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Course Title: - Identifying and Using Network Hand Tools

Course Code: - EIS HNS1 M08 03221

Unit one: Basic Network overview1

1.1 Introducing network 1

A network is a group of computers that are connected to share hardware and

software.

A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables

the computer to communicate with another computer and share their
resources,data,and applications.

Anetwork refers to the a system interconnection of a set of devices or entities that

communicate each other to to share resources (data, information, peripherals
device, remote computer, databases system… etc) or accomplished of
communication.

In order for the computers tocommunicate with each other, they must share
three elements: a network media and topology, aprotocol, and a software client
or service1

Topology is refers to the arrangement or physical layout of computers, cables,

and othercomponents on the network. "Topology" is the standard term that most
network workofessionals use when they refer to the network's basic design.

Protocol is rule by which two or more devices interconnect each other on a

network
Network media refers to the communication channels used to interconnect nodes
on acomputer network.

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1.2 IdentifyingTypes of Network

A computer network can be categorized based on various criteria, such their
size, Topology, purpose, the type of connection they use.

Based on Geographical Area:

LAN(Local Area Network)

Covers a small geographical area like a home, school, or office

o Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small

area such as building, office

o LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a

communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.

o It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network

adapters, and ethernet cables.

o The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.

o Local Area Network provides higher .

WAN(Wide Area Network)

Covers a large geographic area such as the internet.
o A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area
such as states or countries

Prepared BY Mohammed
o A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.

o A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large
geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.

o The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.

o A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and
education.3

MAN is connects devices in a cityor campus

o A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area
by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.

o Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.

o In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone

exchange line.

o The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN,
OC-3, ADSL, etc.

o It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

Uses of Metropolitan Area Network:

o MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.

o It can be used in an Airline Reservation.

o It can be used in a college within a city.

o It can also be used for communication in

 IT Department waliif college

PAN(Personal Area Network)

o Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person,
typically within a range of 10 meters

o Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal
use is known as Personal Area Network.

o Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the
Personal Area Network.

o Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet

o Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network
are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.

Used for devices around an individual, eg...Bluetooth.

4There are two types of Personal Area Network:

o Wired Personal Area Network

o Wireless Personal Area Network4

Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is developed by

simply using wireless technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range
network.

Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using
the USB.
Examples Of Personal Area Network:

o Body Area Network: Body Area Network is a network that moves with a person.

For example, a mobile network moves with a person. Suppose a person

establishes a network connection and then creates a connection with another
device to share the information.

o Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the home, so it is

also known as a home network. A home network is designed to integrate the
devices such as printers, computer, television but they are not connected to the
internet.

o Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of devices to the internet

and to a corporate network using a VPN

Based on connection type (network media),

1. Wired (Guided) Media Networks

These use physical cables to transmit data.

Examples: Ethernet network,

2. Wireless (Unguided) Media Networks

These transmit data without physical cables, using electromagnetic waves.

Use Radio Waves ([Link]-Fi, Bluetooth)

Network Based on Resource Security and Access

Peer-to-Peer Network :- is also called workgroup

In a peer-to-peer network, all computers (or nodes) are considered equal and can
share resources directly with each other without needing a central server. Each
computer can function as both a client and a server.

Client-server Network
A client-server network is an network model involves multiple clients or
workstations, connecting to at least one central server to access resources ,data,
and services.

Network Based on Topologies

Network topology refers to the physical arrangement of different elements like
nodes, links, or devices in a computer network.
Typical network configurations include bus topology, mesh topology, star
topology, and ring topology.

A. Star Topology
Devices connecte to a central hub

In a star topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central
controller, usually called a switch. All devices are connected to a central hub or
switch.
Advantages:
Easy to install and manage.
If one cable or device fails, it doesn’t affect the rest of the network.
Disadvantages:
If the central hub fails, the whole network stops functioning.
Can be more expensive due to the need for a hub.
B. Ring Topology

Devices in a circular Layout

In ring topology, each node is directly connected to only its two adjacent
neighbors, forming circulator ring structure .Data travels in one direction(or two in
adualring).

Advantages:
A ring is easy to reconfigure and install
Data is transmitted with minimal collisions.
Simple setup with predictable data paths.
Disadvantages:
If one device fails, it can disrupt the entire network unless it's a dual ring.
More challenging to add or remove devices.
C. Bus: Devices connecte to a single backbone.

In bus topology, there is a long cable called bus which acts as a backbone for all
the nodes as .
All devices are connected to a single central cable (the "bus").
Advantages:
Easy to setup, install and extend.
Requires less cable than some other topologies.
Disadvantages:
If the main cable fails, the whole network goes down.
Limited number of devices can connect without performance issues.

D. Mesh Topology Devices inter linked, providing multiple path for data.

In mesh topology each node is connected to every other node by direct links.
Every device is connected to every other device.
Advantages:
High redundancy; if one path fails, data can take another route.
Highly reliable ,robust and fault-tolerant.
Disadvantages:
Expensive and complex to set up due to many connections.
Requires a lot of cables and configuration.

1.3 Identifying Forms of Ethernet Cables

Ethernet cables is a types network cables used to connect devices ina wired Local
Area Network (LAN),enabling them to communicate and share data. Ethernet
cables are commonly used to Link computer, switches, routers, and printers
other Networking devices

Types Ethernet Cable Categories

Category(Cat5):
speeds up to 100 Mbps.

Limited to 100 meters

Used in older networks.

or low-speed network connection

Category5e (Cat5e):

Enhanced version ofCat5

speeds up to 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps).

Common in homes and offices.)

Reduced crosstalk for better performance.

Category(Cat6):
speeds up to 10 Gbps over short distances (up to 55 meters

Better insulation reduces interference.

Category(Cat6a ):

speed up to10 Gbps over 100 meters

Improved shielding for-high performance networks

Category(Cat7a)

speed up to10 Gbps

Limited to short distances (30 meters)

Designed for data centers and high- speed connections

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1.3.1 Straight through

Straight-Through refers to cables that have the pin assignments on each end of
the cable.

The same wiring standard (T568Aor T568B) is used on both ends of the cable and
is used Connects different types of devicesConnects([Link] to Switch)

In other words, Pin 1 connector A goes to Pin 1 on connector B, Pin 2 to Pin 2,

[Link]-Through wired cables are most commonly used to connect a host to a
client. When we talk about cat5e patch cables, the Straight-Through wired cat5e
patch cable is used to connect computers, printers, and other network client
devices to the routerswitch or hub (the host device in this instance).

Wire pins for cable end A Wire pins for cable end B

Pin 1 Pin 1

Pin 2 Pin 2
Pin 3 Pin 3

Pin 4 Pin 4

Pin 5 Pin 5

Pin 6 Pin 6

Pin 7 Pin 7

Pin 8 Pin 810

1.3.2 Crossover Wired Cables10

The different wiring standard (T568Aor T568B) is used on both ends of the cable
and is used for Connects similar devices([Link] to Computer, switch to
switch)

568-B standard as an example below, you will see that Pin 1 on connector A goes
to Pin 3 on connector B.

Pin 2 on connector A goes to Pin 6 on connector B, etc. Crossover cables are most
commonly used to connect two hosts directly Examples would be connecting a
computer directly to another computer,connecting a switch
two hosts directly. Examples would be connecting a computer directly to another
computer, connecting a switch directly to another switch,or connecting a router
to a router. Note: While in the past, when connecting two host devices directly

Wire pins for cable end A Wire pins for cable end B

Pin 1 Pin 3

Pin 2 Pin 6

Pin 3 Pin 111

1.3.3 Rollover Wired Cables

Rollover wired cables, most commonly called rollover cables, have opposite Pin
assignments on each end of the cable or, in other words, it is "rolled over." Pin 1
of connector A would be connected to Pin 8 of connector B.

Pin 2 of connector A would be connected to Pin 7 of connector B and so on.

Rollover cables, sometimesreferred to as Yost cables are most commonly used to
connect to a device's console port to make programming changes to the device.
Unlike crossover and straight-wired cables, rollover cables are not intended to
carry data but instead create an interface with the device

Wire pins for cable end A Wire pins for cable end B

Pin 1 Pin 8
Pin 2 Pin 7

Pin 3 Pin 6

Pin 4 Pin 5

Pin 5 Pin 4

Pin 6 Pin 3

Pin 7 Pin 2

Pin 8 Pin 1

Crimping Rj-45 on UTP cables

1. Prepare UTP, RJ45 jack and crimping tool.

2. Cut the rubber cover of the UTP cable by using the crimping tool and twisting it,
be sure not to cut the cable lines.

3. Arrange the pairs according to the color standard for a cross over cable

4. After arranging make sure that the edges of the cables are straight and by
cutting it using the crimping tool.

5. Insert the cables to the RJ45 jack and make sure that it is arranged according to
the standard. Double check the cable before crimping.
Insert the rubber/plastic insulator of the UTP to the RJ45 jack and include it in
crimping for better connection and added protection to

13 Tools and requirement13

1. RJ-45,

2. Wire Cutter,

3. Network Crimper.

4. UTP cable

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