Module 1
Lesson 1
Introduction to Quantitative
Practical Research 2
Quantitative
Research
Quantitative research uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data
to investigate observable phenomena. A phenomenon is any existing or
observable fact or situation that we want to unearth further or understand. It is
scientific for the fact that it uses a scientific method in designing and collecting
numerical data. Once data is collected, it will undergo statistical analysis like
Pearson’s r, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for analysis. Since data is
analyzed statistically, it is imperative that the data obtained must be numerical
and quantifiable, hence its name quantitative research.
Quantitative
Research
Numerical data are generally easier to collect than descriptions or phrases used
in qualitative research. Information like student’s grades in different subjects,
number of hours of engagement in social media platforms of teens, percentage
of consumers who prefer the color blue for soap packaging, average daily Covid-
19 patient recovery per region are just few examples of research data expressed
in numbers. Some data on the other hand, are not directly countable and thus
require conversion from non-numerical information into numerical information
Quantitative
Research
For instance, determining which brand of canned sardines is the best choice for
consumers in terms of taste cannot be expressed in numbers unless we do a
survey using a rating scale. Several forms of rating scales are available, e.g., the
Likert scale that we can use to quantify data. Usually, they come in a selection of
numbers with a corresponding meaning for each choice, for example: 1= tastes
very good, 2 = satisfactory, or 3 = undesirable. Numerical choices convert texts
into numbers so the researcher can perform mathematical operations for faster,
more accurate, and more objective analysis.
4 FASTER DATA ANALYSIS
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research 5 GENERALIZED DATA
1 LARGE SAMPLE SIZE
6 FAST DATA COLLECTION
2 OBJECTIVE
7 RELIABLE DATA
3 VISUAL RESULT PRESENTATION
8 REPLICATION
LARGE SAMPLE SIZE
To obtain more meaningful
statistical result, the data must
come from a large sample size.
OBJECTIVE
Data gathering and analysis of results are
done accurately, objectively, and are
unaffected by the researcher’s intuition
and personal guesses.
VISUAL RESULT
PRESENTATION
Data is numerical, which makes
presentation through graphs, charts, and
tables possible and for better conveyance
and interpretation.
FASTER DATA ANALYSIS.
The use of a statistical tools give way for a
less time-consuming data analysis.
GENERALIZED DATA
Data taken from a sample can be applied
to the population if sampling is done
accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random
samples were taken.
FAST DATA
COLLECTION
Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be quick
and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research
instruments that allow the researcher to collect data from a
large sample size efficiently. For instance, a single survey form
can be administered simultaneously to collect various
measurable characteristics like age, gender, socio-economic
status, etc.
RELIABLE DATA
Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a
sample as a representative of the population,
making it more credible and reliable for
policymaking and decision making.
REPLICATION
The Quantitative method can be repeated to
verify findings enhancing its validity, free from
false or immature conclusions.
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Quantitative research can be replicated or
repeated.
2. Findings are generalizable to the
population.
3. Conclusive establishment of cause and
effect
4. Numerical and quantifiable data can be
used to predict outcomes
5. Fast and easy data analysis using
statistical software.
6. Fast and easy data gathering
7. Very objective
8. Validity and reliability can be established
WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The following are the disadvantages of quantitative
research:
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or
concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of
human experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described by
numerical data such as feelings, and beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only from the
given responses.
6. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate
responses.
7. A Large sample size makes data collection more
costly.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
is used to describe a particular phenomenon by
Descriptive
observing it as it occurs in nature. There is no
experimental manipulation and the researcher does
not start with a hypothesis. The goal of descriptive
research is only to describe the person or object of
the study. An example of descriptive research design
is “the determination of the different kinds of physical
Design
activities and how often high school students do it
during the quarantine period.”
Quantitative research is a broad spectrum that
it can be classified into smaller and more
1 2 specific kinds: descriptive, correlational, ex post
facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
identifies the relationship between variables. The
Data is collected by observation since it does not
consider the cause and effect for example, the
relationship between the amount of physical
Correlational
activity done and student academic
achievement.
Design
Quantitative research is a broad spectrum that
it can be classified into smaller and more
1 2 specific kinds: descriptive, correlational, ex post
facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
is used to investigate a possible relationship
between previous events and present conditions.
The term “Ex post facto”, means after the fact,
looks at the possible causes of an already
Ex post facto
occurring phenomenon. Just like the first two,
there is no experimental manipulation in this Design
design. An example of this is “how does the
parent’s academic achievement affect the
children obesity?”
Quantitative research is a broad spectrum that
it can be classified into smaller and more
1 2 specific kinds: descriptive, correlational, ex post
facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
A Quasi-
is used to establish the cause and effect relationship of
variables. Although it resembles the experimental design, the
quasi-experimental has lesser validity due to the absence of
Experimental
random selection and assignment of subjects. Here, the
independent variable is identified but not manipulated. The
researcher does not modify preexisting groups of subjects.
Design
The group exposed to treatment (experimental) is compared
to the group unexposed to treatment (control): example, the
effects of unemployment on attitude towards following safety
protocol in ECQ declared areas.
Quantitative research is a broad spectrum that
it can be classified into smaller and more
1 2 specific kinds: descriptive, correlational, ex post
facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
like quasi- experimental is used to establish the
Experimental
cause and effect relationship of two or more
variables. This design provides a more conclusive
result because it uses random assignment of
subjects and experimental manipulations. For
example, a comparison of the effects of various Design
blended learning to the reading comprehension of
elementary pupils.
Quantitative research is a broad spectrum that
it can be classified into smaller and more
1 2 specific kinds: descriptive, correlational, ex post
facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental.
Practical Research
2
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