‡e GKRb bvMwiK Avq I e¨‡qi mwVK
DÏxc‡Ki ivwd GKv`k †kªwY‡Z gvbweK wefv‡M fwZ© n‡q‡Q| Ávb jv‡fi gva¨‡g Rxeb‡K mg…× Ki‡e|
welq †e‡Q †bIqvi Rb¨ mgm¨vq co‡j †m Zvi evevi Kv‡Q K. bvMwiKZv Kx?
civgk© Pvq| ivwdi evev Zv‡K mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj AR©b Ges L. Zywg Kxfv‡e GKRb ¯’vbxq bvMwiK?
bvMwiK AwaKvi †fvM I KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi Rb¨ bvMwiKZv mswkøó M. DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ cª_g welqwU Aa¨q‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v
GKwU welq‡K cvVv wn‡m‡e †bIqvi civgk© †`b, hv †cŠibxwZ I K‡iv|
mykvmb‡KB Bw½Z K‡i| GQvov wZwb e‡jb evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ welq `ywU ci¯úi Mfxifv‡e m¤úK©hy³
wek¦we`¨vj‡q GB wel‡qi mv‡_ NwbôZi GKwU wel‡q Abvm© e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
covi my‡hvM Av‡Q, hv ivóªweÁvb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| ivwdi evevi
Av‡jvP¨ welq¸‡jv A_©vr bvMwiKZv mswkøó me welq wb‡q  3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Av‡jvPbv K‡i| ZvB †Kv‡bv bvMwiK hw` K. iv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e e¨w³ †h gh©v`v I m¤§vb cvq Zv‡K bvMwiKv
mgvR I iv‡óªi Kj¨v‡Y AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡Z Pvq Z‡e Zvi DwPZ e‡j|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi welqe¯Íy m¤ú‡K© Rvbv| L. Avwg ¯’vbxqfv‡e ivóª cª`Ë my‡hvM-myweav †fvM Kwi Ges Gi
N. DÏxc‡Ki `y'wU welq Z_v †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges ivóªweÁv‡bi wewbg‡q wewfbœ `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ cvjb Kwi| G m~‡Î Avwg GKRb
g‡a¨ m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ Mfxi e³e¨wU h_v_©| '‡cŠibxwZ I mykvmb' ¯’vbxq bvMwiK|
Ges 'ivóªweÁvb' mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKB kvLvi `y'wU Ask| ¯’vbxqfv‡eB e¨w³i bvMwiK Rxeb ïiæ nq| ¯’vbxq GjvKvq
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi, KZ©e¨ Ges bvMwiK emevm Ki‡Z wM‡q bvMwi‡Ki mv‡_ KZ¸‡jv cªwZôv‡bi m¤úK©
Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cªwZôv‡bi M‡o I‡V| Gme cªwZôvb †_‡K bvMwiK KZ¸‡jv †mev MªnY K‡i
MVb I Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Aciw`‡K, ivóªweÁvb bvMwi‡Ki Ges GB †mevi wewbg‡q wKQy `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i|
ivR‰bwZK msMVb, miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi MVb ¶gZv I D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, BDwbqb cwil` †_‡K Avgiv bvMwiK
Kvh©vewj, AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cªf…wZ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| mb`, Rb¥mb`mn wewfbœ †mev MªnY Kwi| wewbg‡q Avgiv wewfbœ
Avevi ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ivóª, miKvi, ai‡bi Ki †`B|
miKv‡ii wewfbœ A½, wbe©vPKgÐjx, ivR‰bwZK `j BZ¨vw` M. DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ cª_g welqwU n‡”Q †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bI Av‡jvwPZ nq| myZivs, Df‡qi Av‡jvP¨ eZ©gvb mg‡q G welqwU Aa¨q‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
welq Kvh©Z GK I Awfbœ| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb n‡”Q †mB kv¯¿ hv bvMwiK AwaKvi I
DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq, GKv`k †kªwYi QvÎ ivwdi evev Zv‡K KZ©‡e¨i cvkvcvwk bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ hy³ me cªwZôvb I
bvMwiKZv mswkøó GKwU welq cvV¨ wn‡m‡e †bIqvi civgk© †`b| AvPiY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i| mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e mymsnZ
wZwb e‡jb evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡q GB wel‡qi mv‡_ mvgvwRK I ivóªxq Rxeb jvf Ki‡Z n‡j †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
Nwbô GKwU wel‡q Abvm© covi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| A_©vr, wZwb cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
welqe¯ÍyMZ w`K †_‡K welq `ywUi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i K_v e‡j‡Qb| DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cª_g welqwU bvMwiK wn‡m‡e e¨w³i Kvh©vewj I
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi mv‡_ ivóªweÁv‡bi welqe¯ÍyMZ Nwbô wgj AwaKvi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| welqe¯Íyi wfwˇZ wbtm‡›`‡n ejv
i‡q‡Q| Dfq kv‡¯¿B mvaviY wKQy welq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| hvq GwU †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb | G welqwU cv‡Vi gva¨‡g
†hgb- msweavb, ivóª, ivóªxq wewfbœ cªwZôvb, miKvi cªkvmb, bvMwiKZvi hveZxq w`K m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b Kiv hvq| AZx‡Z
4
HULKENSTEIN HSC
 ► D”P gva¨wgK \ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (cÖ_g cÎ) \ Aa¨vqwfwËK Av‡jvPbv I Abykxjbxg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi

bvMwiK Rxe‡bi m~Îcvo, bvMwiKZvi ¯^iƒc, eZ©gvb hy‡M Av‡jv‡K fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z mnvqZv
bvMwiKZvi aib, bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi c×wZ Ges fwel¨‡Z Ki‡e|
bvMwi‡Ki m¤¢ve¨ AvPiY I Kvh©vewj BZ¨vw` | welq †cŠibxwZ K. Civitas k‡ãi A_© Kx?
cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb e¨w³‡K mybvMwi‡K L. †cŠibxwZ‡K bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb ejv nq †Kb?
cwiYZ nIqvi Rb¨ AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© Ávb`vb K‡i| M. cª_g welqwU Kxfv‡e Kvgvj‡K mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o
GKBm‡½ KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi gva¨‡g AwaKvi †fv‡M m‡Pó n‡Z DV‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e? e¨vL¨v `vI|
ZvwM` †`q| G m‡PZbZvi d‡j bvMwiKiv iv‡óªi cªwZ `vwqZ¡kxj N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cª_g I wØZxq wel‡qi ga¨Kvi m¤úK©
nq| Av`k© bvMwiK n‡Z n‡j e¨w³i weP¶YZv _vKv cª‡qvRb| we‡kølY K‡iv|
†cŠibxwZ cv‡Vi gva¨‡g bvMwiKiv G ¸Y AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ GK_v †Rvi w`‡qB ejv hvq, DËg |  4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
bvMwiK n‡q Av`k© mgvR I ivóª MV‡b f~wgKv ivLvi Rb¨ K. Civitas k‡ãi A_© 'bMiivóª' (City State).
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV Kiv AZ¨vek¨K| L. bvMwiK I bvMwi‡Ki Rxe‡bi mv‡_ hy³ me welq Av‡jvPbv K‡i
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZ welq `ywU e‡j †cŠibxwZ‡K bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb ejv nq|
Mfxifv‡e m¤úK©hy³| DfqB mgvRweÁv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv| bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ cªKvi Kvh©Kjvc wb‡q
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb‡K ejv nq bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb| Avi †cŠibxwZ Abykxjb Pvjvq| bvMwi‡Ki AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨r
A_©bxwZ‡K ejv nq A_©bxwZ welqK weÁvb| Rxe‡bi mv‡_ hy³ NUbvewj I Kvh©Kjvc G kv‡¯¿ Av‡jvwPZ nq|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨, AvPiY, bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, ag©xq, ˆbwZK
cªZ¨vkv cªf…wZ ch©v‡jvPbv I we‡kølY K‡i| Avi A_©bxwZ Z_v mvwe©K w`‡Ki Av‡jvPbv †cŠibxwZi welqe¯Íy|
bvMwi‡Ki Kj¨v‡Y wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| M. DÏxc‡Ki cª_g welqwU Øviv '†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb' †K †evSv‡bv
Df‡qi j¶¨ bvMwi‡Ki Kj¨vY mvab Kiv| n‡q‡Q| bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z ¯’vbxq, RvZxq ev ivóªxq
cªwZwU ivR‰bwZK mgm¨vi †hgb A_©‰bwZK w`K i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb Ges AvšÍR©vwZK welq m¤ú‡K© Áv‡bi †h kvLv Av‡jvPbv K‡i
cªwZwU A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi i‡q‡Q ivR‰bwZK w`K| ZvB Zv‡K †cŠibxwZ e‡j| †cŠibxwZ bvMwiK wn‡m‡e gvby‡li AwaKvi
ivRbxwZwe`‡`i A_©‰bwZK Ávb Ges A_©bxwZwe`‡`i ivR‰bwZK I KZ©e¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i Kvh©vewj, Af¨vm I
Ávb _vKv `iKvi| mgvR‡mev, mgevq, A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv AvPiY‡KI we‡kølY K‡i| Avevi ivóª I Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK
m¤ú‡`i eÈb, Drcv`b BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv †cŠibxwZ I A_©bxwZ cªwZôv‡bi Kvh©vewj ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Av`k© bvMwiK nevi
Dfq kv‡¯¿B ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i Av‡jvwPZ nq| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wk¶v `vb K‡i|
g~jZ bvMwiK‡K AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K DÏxc‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, Kvgv‡ji evev GKRb mybvMwiK| wZwb Zvi
A_©bxwZ gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Afve I Pvwn`vi gv‡S mvgÄm¨ weavb Av`‡k© Kvgvj‡K M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ mybvMwiKZv wk¶v`v‡bi
K‡i my›`i I myLx Rxebhvc‡bi wbðqZv w`‡q _v‡K| Gfv‡e G cvkvcvwk ivóª miKvi, ivR‰bwZK cªwZôvb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cª`vb
`ywU welq bvMwiK Rxeb‡K cwic~Y©Zv †`Iqvi Rb¨ KvR K‡i| I †`k‡cª‡g DØy× K‡ib| †Kbbv, †cŠibxwZi g~j welqe¯Íy n‡jv
GKwU †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi ¯’vwqZ¡ I mg…w× †m †`‡ki mybvMwiKZvi myôy wk¶v`vb Kiv| weªwUk wk¶vwe`, BwZnvmwe`
A_©‰bwZK msMV‡bi Ici cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Avevi †Kv‡bv Ges D`vi ivRbxwZwe` jf© WªvB‡mi g‡Z, †mB e¨w³ mybvMwiK
†`‡ki Avw_©K DbœwZ I AebwZ mgvbfv‡e †m †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK hvi g‡a¨ eyw×gËv (Intelligence), AvZ¥mshg (Self
e¨e¯’vi Ici wbf©ikxj| Control) I we‡eK (Conscience)| GKRb mybvMwi‡Ki
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, eZ©gvb Kj¨vYg~jK iv󪸇jv bvMwi‡Ki mvwe©K Pwi‡Î G wZbwU ¸Y we`¨gvb _vKvi d‡j Zvi g‡a¨ AwaKvi I
g½‡ji j‡¶¨ Kg©m~wP MªnY K‡i| mgevq Av‡›`vjb, Kg©ms¯’vb, m‡PZbZv m…wó nq| Zvi g‡a¨ RvZxq I mvgvwRK ¯^v_©‡K
gRywi, LvRbv cªf…wZ A_©‰bwZK KvR¸‡jv ivóªxq cªkvm‡bi e¨w³MZ ¯^v‡_©i D‡aŸ© ¯’vb †`Iqvi gvbwmKZv M‡o I‡V| Avi
gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq| Gw`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †cŠibxwZi Ávb jv‡fi gva¨‡gB GmKj bvMwiK ¸Y AR©b Kiv
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges A_©bxwZ cªK…ZB Mfxifv‡e ci¯úi m¤¢e nq| myZivs, ejv hvq, mf¨ I mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o IVvi
m¤úwK©Z `ywU welq| hvb¨ GKRb bvMwi‡Ki †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV Kiv Avek¨K|
N. †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnv‡mi m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨| †cŠibxwZ
4. Kvgv‡ji evev GKRb mybvMwiK| wZwb mšÍvb‡K Zvi Av`‡k© M‡o I mykvm‡bi mvnvh¨ Qvov BwZnv‡mi c_Pjv †hgb KwVb †ZgbB
†Zvjvi D‡Ï‡k¨ D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i `ywU welq Aa¨q‡bi BwZnv‡mi mvnvh¨ QvovI †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi c_Pjv KwVb|
cª‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡ib| cª_g welqwU mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o BwZnvm gvbeRvwZi AZx‡Zi ¯§viKwjwc, mvgwMªK Rxeb-`c©Y|
IVvi cvkvcvwk ivóª, miKvi, ivR‰bwZK cªwZôvb I †`k‡cª‡g Ab¨w`‡K, †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi †h Ask mgvR, ivóª I
DØy× Ki‡e| Avi wØZxq welqwU iv‡óªi AZxZ NUbvewji miKv‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z †mme †¶‡Î BwZnv‡mi mv‡_ Zvi

5
HULKENSTEIN HSC
 ► D”P gva¨wgK \ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (cÖ_g cÎ) \ Aa¨vqwfwËK Av‡jvPbv I Abykxjbxg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi

m¤úK© Nwbô| GQvov G `ywU kvNªB ci¯úi ci¯úi‡K c~Y©Zv A‡b‡KB ZvB AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb bvMwiK‡K
cª`vb K‡i‡Q| BwZnv‡mi Z_¨ Øviv †cŠibxwZ †hgb mg…× n‡q‡Q mybvMwiK e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| DÏxc‡Ki bvqjvI GmKj
wVK †Zgwb †cŠibxwZi Ávb Øviv BwZnvmI mÄxweZ n‡q‡Q| ¸Yvewji cªwZ Bw½Z K‡i‡Q|
GKBmv‡_ †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welqmg~n †hgb DÏxc‡K j¶ Kiv hvq, bvqjv Zvi evÜex‡K †`‡ki DbœwZ Kivi
cwievi, mgvR, ivóª cªf…wZ mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cªwZôvb¸‡jv Rb¨ wKQy ¸Yvewj AR©b Kivi cª‡qvRbxqZvi K_v ejwQj| †m
AZx‡Z Kxiƒc wQj, Kxfv‡e Zv weewZ©Z n‡q eZ©gvb iƒ‡c cwiMªn g~jZ GKRb mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewji K_v ejwQj| eyw×
K‡i‡Q BwZnvm cvV Ki‡j Zv Rvbv hvq| GgbwK HwZnvwmK mybvMwi‡Ki Ab¨Zg GKwU ¸Y| AvaywbK iv‡óªi RwUj mgm¨vewj
Z_¨ I mv¶¨-cªgvY e¨ZxZ †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvPbv Abyaveb K‡i| Zvi myôy mgvav‡bi Rb¨ eyw×gvb bvMwiK Aek¨B
Am¤ú~Y©, Avevi ivR‰bwZK `…wó‡KvY †_‡K ch©v‡jvwPZ bv n‡j Acwinvh©| AvaywbK cªwZwbwaZ¡g~jK MYZvwš¿K miKv‡ii mdjZv
BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvPbvI wbi_©K n‡q c‡o| wbf©i K‡i bvMwi‡Ki eyw×gËvi Dci| AvZ¥mshg mybvMwi‡Ki
BwZnvm †hgb †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb‡K Zvi AšÍwb©wnZ m‡Z¨i GKwU eo ¸Y| GB gnr ¸Y bvMwiK‡K †`k I RvwZi e…nËi
mÜvb †`q, †Zgwb †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvPbv‡K ¯^v‡_© wb‡Ri ¶y`ª ¯^v_©‡K wemR©b †`qvi Aby‡cªiYv †hvMvq| Avevi
cwic~Y©Zv `vb K‡i| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Qvov BwZnvm cvV mybvMwi‡Ki RvMªZ AvZ¥kw³ n‡jv Zvi we‡eK| we‡eK GKRb
mv_©K n‡Z cv‡i bv| †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Z_¨¸‡jv cieZ©x c_ cª`k©‡Ki b¨vq e¨w³i Rxeb‡K mZ¨ I b¨v‡qi c‡_ cwiPvwjZ
mg‡q HwZnvwmK NUbvewji Ici Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i Ges K‡i| we‡eK e¨w³‡K GKRb Av`k© I mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o
BwZnv‡mi ¯^iƒc Dcjwä Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| DV‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GQvovI GKRb mybvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡‡eva,
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ welqmg~‡ni cªwZ j¶ AwaKvi m‡PZbZv, ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv, †`k‡cªg cªf…wZ
Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, BwZnvm Ges †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb ci¯úi ¸Yvewj _vKv cª‡qvRb| Avi bvqjvI bvMwi‡Ki G ¸Yvewji
cwic~iK I mnvqK| Dfq kv‡¯¿i mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i cvi¯úwiK cª‡qvRbxqZvi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Q|
wbf©ikxjZvi Ici| N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ bvqjv mybvMwi‡Ki wKQy ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi K_v
e‡j‡Q hv ivóªxq Dbœq‡b Avek¨K|
5. GKv`k †kªwYi gvbweK wefv‡Mi QvÎx bvqjv weÁvb wefv‡M mymf¨ I mybvMwiK cªwZwU iv‡óªiB Kvg¨| GKRb mybvMwiK
Aa¨qbiZ Zvi evÜex‡K ejwQj, †`‡ki DbœwZ Ki‡Z n‡j eyw×gvb, AvZ¥mshgx we‡eKevb I wbôvevb| Zvi gv‡S e¨w³MZ
Avgv‡`i Ggb wKQy ¸Yvewj AR©b Kiv cª‡qvRb, hv GKwU we‡kl ¯^v‡_©i E‡aŸ© mvgvwRK ¯^v_©‡K cªvavb¨ †`Iqvi gvbwmKZv M‡o
welq Aa¨q‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi| I‡V| mybvMwi‡Ki AšÍ‡i †Mvuovwg, AÜwek¦vm, msKxY©Zv,
K. ÔNatusÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? Kyms¯‹vi, cikªxKvZiZv cªf…wZ _v‡K bv| Zvi `…wófw½ nq D`vi
L. RvwZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? I cªmvwiZ| G‡`i g‡a¨ AwaKvi‡eva Ges iv‡óªi cªwZ `vwqZ¡ I
M. bvqjv †h ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi K_v ejwQj †m¸‡jvi eY©bv KZe©‡eva¨ RvMªZ _v‡K| AwaKvi‡eva bvMwiK‡K mvgvwRK,
`vI| ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j|
N. D³ ¸Yvewj ivóªxq Dbœq‡b Avek¨K- we‡kølY K‡iv| GQvov, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨‡eva bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb
K‡i Ges KZ©e¨ cvj‡b AvMªnx K‡i †Zv‡j|
 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi  ivR‰bwZK †PZbv bvMwiK‡K ivRbxwZ m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j hv
K. Natus GKwU j¨vwUb k| hvi A_© Rb¥| iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK PwiÎ MV‡b f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †`k‡cªg
L. ivR‰bwZKfv‡e msMwVZ mgvR‡K RvwZ e‡j| RvwZ ej‡Z Avgiv bvMwiK‡`i GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸Y| Gi d‡j †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv I
RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DØy× †mB RbmgvR‡K eywS hviv GKwU wbw`©ó f~- mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶vi Rb¨ GKRb bvMwiK cª‡qvR‡b Rxeb `vb
L‡Ð emevm K‡i, hv‡`i g‡a¨ esk, ag©, K…wó I HwZn¨MZ Ges Ki‡ZI KywÉZ nq bv|
A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK HK¨ we`¨gvb| Gme †¶‡Î H‡K¨i m~‡Î Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi †cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq, D³ ¸Yvewj bvMwiK‡`i
Zviv ivR‰bwZKfv‡e m‡PZb n‡q Ab¨vb¨ Rb‡Mvôx †_‡K gv‡S †h †PZbvi m…wó K‡i Zv iv‡óªi Rb¨ mydj e‡q Av‡b|
wb‡R‡`i Avjv`v fv‡e| cvkvcvwk Zviv ¯^vZšÍª¨ eRvq ivL‡Z myZivs D³ ¸Yvewj ivóªxq Dbœq‡b Avek¨K|
msNe× nq| IB Rb‡Mvôx cª‡qvR‡b †h †Kv‡bv Z¨vM ¯^xKvi
Ki‡ZI cª¯ÍyZ _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc- evOvwj RvwZ, Rvg©vb RvwZ, 6. GKv`k †kªwYi QvÎx AvwbKv cvV¨welq wn‡m‡e †cŠibxwZi mv‡_
Bs‡iR RvwZi K_v ejv hvq| Mfxifv‡e m¤úwK©Z GKwU welq wb‡q‡Q| mxwgZ m¤ú`‡K Kv‡R
M. bvqjv mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi K_v e‡j‡Q| mybvMwiK GKwU jvwM‡q Kxfv‡e gvby‡li Amxg Afve `~i Kiv hvq welqwU †mB
RvwZi †MŠie| mgvR Rxe‡bi Kj¨vY I iv‡óªi DbœwZi Rb¨ wk¶v w`‡q _v‡K| m¤ú`, Drcv`b, eÈb e¨e¯’v, ev‡RU cªf…wZ
mybvMwiK GKvšÍ Acwinvh©| mgvR I iv‡óªi Dbœq‡b Acwinvh© wb‡q welqwU Av‡jvPbv K‡i| e¯ÍyZ G wel‡qi Ávb Qvov
¸Yvewj †h bvMwi‡Ki g‡a¨ Av‡Q Zv‡KB mybvMwiK ejv nq| bvMwiK‡`i Kj¨vY mvab Kiv KwVb|
K. †cŠibxwZ Kx?
6
HULKENSTEIN HSC
 ► D”P gva¨wgK \ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (cÖ_g cÎ) \ Aa¨vqwfwËK Av‡jvPbv I Abykxjbxg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi

L. †cŠibxwZi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi `ywU m¤úK© †j‡Lv| DÏxc‡Ki AvwbKv cvV¨welq wn‡m‡e †cŠibxwZi mv‡_ A_©bxwZ
M. AvwbKv cvV¨welq wn‡m‡e †cŠibxwZi mv‡_ †h welqwU wb‡q‡Q| G `ywU wel‡qi ÁvbB Zv‡K mybvMwiK n‡Z mvnvh¨
wb‡q‡Q Zvi Dc‡hvwMZv e¨vL¨v K‡iv| Ki‡e| Dfq wel‡qi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© we‡kølY Ki‡j Avgiv G
N. AvwbKvi c‡¶ wK mybvMwiK nIqv m¤¢e? hyw³mn we‡kølY e¨vcv‡i ¯úó aviYv cve|
K‡iv| cª_gZ: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwiK wn‡m‡e gvby‡li `vwqZ¡,
KZ©e¨ I AvPiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, mxwgZ m¤ú`
 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi  w`‡q Kxfv‡e gvbyl I iv‡óªi me©vwaK Kj¨vY mvab Kiv hvq,
K. †cŠibxwZ n‡jv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv, hv bvMwiKZvi A_©bxwZ Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| g~jZ bvMwiKB Dfq kv‡¯¿i
mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z me welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Av‡jvP¨ welq|
L. †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb n‡”Q bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb, Avi BwZnvm wØZxqZ: †`‡ki kvmbKv‡h© wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³eM©‡K ïay ivR‰bwZK
n‡jv gvbeRvwZi mvgwMªK Ae¯’vi cªwZ”Qwe| ZvB G `yB wel‡qi I cªkvmwbK KvR bq, eis A_©‰bwZK wewfbœ w`K, †hgb-
m¤úK© wbweo| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnv‡mi `ywU m¤úK© Drcv`b, eÈb, wewbgq, ev‡RU cªYqb BZ¨vw`i e¨e¯’vcbvi
wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv- `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| Zviv hw` RvZxq PwiÎ I bvMwiK
1. †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡b Av‡jvwPZ welqmg~n †hgb cwievi, AvPi‡Yi cªwZ j¶ bv †i‡L cwiKíbv cªYqb K‡ib, Z‡e Zv
mgvR, ivóª cªf…wZ mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cªwZôvbmg~n djcªm~ n‡e bv| ZvB †cŠibxwZ I A_©bxwZ Dfq kv‡¯¿i wk¶v
AZx‡Z †Kgb wQj, Kxfv‡e Zv weewZ©Z n‡q eZ©gvb iƒc mybvMwiK I mdj †bZ…Z¡ MV‡b mgvšÍivjfv‡e f~wgKv iv‡L|
cwiMªn K‡i‡Q BwZnvm cvV Ki‡j Zv Rvbv hvq| Z…ZxqZ: mxwgZ m¤ú` w`‡q mwVKfv‡e ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
2. HwZnvwmK Z_¨ I mv¶¨-cªgvY Qvov †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi ivRbxwZwe`‡`i A_©bxwZi Ávb cª‡qvRb| Avevi mdjfv‡e
Av‡jvPbv Am¤ú~Y© _v‡K| †Zgwb ivR‰bwZK `…wó‡KvY †_‡K cªkvmb cwiPvjbv I bvMwi‡Ki Kj¨vY wbwðZ Ki‡Z
ch©v‡jvwPZ bv n‡j BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvPbvI LwÐZ I A_©bxwZwe`‡`i †cŠibxwZi Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
A‡bKvs‡k wbi_©K| Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ ejv hvq, AvwbKv †cŠibxwZi
M. Av‡jvP¨ DÏxc‡K AvwbKv cvVvwelq wn‡m‡e †cŠibxwZi mv‡_ cvkvcvwk A_©bxwZi cvV wb‡q DwjøwLZ ¸Y¸‡jv AvqZ I
Mfxi m¤úwK©Z A_©bxwZ welqwU MªnY K‡i‡Q| †Kbbv A_©bxwZ ev¯ÍeRxe‡b cª‡qvM Ki‡j Aek¨B mybvMwiK n‡Z cvi‡e|
m¤ú`, Drcv`b, eÈbe¨e¯’v, ev‡RU Ges m‡e©vcwi mxwgZ m¤ú`
Kv‡R jvwM‡q gvbeKj¨v‡Yi ZË¡ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| 7. GKv`k †kªwYi cvV¨ welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cªZx‡Ki fvj jv‡M ivóª,
c&ৰK…Z ev¯ÍeZvq A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi bvMwiK miKvi, †bZ…Z¡ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv| K¬v‡mi wk¶K hLb my›`i K‡i
Kj¨vY m¤¢e bq| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b gvbyl‡K eûgyLx Afv‡ei AvšÍR©vwZK cªwZôvb I evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK NUbvewj wb‡q
m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| wKš‘ Gme Afve c~i‡Yi m¤ú` mxwgZ| mxwgZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i ZLb †m fv‡e fwel¨‡Z †m †cŠibxwZ welq wb‡q
m¤ú` w`‡q Kxfv‡e Amxg Afv‡ei g‡a¨ cª‡qvRbxq cov‡kvbv K‡i ivRbxwZ we‡kølK n‡e|
Afve¸‡jv‡K c~iY Kiv hvq Zv A_©bxwZ cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Rvbv K. 'wmwfUvm' k‡ãi A_© Kx?
hvq| Avevi †h‡nZy gvby‡li Amxg Afv‡ei Zyjbvq m¤ú` L. ¯^RbcªxwZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
mxwgZ, ZvB GB m¤ú‡`i myôy e¨envi Avek¨K| A_©bxwZ mxwgZ M. DÏxc‡K cªZx‡Ki fvj jvMvi welq¸‡jv| Ki|
m¤ú‡`i myôy e¨env‡ii wk¶v cª`vb K‡i| ZvQvov ivR‰bwZK N. ivRbxwZ we‡kølK nIqvi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ cvV Kiv cª‡qvRb
w¯’wZkxjZv I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKRb ivRbxwZwe‡`i †Kb? eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki
A_©bxwZi Ávb _vKvI Avek¨K| Avi A_©bxwZ cv‡V gvby‡li g‡a¨
mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj weKwkZ nq|  7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi K. ÔwmwfUvm' k‡ãi A_© bMiivóª (City State)|
cvkvcvwk A_©bxwZ cvV AZ¨šÍ mg‡qvc‡hvMx I Kvh©Ki| L. ¯^RbcªxwZi mvaviY A_© n‡jv AvZ¥xq ev NwbôR‡bi cªwZ
N. n¨vu, DÏxc‡Ki AvwbKvi c‡¶ mybvMwiK nIqv m¤¢e e‡j Avwg fv‡jvevmv| wKš‘ †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡b G welqwU GK ai‡bi
g‡b Kwi| `yb©xwZ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
iv‡óªi me bvMwiK mybvMwiK bq| †h eyw×gvb, we‡eKevb I †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cªwZôvb we‡kl cªfve LvwU‡q cªPwjZ wbqg-Kvbyb
AvZ¥mshgx †Kej Zv‡KB mybvMwiK ejv hvq| Gme ¸‡Yi f½ K‡i Ges †hvM¨ †jvK‡K ewÂZ K‡i wb‡Ri AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb ev
AwaKvix e¨w³ iv‡óªi cªwZ AbyMZ _v‡K, AvBb gvb¨ K‡i, Nwbô‡`i my‡hvM-myweav w`‡j Zv‡K ¯^RbcªxwZ (Nepotism) ejv
h_vmg‡q Ki †`q, wbe©vP‡b †hvM¨ cªv_©x‡K †fvU †`q, wb‡Ri nq| †hgb- miKvwi-‡emiKvwi PvKwi‡Z wb‡qvM, e`wj,
¯^v‡_©i Av‡M iv‡óªi g½j I Dbœq‡bi K_v wPšÍv K‡i| c‡`vbœwZ, BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î mvaviYZ D”Pc‡`i KZ©viv A‡bK mgq
¯^RbcªxwZi Avkªq MªnY K‡ib| d‡j cªkvmbmn wewfbœ †¶‡Î

7
HULKENSTEIN HSC
 ► D”P gva¨wgK \ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (cÖ_g cÎ) \ Aa¨vqwfwËK Av‡jvPbv I Abykxjbxg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi

A`¶ I A‡hvM¨ †jvK wbhyw³ cvq| Ab¨w`‡K †hvM¨, `¶ I 8. kvnvbv †eMg MZ msm` wbe©vP‡b Dchy³ cªv_©x‡K †fvU cª`vb
†gavex e¨w³‡`i †mev †_‡K ivóª ewÂZ nq| K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zvi mšÍvb‡`i Ges cvovcokx‡`i †fvU`v‡b
M. DÏxc‡Ki cªZx‡Ki fvj jvMvi welq¸‡jv n‡jv ivóª, miKvi I AvMªnx K‡i Zy‡j‡Qb| AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ kvnvbv
†bZ…Z¡| †eMg †`k I RvwZi Rb¨ m‡e©v”P Z¨vM ¯^xKvi Ki‡ZI cª¯ÍyZ
ivóª GKwU ivR‰bwZK cªwZôvb| we‡k¦i gvbyl †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv Av‡Qb| †mB Kvi‡Y kvnvbv †eMg‡K GKRb mybvMwiK wnmv‡e
iv‡óª emevm K‡i| cªwZwU iv‡óªiB wbw`©ó f~LÐ I RbmsL¨v MY¨ Kiv hvq|
i‡q‡Q| GQvov ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ AviI i‡q‡Q miKvi Ges K. j¨vwUb kã Civis Gi A_© Kx?
ivóª cwiPvjbvi m‡e©v”P ¶gZv A_©vr mve©‡fŠgZ¡| G PviwU L. †cŠibxwZi mv‡_ A_©bxwZi m¤úK© †Kgb?
Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡qB ivóª MwVZ nq| iv‡óªi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q M. DÏxc‡K kvnvbv †eMg‡K AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m‡PZb Kivi
Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi e‡jb, mywbw`©ó f~L‡Ð ¯’vqxfv‡e emevmKvix, †cQ‡b †Kvb wel‡qi cvV gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q? e¨vL¨v
mymsMwVZ miKv‡ii cªwZ ¯^fveRvZfv‡e AvbyMZ¨kxj, ewntkÎyi K‡iv|
wbqš¿Y n‡Z gy³, ¯^vaxb Rbmgwó‡K ivóª e‡j miKvi ivóª MV‡bi N. DÏxc‡K mybvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m‡PZb Kivi †¶‡Î
GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| miKvi Qvov ivóª MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| †h wel‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi cwiwa
iv‡óªi hveZxq Kvh©vewj miKv‡ii gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq| we‡kølY K‡iv|
miKvi MwVZ nq wZbwU wefvM wb‡q| h_v- AvBb, kvmb I wePvi  8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
wefvM| ivóª I miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk cªZx‡Ki fv‡jv jvMvi Ab¨ K. j¨vwUb kã Civis Gi A_© bvMwiK|
Av‡iKwU welq n‡jv †bZ…Z¡| L. †cŠibxwZ I A_©bxwZ `ywU ¯^Zš¿ welq n‡jI G‡`i wew”Qbœ K‡i
N. ivRbxwZ we‡kølK nIqvi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ cvV Kiv cª‡qvRb| †`Lvi AeKvk †bB|
GKRb ivRbxwZ we‡kølK‡K ivóª I miKv‡ii bvbvw`K m¤ú‡K© KviY AvaywbK ivóªe¨e¯’v I miKv‡ii iƒc A_©‰bwZKe¨e¯’vi Øviv
Ávb jvf Ki‡Z nq| Avi †cŠibxwZ ivóª I miKv‡ii Gme w`K wbY©q Kiv n‡”Q| e¨w³¯^vZšÍª¨ev`, cyuwRevc, mgvRev` I wgkª
†hgb iv‡óªi DrcwË, weKvk, ivóªxq msV‡bi MVb KvVv‡gv, iv‡óªi A_©bxwZi gva¨‡g cyuwRev`x mgvRev`x I Kj¨vYg~jK ivóªe¨e¯’v
Kvh©vewj, miKvi, Gi †kªwYwefvM, miKv‡ii wewfbœ iƒc, ˆewkó¨, M‡o D‡V‡Q| †`‡ki AvBb, ¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i aviYv I Ae¯’vb,
cªf…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| †cŠibxwZ cv‡V iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡ii wkí, evwYR¨, Drcv`b, eÈb I f~wg e¨e¯’vi m‡½ IZ‡cªvZfv‡e
wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK cªwZôvb I ms¯’v m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Kiv hvq| RwoZ| Gfv‡eB †cŠibxwZ I A_©bxwZ ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z|
GQvovI miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi MVbcªYvwj, ¶gZv I Kvh©vewj, M. DÏxc‡K kvnvbv †eMg‡K AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m‡PZb Kivi †cQ‡b
ivR‰bwZK `j I Pvcm…wóKvix †Mvôxi f~wgKv, wbe©vPbe¨e¯’v| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wel‡qi cvV gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
wbe©vPKgÐjx, RbgZ cªf…wZ welq m¤ú‡K© wek`Ávb jvf Kiv gvby‡li e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Rb¨ wKQy wKQy my‡hvM-myweav ev AwaKvi
hvq, hv GKRb ivRbxwZ we‡køl‡Ki Rb¨ LyeB cª‡qvRb| GKvšÍ cª‡qvRb| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi d‡j bvMwiKMY
ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi (Political Development) aviYv Zv‡`i Gme mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K©
†_‡KB DbœZ AbybœZ Ges Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqvi AewnZ I m‡PZb n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi AwaKv‡ii aviYvi g‡a¨B
my‡hvM N‡U| Avi GB ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cª`vb KZ©‡ei aviYv wbwnZ _v‡K| cª‡Z¨K bvMwiK‡K Zvi KZ©e¨ Kx
K‡i, †cŠibxwZ| Dbœq‡bi aviv I c×wZ-†KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Kx, †Kb KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Z nq, AwaKvi I KZ©‡e¨i g‡a¨
†cŠibxwZ mwe¯Ív‡i Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Avi ivRbxwZ we‡kølK m¤úK© Kx Gme m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z nq| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Gme
wn‡m‡e Dbœq‡bi aviv I c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Acwinvh©| welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges e¨w³‡K AwaKvi Dc‡fv‡Mi
GKRb ivRbxwZ we‡køl‡Ki Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª, mykvmb, bvMwi‡Ki cvkvcvwk KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| DÏxc‡Ki
AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨Z m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z nq| †cŠibxwZ cv‡Vi j¶ Kiv hvq, kvnvbv †eMg MZ msm` wbe©vP‡b Dchy³ cªv_©x‡K
gva¨‡g Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| mykvmb Kx †fvU cª`vb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zvi mšÍvb‡`i Ges cvovcokx‡`i
Ges Kxfv‡e mykvmb wbwðZ Kiv hvq- G m¤ú‡K© †cŠibxwZ †fvU`v‡b AvMªnx K‡i Zy‡j‡Qb| AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K©
AwaKvi ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i _v‡K| GQvov AZx‡Z wewfbœ iv‡óª AeMZ kvnvbv †eMg †`k I RvwZi Rb¨ m‡e©v”P Z¨vM ¯^xKvi
bvMwiK Rxe‡bi aibv †Kgb wQj, eZ©gv‡b Kxiƒc cwiMªn K‡i‡Q Ki‡ZI cª¯ÍyZ Av‡Qb| †h‡nZy †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki
Ges AZxZ mI eZ©gv‡bi Av‡jv‡K bvMwi‡Ki fwel¨r Rxeb AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i bvMwiK‡K mybvMwiKZvi
†Kgb nIqv DwPZ †m m¤ú‡K©I †cŠibxwZ mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbv wk¶v `vb K‡i †m‡nZy ejv hvq DÏxc‡K kvnvbv †eMg‡K
†`q| AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m‡PZb Kivi †cQ‡b †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
DwjøwLZ Kvi‡Y ivRbxwZ we‡kølK nIqvi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ cvV Kiv wel‡qi cvV gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
cª‡qvRb| N. DÏxc‡K mybvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m‡PZb Kivi †¶‡Î †h
wel‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvn‡jv '‡cŠibxwZ I
mykvmb, hvi cwiwa e¨vcK|
8
HULKENSTEIN HSC
 ► D”P gva¨wgK \ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (cÖ_g cÎ) \ Aa¨vqwfwËK Av‡jvPbv I Abykxjbxg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi

†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb n‡jv bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb| Z‡e e¨w³i BwZnv‡mi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv †cŠibxwZi Ávb Qvov BwZnvm
bvMwiKRxeb QvovI i‡q‡Q mgvRRxeb| gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe †hgb A_©nxb †Zgwb BwZnv‡mi Z_¨ Qvov †cŠibxwZi Av‡jvPbvI
wn‡m‡e †Kej iv‡óªi m`m¨B bq eis GKB mv‡_ eû mvs¯‹…wZK, A_©nxb| G Kvi‡YB Rb wmbx e‡j‡Qb, †cŠibxwZ e¨ZxZ BZnvm
A_©‰bwZK Ges mvgvwRK cªwZôv‡bi m`m¨| GRb¨ †cŠibxwZ I g~j¨nxb, Avi BwZnvm e¨ZxZ †cŠibxwZ wfwËnxb|
mykvmb mgvRRxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ cªwZôvbmg~n wb‡q BwZnvm AZx‡Zi NUbvewj, Av‡›`vjb, wecøe m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨ welq K‡i Ges ivR‰bwZK cªwZôv‡bi weeZ©b I ZË¡mg~n Av‡jvPbv
n‡jv bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨| AwaKvi KZ©e¨ Ges AwaKvi K‡i| Avi hLb wewfbœ NUbvewj I aviYvmg~n †cŠibxwZ‡Z
†fvM Ki‡Z n‡j Kx Kx KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Z nq Zv †cŠibxwZ I Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡`i HwZnvwmK weKvk avivI we‡ePbv
mykvmb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ki‡Z nq| G Kvi‡Y ejv nq BwZnvm †cŠibxwZi M‡elYvMvi|
bvMwiKZvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z ¯’vbxq cªwZôvbmg~n, RvZxq bvMwi‡Ki AZx‡Zi NUbvewj †hgb eZ©gv‡b BwZnvm, †Zgwb
cªwZôvbmg~n Ges AvšÍR©vwZK cªwZôvbmg~n m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv eZ©gv‡bi NUbvewjI fwel¨‡Z BwZnv‡m cwiYZ n‡e| divwm
K‡i _v‡K| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK cªwZôvbmg~n wecøe, iæk wecøe, Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv msMªvg cªf…wZ †Kvb Av_©-
wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv K‡i| ivóª, miKvi wbe©vPb, ivR‰bwZK `j, mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡k msNwUZ n‡q‡Q, BwZnvm Zv Rvb‡Z mvnvh¨
RbgZ cªf…wZ ivR‰bwZK cªwZôvbmg~nI †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi K‡i|
Av‡jvP¨ welq| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnvm G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK wnmv‡e
GQvov †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwiKZvi eZ©gvb wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi KvR K‡i| HwZnvwmK Z_¨ I mv¶¨ cªgvY e¨ZxZ †cŠibxwZ I
cvkvcvwk fwel¨r wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv K‡i| AZxZKv‡j bvMwiKZv mykvm‡bi Av‡jvPbv m¤ú~Y© nq bv| †Zgwb ivR‰bwZK `…wó‡KvY
Kxfv‡e wbY©q Kiv n‡Zv, bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ †Kgb wQj †_‡K ch©v‡jvwPZ bv n‡j BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvPbv wbi_©K n‡q c‡o|
Ges eZ©gv‡b bvMwi‡Ki gh©v`v Kxiƒc Zvi Ici wfwË K‡i †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnvm G‡K Aci‡K c~Y©Zv `vb K‡i|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb fwel¨r bvMwiK Rxe‡bi Bw½Z `vb K‡i BwZnvm cª`Ë Z_¨, NUbvewji Øviv †hgb †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cwiwa ev welqe¯Íy c~Y©Zv jvf K‡i| wVK †Zgwb †cŠibxwZi Ávb Øviv BwZnvmI
†Kej mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK †¶‡ÎB mxgve× bq, AviI eûwea mg…w× jvf K‡i|
welq G kv‡¯¿ Av‡jvwPZ nq| ZvB G wel‡qi cwiwa e¨vcK I N. eZ©gv‡b †cŠibxwZ ¯’vbxq, RvZxq welq †cwi‡q AvšÍR©vwZK
we¯Í…Z| cwigЇj we¯Í…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| Dw™¢wU h_v_©|
9. Rwn‡ii PvPv myBRvij¨v‡Ûi GKwU wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb g~jZ bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb| bvMwiK
wnmv‡e Kg©iZ i‡q‡Qb| `xN© eû eQi ci †`‡k wd‡i G‡m Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú…³ mewKQy †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvP¨
GLvbvKvi wbqg-Kvbyb gvb‡Z Zvi Lye Amyweav g‡b nq| ZvB welq| bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb wn‡m‡e †cŠibxwZ ïaygvÎ
c‡` c‡` Zvi mgm¨v n‡”Q| bvMwi‡Ki ¯’vbxq I RvZxq welq wb‡qB Av‡jvPbv K‡i bv, eis
K. mykvmb Kx? GwU bvMwi‡Ki AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj‡KI cvV¨m~wP‡Z AšÍfy³ ©
L. ¯^”QZv ej‡Z Kx eyS? K‡i‡Q|
M. †cŠibxwZ I BwZnv‡mi m¤úK© Kx? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| bvMwiK Rxeb AvR ¯’vbxq I RvZxq MwÐi mxgvbv †cwi‡q
N. eZ©gv‡b †cŠibxwZ ¯’vbxq, RvZxq welq †cwi‡q AvšÍR©vwZK AvšÍR©vwZK iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK I ivR‰bwZK
cwigЇj we¯Í…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| Dw™¢wUi h_v_©Zv wePvi †¶‡Î mg…w× AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ we‡k¦i cªvq cªwZwU †`kB eZ©gv‡b
K‡iv| cªwZ‡ekx I `~‡ii me iv‡óªi mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv Kvgbv K‡i
wek¦ kvwšÍ I eÜy‡Z¡i eÜb‡K my`…p Kivi Rb¨B M‡o Zy‡j‡Q
 9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi  RvwZmsNmn Ab¨vb¨ eû AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK cªwZôvb|
K. miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv Ges RbM‡Yi AskMªn‡Yi wfwˇZ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb RvwZmsNmn Ab¨vb¨ AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK
kvmbKvR cwiPvjbvB n‡”Q mykvmb| cªwZôv‡bi D™¢e, weKvk, D‡Ïk¨ Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
L. ¯^”QZv n‡jv Ggb GKwU weg~Z© aviYv hv Øviv gvbyl Dcjwä K‡i| d‡j Gme AvšÍR©vwZK cªwZôv‡bi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gvby‡li
Ki‡Z cv‡i †h, †Kv‡bv Kg©KvÐ KZUyKy bxwZmjZ ev ˆea| AvPiY I Kvh©vewj Kxiƒc nIqv DwPZ Zv Rvb‡Z †cŠibxwZ I
GKK_vq ¯^”QZv n‡jv my¯úóZv| GwU mykvm‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg mykvmb mvnvh¨ K‡i|
cªavb ˆewkó¨| miKvwi Kg©Kv‡Ði ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZvi Ici AvšÍR©vwZK cwigЇj Kxfv‡e kvwšÍ cªwZôv Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q
mykvmb wbf©i K‡i| ZvB ¯^”QZv ZLbB cªwZwôZ n‡e hLb †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| AZx‡Z `yÕ`ywU wek¦hy×
miKvi Zv‡`i Kg©KvÐ, bxwZgvjv I wm×všÍ RbMY‡K AewnZ Kxfv‡e wek¦kvwšÍ webó K‡i‡Q, we‡k¦i kvwšÍKvgx †bZvMY Kxfv‡e
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| kvwšÍ cªwZôvi Rb¨ mw¤§wjZ RvwZcyÄ, RvwZmsN cªf…wZ
M. †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnvm DfqB mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb M‡o Zy‡j‡Q Ges Gme msMVb wek¦kvwšÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv| Df‡qi m¤úK©I AZ¨šÍ Nwbô| wb‡gœ †cŠibxwZ I cªwZôvq Kx f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q, †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV K‡i Zv
9
HULKENSTEIN HSC
 ► D”P gva¨wgK \ †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb (cÖ_g cÎ) \ Aa¨vqwfwËK Av‡jvPbv I Abykxjbxg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi

Rvbv hvq| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, eZ©gv‡b I mykvm‡bi cvV †_‡K jvf Kiv hvq| m‡e©vcwi †cŠibxwZ I
†cŠibxwZi Av‡jvPbv ïaygvÎ ¯’vbxq I RvZxq wel‡q mxgve× bq; mykvm‡bi wk¶v iv‡óª mykvmb cªwZôvi †¶‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
eZ©gv‡b GwU ¯’vbxq I RvZxq welq †cwi‡q AvšÍR©vwZK cwigЇj cvjb K‡i|
we¯Í…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| DÏxc‡Ki gviæd iv‡óªi GKRb bvMwiK wn‡m‡e D³ welq¸‡jvi
mv‡_ m¤ú…³| ZvB Zvi ev¯Íe Rxe‡b mybvMwiKZvi wk¶v,
10. gviæd mv‡ne †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vwPZ n‡q‡Qb mZ¨| wKš‘ bvMwiK I bvMwi‡Ki ¯’vbxq, RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK iƒc, bvMwiK †PZbv e…w×
bvMwiK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© Zvi h‡_ó Ávb bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y I †`k‡cªg m…wó‡Z †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi wk¶v LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
†Pqvig¨vb wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b h‡_ó mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nb| N. DÏxc‡Ki gviæd mv‡n‡ei g‡a¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Áv‡bi
K. †cŠibxwZ Kx? Afve i‡q‡Q| ZvB Av`k© †Pqvig¨vb nIqvi Rb¨ gviæd mv‡n‡ei
L. '†cŠibxwZ GKwU Ab¨Zg mvgvwRK weÁvb' Dw³wU e¨vL¨v †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV Kiv DwPZ|
K‡iv| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwiKZv welqK mvgvwRK weÁvb|
M. DÏxc‡Ki gviæ‡di ev¯Íe Rxe‡b DË welq KZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©? bvMwiKZvi mv‡_ RwoZ mKj welq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
e¨vL¨v K‡iv| Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi G mKj cvV
N. Av`k© †Pqvig¨vb nIqvi Rb¨ gviæd mv‡n‡ei Kx Kiv bvMwiK‡`i‡K mybvMwiKZvi ¸Yvewj m¤ú‡K© wk¶v †`q|
DwPZ? Ges †Kb? h_v_©Zv wePvi K‡iv| bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨‡eva m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cvV †_‡K| GKRb bvMwiK ¯’vbxq cªwZôvb
 10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi  †hgb- BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, †cŠimfv, wmwU
K. †cŠibxwZ n‡jv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv, hv bvMwiKZvi K‡c©v‡ikb cªf…wZi mv‡_ mswkøó| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwi‡Ki
mv‡_ m¤ú…³ mKj welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| mv‡_ mswkøó G mKj cªwZôv‡bi cªK…wZ, MVb, Kvh©vewj, weKvk
L. mgvRe× gvby‡li bvMwiK Rxeb‡K †K›`ª K‡i wewfbœ cª_v, AvBb, wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| G mKj cªwZôv‡bi mv‡_ bvMwiK‡`i
AvPvi-Abyôvb, wewfbœ mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cªwZôv‡b M‡o m¤úK© †Kgb n‡e ZvI †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Rvbv
D‡V‡Q| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv mgvR I bvMwiKZvi hvq|
mv‡_ RwoZ wewfbœ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| †cŠibxwZ GKwU DÏxc‡Ki gviæd mv‡ne GKRb wbe©vwPZ †Pqvig¨vb n‡jI wZwb
bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb wn‡m‡e bvMwiKZvi mv‡_ RwoZ ¯’vbxq, bvMwiK I bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© Rv‡bb bv| d‡j †Pqvig¨vb
RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| ZvB wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b wZwb h‡_ó mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nb| gviæd
†cŠibxwZ‡K GKwU Ab¨Zg mvgvwRK weÁvb ejv nq| mv‡n‡ei GB mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nIqvi KviY n‡jv †cŠibxwZ I
M. DÏxc‡Ki gviæ‡di g‡a¨ †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Áv‡bi Afve mykvmb wel‡q Zvi †Kv‡bv aviYv ev Ávb †bB| ZvB gviæd
cwijw¶Z nq| ZvB gviæ‡di ev¯Íe Rxe‡b †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb mv‡n‡ei GB mgm¨v †_‡K DËiY I Av`k© †Pqvig¨vb nIqvi Rb¨
wel‡qi Ávb Acwinvh©| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb welqwU cvV Kiv DwPZ| †Kbbv †cŠibxwZ I
†cŠibxwZ I mykvmb bvMwiKZv welqK weÁvb| GwU bvMwi‡Ki mykvmb cv‡Vi gva¨‡g bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi-KZ©e¨ Ges wewfbœ
¯’vbxq, RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK cªf…wZ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i ¯’vbxq, RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK cªwZôv‡bi Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© Ávb
_v‡K| bvMwiKZvi A_© I cªK…wZ, bvMwiKZv AR©b I we‡jvc, jvf Kiv hvq|
mybvMwiKZv, bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨‡eva cªf…wZ †cŠibxwZ I
mykvm‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq| GKRb bvMwiK ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi wewfbœ
cªwZôvb †hgb- BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, †cŠimfv,
wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb cªf…wZi mv‡_ mswkøó _v‡K| †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
bvMwi‡Ki G mKj ¯’vbxq cªwZôv‡bi cªK…wZ, MVb, Kvh©vewj I
weKvk wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| GQvovI †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb
bvMwiKi ivR‰bwZK cªwZôvb, bvMwiKZvi AZxZ, eZ©gvb I
fwel¨r wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK NUbv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K|
†cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi GmKj Av‡jvPbv bvMwiK‡`i mybvMwKZvi
¸bvewj, bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨‡ev‡ai wk¶v w`‡q my¯,’
my›`i Rxeb MV‡bi wk¶v `vb K‡i| bvMwiK `…wófw½ D`vi K‡i,
msKxY©Zv `~i K‡i| †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi cvV bvMwiK †PZbv
e…w× K‡i GKwU mg…× ivóªMV‡b mnvqZv K‡i| bvMwiK‡`i mvg‡b
RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK wewfbœ wel‡qi w`MšÍ D‡b¥vPb K‡i| d‡j
bvMwiK‡`i Áv‡bi cwiwa e…w× cvq| †`k‡cª‡gi wk¶vI †cŠibxwZ
10
HULKENSTEIN HSC