Structural Steel Framing

and Steel Decking

Prepared by:
Ar. Emmanuel Plan
Instructor, BT5
Steel
• Iron-based alloys having a carbon
content less than that of cast iron
and more than that of wrought
iron
• Qualities of strength, hardness
and elasticity
• Used for light and heavy structural
framing, as well as a wide range of
products such as windows, doors,
hardware, and fastenings
• Measured in terms of weight to
volume
History
• 1870: Industrial Revolution
The Bessemer process in 1855 made steel
production more efficient, and cheap steels, with
high tensile and compressive strengths and good
ductility were available from about 1870.
• The Bessemer Process - Named after Henry
Bessemer, the process involves removing
impurities from iron though oxidation.
• The processes had been used outside of Europe
for hundreds of years, but not on an industrial
scale. The process has existed since the 11th
century in East Asia, where the scholar Shen Kuo
describes its use in the Chinese iron and steel
industry.
• In the 17th century, accounts by European
travelers detailed its possible use by the Japanese
History
• Wrought and cast iron continued to satisfy
most of the demand for iron-based
building products, due mainly to problems
of producing steel from alkaline ores.

• It was not until 1880 that an era of

construction based on reliable mild steel
began. By that date the quality of steels
being produced had become reasonably
consistent.

• In the United States, the first steel framed

building was the Rand McNally Building in
Chicago, erected in 1890 by Burnham and
Root
Cold-formed steel
• Cold-formed steel framing is sheet
steel that is formed into shapes and
sizes that are similar to what builders
are accustomed to seeing in
dimensional lumber (2x4, 2x6, 2x8,
2x10, 2x12, and so forth).
• Steel framing members are formed in
a process called roll forming by
passing sheet steel through a series
of rollers to form the bends that make
the shape, e.g. the web, flanges, and
lips of a stud or C-shape.
• Done without heat the studs and joists
are made stronger than the original
sheet steel.
Hot-rolled
• Hot rolled steels are formed when raw
steel is rolled through a compressive
force at a temperature of above 926°C to
form a new shape.
• The hot rolling process alters the
thickness of the steel and/or changes the
cross-sectional area and shape.
• Hot rolled steel typically does not have the
same tolerances when being formed as
cold rolled steel due to the thermal
expansion.
• Hot rolled steel is available in many
shapes, including round bars, sheets,
plates, I-beams and channels.
Carbon Steel
• Unalloyed steel in which the residual elements,
such as carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and
silicon
• Increase in carbon content increases the strength and
hardness of the steel but reduces its ductility and
weldability

• Mild or soft steel is a low-carbon steel containing from 0.15%

to 0.25% carbon
• Medium steel is a carbon steel containing from 0.25% to
0.45% carbon
• Hard steel is a high-carbon steel containing from 0.45% to
0.85% carbon
Alloy Steel
• Carbon steel to which various elements, such as
chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum,
nickel, tungsten, or vanadium, have been added

• Stainless steel contains a minimum of 12% chromium,

sometimes with nickel, manganese, or molybdenum
• High-strength low-alloy steel is a low-carbon steel containing
less than 2% alloys in a chemical composition specifically
developed for increased strength, ductility, and resistance
to corrosion
• Weathering steel is a high-strength, low-alloy steel that forms
an oxide coating when exposed to rain or moisture in the
atmosphere
• Tungsten steel is an alloy steel containing 10% to 20% tungsten
for increased hardness and heat retention
Structural Steel
• Structural steels are low- to medium-carbon steels used in
elements 1⁄4 in thick or more to form structural framing.

• includes flexural members, columns, trusses, bearings and

bearing plates, bracing, hangers, bolts and nuts, shear
connectors, wedges, and shims.
Structural Steel
• Carbon steels the following requirements: maximum content
specified for alloying elements does not exceed the following:
manganese, 1.65%; silicon, 0.60%; copper, 0.60%
• High-strength, low-alloy steels have specified minimum yield
strengths larger than 40 ksi, which are attained without heat
treatment
• Heat-treated, high-strength carbon steels are heat-treated to
achieve specified high strength and toughness.
• Heat-treated, constructional alloy steels contain alloying
elements in excess of the limits for carbon steels and are heat-
treated to obtain a combination of high strength and
toughness.
Properties of Structural Steel
• Ductility is measured by percent elongation permitting
redistribution of stresses at points of high local stresses.
• Cold working of structural steels, that is, forming plates or
structural shapes into other shapes at room temperature
Toughness is defined as the capacity of a steel to absorb
energy; the greater thecapacity, the greater the toughness.
• Creep, a gradual change in strain under constant stress, is
usually not significant for structural steel framing in buildings
• Hardness is used in production of steels to estimate tensile
strength and to checkthe uniformity of tensile strength in
various products.
• Fatigue resistance
Structural Steel
Structural Steel
Structural Steel Connections
• Either workshop or site connections according to where
the fabrication takes place

• Most site connections are bolted whereas workshop

connections are very often carried out by welding.

• Structural engineer selects the type and number of

bolts or the size and length of weld to be used
according to the connection strength to be achieved.
W, M and S-Shape

Sample specifications
Angle, Channel, Tee (WT or ST)

Sample specifications
Structural Steel Foundation Plan
Structural Steel Connections
Structural Steel Connections
Structural Steel Framing Plan
Structural Steel Connections
Structural Steel Connections
Structural Steel Connections
Structural Steel Connections
Welding
• A fabrication process that joins materials, usually
metals or thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt
the parts together and allowing them to cool,
causing fusion.
• Distinct from lower temperature metal-joining
techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do
not melt the base metal.
• Oxygen and acetylene (oxy-acetylene) gas welding
equipment may be used to fuse together light steel
sections,
• The electric arc process is preferred as it is more
effective and efficient. This technique applies an
expendable steel electrode to fuse parts together
by high amperage current.
• The strength of a weld is dependent on multiple
factors, including: base metal, filler metal, type of
weld, throat and weld size
Welding
• Shielded-metal-arc welding fuses parts to be joined by
the heat of an electric arc struck between a coated metal
electrode and the material being joined, or base metal.
• Submerged-arc welding fuses the parts to be joined by
the heat of an electric arc struck between a bare metal
electrode and base metal.
• Gas-metal-arc welding produces fusion by the heat of an
electric arc struck between a filler-metal electrode and
base metal, while the molten metal is shielded by a gas
or mixture of gas and flux
• Electroslag welding uses a molten slag to melt filler
metal and surfaces of the base metal and thus make a
weld.
• Electrogas welding is similar to the electroslag process.
The electrogas process, however, maintains an electric
arc continuously, uses an inert gas for shielding, and the
electrode provides flux.
• Stud welding is used to fuse metal studs or similar parts
to other steel parts by the heat of an electric arc.
Welding
• Tack Weld - A temporary weld used
to hold parts in place while more
extensive, final welds are made

• Continuous Weld - A weld which

extends continuously from one end
of a joint to the other

• Stitch Weld - A series of welds of a

specified length that are spaced a
specified distance from each other
Welding
Welding
Structural Bolt
• Specialized, heavy type of hex bolt
intended for use in large
structures, such as buildings and
bridges.
• This bolt is designed to withstand
loads of steel-to-steel structural
connections
• Hardened steel washers are used
in many structural connections to
spread pressure from the bolt
tightening process over a larger
area . Washers may also be used
to cover an oversized or slotted
hole
Structural Bolt
Steel Decking
• Steel deck is made by cold forming
structural grade sheet steel into a
repeating pattern of parallel ribs.

• The strength and stiffness of the

panels are a result of the shape of
the ribs and the material properties
of the steel.

• The thickness of steel floor deck is

typically specified by a gage
designation
Steel Decking
Steel Decking Connections
Steel Decking Connections
Steel Decking Connections
Steel Decking Connections