Faculty of Natural Sciences

Tutorial-1

Department: Mathematics and Statistics

Programme: [Link]
Semester/Batch: 3/2024
Course Code: ECD201A
Course Title: Engineering Mathematics-4

Probability and Statistics

I. Problems on Probability

1. Given P(A) = 0.35, P(B) = 0.73 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.14, then find P(A ∪ B),
̅ ∩ B), P(A
̅ ), P(A
P(A ∩ B ̅∪B
̅ ).

Ans: P(A ∪ B) = 0.94, P(A ∩ B) = 0.21, P(A ∩ B) = 0.59, P(A ∪ B) = 0.86

2. If A and B are mutually exclusive events, P(A) = 0.29 and P(B) = 0.43, find

̅)
a) P(A

b) P(A ∪ B)

̅∩B
c) P(A ̅)

̅ ) = 0.71, P(A ∪ B) = 0.72, P(A

Ans: P(A ̅∩B
̅) = 0.28

3. A single die is tossed once. Find the probability of a 2 or 5 turning up.

2
Ans: P(2 ∪ 5) =
5

4. An article manufactured by a company consists of two parts A and B. In the

process of manufacturing part A, 9 out of 100 are likely to be defective. Similarly,
5 out of 100 are likely to be defective in the manufacture of part B. Calculate the
probability that the assembled article will not be defective (assuming that the
1
 events of finding the part A non-defective and that of B are independent).

Ans: P(Anon−def ∩ Bnon−def ) = 0.8645

5. A pair of dice rolled until a sum of either 5 or 7 appears. Find the probability that
5 occurs first.

Ans: 2/5

II. Problems on Conditional Probability

3 5
1. If A and B are events with P(A) = , P(B) = and P(A ∪ B) = 3/4, then find
8 8
P(A/B) and P(B/A).

2
Ans: P(A/B)= 2/5, P(B/A)=
3

3 1 1
2. If A and B are events with P(A) = , P(B) = and P(A ∩ B) = , then find
4 5 20
̅ ̅
P(A ∪ B), P(A ∩ B), P(A ∩ B), P(A/B) and P(B/A).

̅ ∩ B) = 3/20, P(A/B)=1/4,
̅) = 0.7, P(A
Ans: P(A ∪ B) = 0.9, P(A ∩ B
P(B/A)=1/15

3. Two cards are drawn from a well-shuffled ordinary deck of 52 cards. Find the
probability that they are both aces if the first card is (a) replaced, (b) not
replaced.

Ans: a) 1/169, b)1/221

4. One bag contains 4 white balls and 2 black balls; another 3 white balls and 5 black balls.
If one ball is drawn from each bag, find the probability that

a. both are white.

b. both are black.
c. one is white and one is black.
Ans: a) ¼, b) 5/24, c) 13/24

2
 5. Suppose that an urn contains 8 red balls and 4 white balls. We draw 2 balls
from the urn without replacement. If we assume that at each draw each ball in
the urn is equally likely to be chosen, what is the probability that both balls
drawn are red?
14
Ans: The probability that both balls drawn are red is
33

III. Problems on Baye’s Theorem

1. A bin contains 3 different types of disposable flashlights. The probability that a type 1
flashlight will give over 100 hours of use is 0 .7, with the corresponding
probabilities for type 2 and type 3 flashlights being 0.4 and 0.3, respectively. Suppose
that 20 percent of the flashlights in the bin are type 1, 30 percent are type 2, and
50 percent are type 3.

(a) What is the probability that a randomly chosen flashlight will give more
than 100 hours of use?
(b) Given that a flashlight lasted over 100 hours, what is the conditional
probability that it was a type j flashlight, j = 1, 2, 3?
Ans: a) P(H)=0.41, b) P(F1/H)=0.315, P(F2/H)=0.2927, P(F3/H)=0.3659

2. A bag contains 10 white and 3 red balls, while another bag contains 3 white and 5
red ball. Two balls are drawn at random from the first bag and put in the second
bag and then a ball drawn at random from the second bag. What is the
probability that it is a white ball?

Ans: P(W1 ∩ W2)=1/4, P(B1 ∩ B2)=5/12, P(W ∩B)= P(W1 ∩ B2)+ P(B1 ∩ W2)=13/24

3. In a bolt factory there are four machines A, B, C and D manufacturing respectively,

20%, 15%, 25%, and 40% of the total production. Out of these 5%, 4%, 3%, and
2% are defective, if a bolt drawn at random was found defective. What is the
probability that it was manufacture by A or B.

Ans: 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐷 /𝑋) = 0.5715

4. A bag contains three coins, one of which is two headed and the other two are
normal and fair. A coin is chosen at random from the bag and tossed four times in
succession. If head turns up each time, what is the probability that this is the two
headed coin?

3
 Ans: 𝑃(𝐶𝐻 /𝐻) = 8/9

5. Three machines A, B and C produce 60%, 30% and 10% of the total number of items of a
factory. The percentage of defective output of these machines are 2%, 3% and 4%
respectively. An item is selected at random and is found defective. Find the probability that
the item was produced by machine C.
Ans: 𝑃(𝐷 /𝐷) = 0.16

IV. Random Variables and Probability Distribution

1. Find the mean and standard deviation for the following probability distributions.
x 0 1 2 3
P(x) 0.16 0.27 0.39 0.18

Ans: mean=1.59, Standard deviation=0.9602

2. Show that the following distribution represents a discrete probability distribution.

Find the mean and variance.
X 10 20 30 40
P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

Ans: mean=25, variance =75

Hint: To show that a distribution represents a discrete probability distribution, two
conditions must be met: All probabilities 𝑃(𝑋) must be between 0 and 1. The sum of all
probabilities Σ 𝑃(𝑋) must equal 1.

3. Find the value of k such that the following distribution represents a finite probability
distribution. Hence find its mean and standard deviation. Also find P(x ≤ 1), P(x > 1)
and P(−1 < x ≤ 2).
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(x) k 2k 3k 4k 3k 2k k

1 13 3
Ans: 𝑘 = , mean μ = 0, Standard deviation 𝜎 = 1.58, 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 1) = , P(x > 1)=
16 16 16
9
and P(−1 < x ≤ 2)= .
16

4
 4. The probability density function of a variable X is given by the following table:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(x) k 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k
For what value of k, this represents a valid probability distribution? Also find P(x ≥ 5)
and P(3 < x ≤ 6).

1 24 33
Ans: 𝑘 = , 𝑃(𝑥 ≥ 5) = , P(3 < x ≤ 6)= .
49 49 49

V. Binomial Distribution

1. When a coin is tossed four times, find the probability of getting

(a) exactly one head.

(b) atmost three heads.
(c) atleast two heads.
(d) exactly two heads.

Ans: (a) 1/4 (or 0.25), (b) 15/16 (or 0.9375), (c) 11/16 (or 0.6875), (d) 3/8 (or 0.375).

2. The probability that a pen manufactured by a factory be defective is . If 12 such pens

are manufactured, what is the probability that

(a) exactly two are defective.

(b) atleast two are defective.
(c) none of them are defective.

Ans: (a) 0.2301, (b) 0.3410, (c) 0.2824.

3. The probability that a person aged 60 years will live upto 70 is 0.65.

(a) What is the probability that out of 10 persons aged 60 atleast 7 of them will live upto
70?
(b) Find the mean and standard deviation of the probability distribution x.

Ans: (a) 0.5138, (b) mean 𝜇 = 6.5, and the standard deviation 𝜎 = 1.5083.

5
 VI. Normal Distribution

1. If X is a normal variable with mean 30 and standard deviation 5, find the probability that

(a) P(26 ≤ X ≤ 40).

(b) P(X ≥ 45).

Ans: (a) 0.7654, (b) 0.0013.

2. Given a standard normal distribution, find the value of k such that

(a) P(Z > k) = 0.3015.

(b) P(k < Z < −0.18) = 0.4197.

Ans: (a) 0. 52, (b) -2. 37

3. Given a random variable X having a normal distribution with µ = 50 and σ = 10, find the
probability that X assumes a value between 45 and 62.

Ans: 0.5764

4. In a test on electric bulbs, it was found that the life time of a particular brand was
distributed normally with an average life of 2000 hours and standard deviation of 60
hours. If a firm purchase 2500 bulbs, find the number of bulbs that are likely to last for

(a) more than 2100 hours.

(b) less than 1950 hours.
(c) between 1900 to 2100 hours.

Ans: (a) 119, (b) 506, (c) 2261.

VII. Correlation and Regression

1. Obtain the correlation coefficient between 𝑥 and 𝑦 and fit a regression line.
𝑥 2 4 6 8 10
𝑦 3 7 9 13 16

Ans: r=0.9961, y=0.0018+1.5997 (approximately)

6
2. Obtain the correlation coefficient between 𝑥 and 𝑦 and fit a regression line.
𝑥 65 66 57 67 68 69
𝑦 68 59 67 65 75 74

Ans: r=0.2969, y=41.3636+0.4077 (approximately)

3. Find the correlation coefficient between 𝑥 and 𝑦 for the given data:
𝑥 2 4 8 8 9
𝑦 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.6

Ans: r=0.9571

4. Estimate the regression line for the given set of values

𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 0
𝑦 11.1 12.3 13.7 14.6 15.6 67.3

Ans: y=0.13x+22.43

5. The following measurements of the specific heat of a certain chemical were made in order
to investigate the variation in specific heat with temperature:
Temp °𝐶 0 10 20 30 40
Specific
0.15 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.63
Heat
Estimate the regression line of specific heat on temperature, and predict the value of the
specific heat when the temperature is 25°𝐶.

Ans: r=0.8035, y=0.298+0.01x, the predicted specific heat at 25°𝐶 is 0.548.

VIII. Reliability Analysis

1. A computer manufacturer produces hard disks with a 4% defect rate. Find the probability
that out of 50 disks tested, what is the probability of having
(i) Zero Defects and
(ii) All are defective.

Ans: 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 0.1299, 𝑃(𝑋 = 50) = 0.8701

7
2. A factory produces printed circuit boards (PCBs). Quality control statistics show that 2% of
the PCBs manufactured are defective (due to soldering errors or component faults). A batch
of 20 PCBs is randomly selected for final testing.
(a) What is the probability that exactly one PCB in the batch is defective?
(b) What is the probability that more than two PCBs in the batch are defective?

Ans: 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 0.2720, 𝑃(𝑋 > 2) = 0.0076

3. The lifetime of an electronic component is modeled as a normally distributed with a mean

of 𝜇 = 988 hours and a standard deviation of 𝜎 = 84 hours. Determine the instantaneous
failure rate (hazard rate) of the component at 𝑡 = 1000 hours.

Ans: ℎ(𝑡) = 0.0104

4. A PCB assembly’s critical component is distributed normally with an average life of 2000
hours and standard deviation of 200 hours. Find the probability that the component fails
between 1800 h and 2100 h. Determine the instantaneous failure rate (hazard rate) of the
component at 𝑡 = 2500 hours.

Ans: 𝑃(1800 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 2100) = 0.5328, ℎ(𝑡) = 0.0141 failures/hour