Centre for Distance & Online Education

NAME SHAGUN

ROLL NUMBER 2314502552

SESSION SEPT 2025

PROGRAM BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)

SEMESTER V

COURSE CODE & NAME DCA3103 – SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

Q1. Explain different types of data types used in Python.

Python provides a rich set of built-in data types that allow programmers to store, manage, and
manipulate data efficiently. These data types are broadly categorized into numeric, sequence,
mapping, set, boolean, and special data types.

Numeric data types are used to store numerical values. The most common numeric types are
int, float, and complex. The int type represents whole numbers of unlimited length, such as 10
or -45. The float type stores decimal values like 3.14 or 0.001. The complex type is used for
complex numbers that have real and imaginary parts, such as 2+3j. Numeric data types are
commonly used in calculations, scientific computing, and financial applications.

Sequence data types store collections of items in an ordered manner. The most widely used
sequence types are list, tuple, and string. A list is a mutable sequence that can store different
types of elements and can be modified after creation. Tuples are similar to lists but are
immutable, making them suitable for fixed data collections. Strings store sequences of
characters and are used to represent text. These data types are essential for handling structured
data.

Mapping data types are used to store data in key-value pairs. The primary mapping type in
Python is the dictionary. Dictionaries allow fast data access using unique keys and are widely
used to represent structured data such as records, configurations, and JSON-like objects.
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Set data types store unordered collections of unique elements. Python provides set and
frozenset. A set is mutable, while a frozenset is immutable. Sets are useful for mathematical
operations like union, intersection, and difference, as well as for removing duplicate values.

Boolean data type stores logical values True or False. It is commonly used in decision-making
and conditional statements.

NoneType represents the absence of a value using None. It is often used to initialize variables or
indicate that no value is returned from a function. Together, these data types form the
foundation of Python programming and enable flexible data handling.

Q2. How are local and global variables different from each other? Explain use of global
keyword with example.

Variables in Python are classified based on their scope, mainly as local variables and global
variables. The scope of a variable determines where it can be accessed and modified within a
program.

A local variable is declared inside a function and can be accessed only within that function. It
exists only during the execution of the function. Local variables help in maintaining data privacy
and avoiding unintended modifications. For example, a variable declared inside a function for
calculation purposes cannot be accessed outside that function.

A global variable is declared outside all functions and can be accessed throughout the program,
including inside functions. Global variables are useful when a value needs to be shared across
multiple functions. However, excessive use of global variables can make programs difficult to
debug and maintain.

By default, if a variable with the same name exists both globally and locally, Python treats the
variable inside the function as local. To modify a global variable inside a function, the global
keyword is used. The global keyword tells Python that the variable refers to the globally
declared variable, not a new local one.

Example:

count = 10 # global variable

def update():

global count

count = count + 5

update()

print(count)

In this example, count is a global variable. Inside the function update, the global keyword allows
modification of the global variable. Without using global, Python would create a new local
variable named count.

Local variables improve modularity and reduce side effects, while global variables simplify
shared access. Proper understanding of variable scope and controlled use of the global keyword
leads to cleaner and more maintainable Python programs.

Q3. What is a list? Explain different methods to delete an item from a list.

A list is one of the most commonly used data types in Python. It is an ordered, mutable
collection that can store elements of different data types such as integers, strings, and even
other lists. Lists are defined using square brackets and allow dynamic modification, making
them suitable for storing and managing collections of data.

Python provides several methods to delete items from a list, depending on the requirement.
One common method is the remove() method. This method removes the first occurrence of a
specified value from the list. It is useful when the value to be removed is known. However, if the
value does not exist, it raises an error.

Another method is pop(). The pop() method removes and returns the element at a specified
index. If no index is provided, it removes the last element of the list. This method is useful when
both deletion and retrieval of the element are required.
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The del statement is another way to remove elements from a list. It can delete a specific
element using its index or remove a range of elements using slicing. It is also capable of deleting
the entire list from memory.

The clear() method removes all elements from the list, making it empty while keeping the list
object intact. This is useful when the list structure needs to be reused.

Example:

data = [10, 20, 30, 40]

[Link](20)

[Link](1)

del data[0]

[Link]()

Each deletion method serves a specific purpose. Choosing the correct method depends on
whether the deletion is based on value, index, or the need to empty the entire list.

SET–II

Q4.

a) Explain the utility of break, continue, and pass statement using example.

The break, continue, and pass statements are control statements used to alter the flow of loops
in Python.

The break statement is used to terminate a loop immediately when a specific condition is met.
It is commonly used to exit a loop early, even if the loop condition is still true.

Example:

for i in range(1, 6):

if i == 3:
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break

print(i)

The continue statement skips the current iteration of the loop and moves to the next iteration.
It is useful when certain values need to be ignored during execution.

Example:

for i in range(1, 6):

if i == 3:

continue

print(i)

The pass statement does nothing and is used as a placeholder where a statement is syntactically
required but no action is needed.

Example:

for i in range(5):

if i == 2:

pass

else:

print(i)

These statements provide flexibility and control in loop execution, making programs more
efficient and readable.

b) What does the self-argument signify in the class methods?

The self argument represents the current instance of a class. It is used to access variables and
methods associated with the object. Although self is not a keyword, it is a widely accepted
convention in Python.
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When a method is called using an object, Python automatically passes the object reference to
the method as self. This allows instance variables to be accessed and modified within class
methods.

Example:

class Student:

def set_name(self, name):

[Link] = name

def display(self):

print([Link])

Here, [Link] refers to the instance variable of the specific object. Without self, Python would
not be able to distinguish between local variables and instance variables. Thus, self ensures
proper data encapsulation and object-oriented behavior.

Q5. What is exception handling? Explain the process of creating user defined exception with
code in Python.

Exception handling in Python is a mechanism used to handle runtime errors gracefully,

The try block contains code that may raise an exception. The except block catches and handles
the exception. The else block executes if no exception occurs, and the finally block runs
regardless of whether an exception is raised or not.

Python also allows programmers to create user-defined exceptions to handle application-

Example:
 Centre for Distance & Online Education

class InvalidAgeError(Exception):

pass

def check_age(age):

if age < 18:

raise InvalidAgeError("Age must be 18 or above")

else:

print("Access granted")

try:

check_age(16)

except InvalidAgeError as e:

print(e)

In this example, a custom exception InvalidAgeError is created. The raise keyword is used to
trigger the exception when a specific condition is met. User-defined exceptions improve
program clarity, allow precise error handling, and make large applications more robust and
maintainable.

Q6. Explain DDL, DML, DCL and TCL commands in detail.

SQL commands are categorized based on their functionality. The major categories are DDL,
DML, DCL, and TCL.

Data Definition Language (DDL) commands are used to define and manage database structures.
Common DDL commands include CREATE, ALTER, DROP, and TRUNCATE. These commands
create tables, modify structures, and remove database objects. DDL commands directly affect
the database schema.
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Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands are used to manage data stored in tables.
Common DML commands include INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and SELECT. These commands allow
users to add, modify, remove, and retrieve data. DML commands are frequently used in
application development.

Data Control Language (DCL) commands control access to database objects. The main DCL
commands are GRANT and REVOKE. They are used to provide or remove user permissions,
ensuring data security and controlled access.

Transaction Control Language (TCL) commands manage database transactions. Common TCL
commands include COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT. These commands ensure data
consistency by allowing changes to be saved permanently or undone when errors occur.

Together, these SQL command categories help in effective database creation, management,
security, and reliability.