CANCER
Submitted By: NADIR AKHTAR
Submitted To: Mr. Malkhan Meena
Class:12 'A'
Subject: Biology
School Name: PM SHRI KENDRIYA
VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN,
SARSAWA
Acknowledgment
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my
Biology
teacher, [Teacher’s Name], for guiding me through
this
project. I also thank my parents and friends for
their
constant support. This project has helped me gain
a deeper understanding of cancer, its causes,
effects, and treatment.
INDEX
1. Introduction
2. What is Cancer?
3. Types of Cancer
4. Causes of Cancer
5. Symptoms of Cancer
6. Diagnosis of Cancer
7. Treatment Options
8. Prevention of Cancer
9. Recent Advances in Cancer Research
10. Conclusio
11. Bibliography
1. INTRODUCTION
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. According to
the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer accounted for nearly
10 million deaths in 2020, which is about one in six deaths globally.
The most common types of cancer include lung, breast, colorectal,
prostate, and stomach cancer.
The incidence of cancer is increasing due to factors such as lifestyle
changes, pollution, and genetic mutations. However, early detection
and advancements in treatment have significantly improved survival
rates. This project explores the causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of cancer.
2. What is Cancer?
Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell division.
Normal cells follow a life cycle: they grow, divide, and
eventually die. However, cancerous cells continue dividing
without stopping, leading to the formation of tumors.
Types of Tumors:
• Benign Tumor: Non-cancerous and does not spread.
• Malignant Tumor: Cancerous and can spread to other
body parts (metastasis).
3. TYPES OF CANCER
There are over 100 types of cancer. Some common ones
Include:
• Lung Cancer – Caused by smoking and pollution.
• Breast Cancer – Common in women; can also affect Men.
• Skin Cancer – Caused by excessive sun exposure.
• Blood Cancer (Leukemia) – Affects white blood cells.
• Colon Cancer – Affects the digestive system.
4. CAUSES OF CANCER
Cancer can be caused by multiple factors, including:
• Genetic mutations (family history of cancer)
• Carcinogens (tobacco, alcohol, radiation, asbestos)
• Unhealthy lifestyle (poor diet, lack of exercise)
• Infections (HPV, Hepatitis B and CEnvironmental factors (pollution,
exposure to harmful chemicals)
5. SYMPTOMS OF CANCER
Symptoms vary based on the type of cancer but may include:
• Unexplained weight loss
• Persistent fatigue
• Lumps or swelling in any body part
• Unusual bleeding or discharge
• Difficulty swallowing
• Changes in skin or moles
6. DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER
Cancer can be detected through:
• Physical Examination
• Blood Tests (e.g., tumor markers)
• Imaging Tests (X-ray, MRI, CT scan, PET scan)
• Biopsy (sample tissue testing)
• Genetic Testing (to check inherited risks)
7. TREATMENT OPTIONS
Cancer treatment depends on the type and stage of the
disease. Common treatments include:
• Surgery (removal of tumors)
• Chemotherapy (use of drugs to kill cancer cells)
• Radiation Therapy (high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells)
• Immunotherapy (boosting the immune system to fight cancer)
• Targeted Therapy (drugs that target specific cancer cells)
• Stem Cell Transplant (used for blood cancers)
8. PREVENTION OF CANCER
Although cancer cannot always be prevented, the risk can be
reduced by:
• Avoiding tobacco and alcohol
• Eating a healthy diet (fruits, vegetables, whole grains)
• Exercising regularly
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Getting vaccinated (HPV, Hepatitis B)
• Regular medical check-ups and cancer screenings
9. CONCLUSION
Cancer is a life-threatening disease, but with early detection, proper treatment,
and lifestyle changes, its impact can be minimized. Awareness, prevention, and
scientific advancements are the key to fighting cancer effectively.
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books & Journals: Stories of Cancer and Hope and When Breath Becomes Air
Web Sources: reliable websites like WHO, NCBI, and the American Cancer
Society.