NSEJS PHYSICS – CLASS 9 COMPLETE NOTES
(DETAILED)
Target: NSEJS (National Standard Examination in Junior Science)
Level: NCERT Class 9 syllabus but conceptual depth + Olympiad-style thinking
Focus: Theory + Derivations + Properties + Diagrams (described) + Thinking / Skill-based
Problems
HOW TO USE THESE NOTES (IMPORTANT)
• First read theory slowly → imagine diagrams
• Then derive formulas yourself once
• Solve thinking questions, not just numerical substitution
• Always ask WHY a formula works
CHAPTER 1: MOTION
1.1 REST AND MOTION
An object is said to be in motion if its position changes with time with respect to a chosen reference
point.
⚠ Motion is relative, not absolute.
Reference Frame
• A coordinate system + clock
• Without reference frame, motion has no meaning
Example: - Passenger sitting in bus → at rest w.r.t bus - Same passenger → in motion w.r.t road
1.2 DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
Distance Displacement
Scalar Vector
1
Distance Displacement
Actual path length Shortest straight-line distance
Always positive Can be zero, positive or negative
Properties
• Distance ≥ |Displacement|
• Distance = displacement only for straight-line motion in one direction
1.3 SPEED AND VELOCITY
Speed
Distance
Speed =
Time
Velocity
Displacement
v=
Time
Important Insight: Speed tells how fast, velocity tells how fast + in which direction
1.4 ACCELERATION
v−u
a=
t
Where: - u = initial velocity - v = final velocity
Types
1. Positive acceleration
2. Negative acceleration (retardation)
3. Zero acceleration
1.5 EQUATIONS OF MOTION (DERIVATIONS)
First Equation
v = u + at
Derivation: Acceleration = rate of change of velocity
2
v−u
a= ⇒ v = u + at
t
Second Equation
1
s = ut + at2
2
Derivation using velocity-time graph:
Displacement = area under v–t graph
Area = rectangle + triangle
1
s = ut + at2
2
Third Equation
v 2 = u2 + 2as
Derivation: Eliminate time from first two equations
1.6 GRAPHS OF MOTION (VERY IMPORTANT FOR NSEJS)
Distance–Time Graph
• Straight line → uniform speed
• Curve → non-uniform speed
• Horizontal line → object at rest
Slope = speed
Velocity–Time Graph
• Slope = acceleration
• Area = displacement
THINKING QUESTIONS (MOTION)
1. Can displacement be greater than distance? Why or why not?
2. Can an object have zero velocity but non-zero acceleration? Give example.
3. When does average speed = magnitude of average velocity?
3
CHAPTER 2: FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION
2.1 FORCE
Force is an interaction that can: - Change shape - Change speed - Change direction
2.2 NEWTON’S FIRST LAW (LAW OF INERTIA)
Every object continues in its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external
force.
Inertia
• Tendency to resist change
Types: 1. Inertia of rest 2. Inertia of motion 3. Inertia of direction
Mass is a measure of inertia
2.3 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
Rate of change of momentum is proportional to applied force
Momentum
p = mv
Derivation of F = ma
Δp
F ∝
Δt
m(v − u)
F =k
t
For SI units, k = 1
F = ma
4
2.4 NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
• Forces act on different bodies
2.5 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Total momentum before collision = after collision
Derivation (Two-body system)
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
THINKING QUESTIONS (FORCE)
1. Why does a gun recoil when a bullet is fired?
2. Why passengers jerk forward when bus stops suddenly?
3. Is action–reaction pair cancelled? Why?
CHAPTER 3: GRAVITATION
3.1 UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
m1 m2
F =G
r2
Properties
• Always attractive
• Long range force
• Obeys inverse square law
3.2 FREE FALL
Acceleration due to gravity
2
g ≈ 9.8 m/s
Equations of motion under gravity: Replace a with g
5
3.3 MASS AND WEIGHT
Mass Weight
Constant Depends on g
Scalar Vector
W = mg
3.4 THRUST AND PRESSURE
F
P =
A
Smaller area → more pressure
3.5 BUOYANCY AND ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
A body immersed in fluid experiences upward thrust equal to weight of fluid displaced.
3.6 RELATIVE DENSITY
ρsubstance
RD =
ρwater
THINKING QUESTIONS (GRAVITATION)
1. Why do heavy and light objects fall together?
2. Why is g same for all objects?
3. Why does an object float?
CHAPTER 4: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
4.1 WORK
W = F ⋅ s cos θ
Cases: - θ = 0° → maximum work - θ = 90° → zero work
6
4.2 ENERGY
Kinetic Energy
1
KE = mv 2
2
Derivation using equations of motion
Potential Energy
PE = mgh
4.3 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
4.4 POWER
W
P =
t
Instantaneous power:
P = Fv
THINKING QUESTIONS (ENERGY)
1. Why does KE depend on square of velocity?
2. Can PE be negative?
CHAPTER 5: SOUND
5.1 PRODUCTION OF SOUND
Sound is produced by vibrations
7
5.2 WAVE PARAMETERS
• Wavelength (λ)
• Frequency (f)
• Time period (T)
v = fλ
5.3 SPEED OF SOUND
Depends on: - Medium - Temperature
5.4 ECHO
Condition: - Minimum distance = 17 m
5.5 HUMAN EAR
Parts: - Outer ear - Middle ear - Inner ear
THINKING QUESTIONS (SOUND)
1. Why sound cannot travel in vacuum?
2. Why thunder heard after lightning?
FINAL NSEJS STRATEGY (PHYSICS)
✔ Focus on conceptual clarity ✔ Draw rough diagrams in mind ✔ Derive formulas mentally ✔ Solve
reasoning-based questions
If you want: - Chapter-wise Olympiad problems - Previous NSEJS-style MCQs - PDF export - More
diagrams explained step-by-step
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