Mathematics for Computing – I

Ordinary Linear Differential Equations

UNIT – II (Part - II)

1
 Particular solution (The solution of the non-
homogeneous equation)
The linear differential equation with constant coefficients
( ) ( )

can be written in the form of

Let us assume the general solution as

By substituting it into the given ODE, we get

The above equation can be written as two separated equations

The general solution of the linear differential equation will be the sum of a
“complementary function 𝒄 ” and a “particular solution 𝒑 ”.
2
D - Operator Method
In a given ODE of the form
• If
If and so on

(I) Find the particular solution of

Particular Solution: Given

therefore the particular integral is

3
D - Operator Method
(I) Find the general solution of

Complementary Solution:

The characteristic equation is

The complementary solution is 𝒄 𝟏

𝟐𝒙
𝟐
𝟑𝒙

Particular Solution: Given

𝒙
The particular solution is

The general solution is 𝟏

𝟐𝒙
𝟐
𝟑𝒙 𝒙

4
 D - Operator Method
If
𝑫𝟐 𝒂𝟐

If 𝟐 𝟐 and …
𝑫𝟐 𝒂𝟐
(I) Find the particular solution of

Particular Solution: Given

therefore the particular integral is

Substitute , then it leads to

5
D - Operator Method
In a given ODE of the form
If
Some known series expansions are given as follows:

6
Examples
(I) Find the particular solution of
Particular Solution: Given

therefore the particular integral is

( )

7
D - Operator Method
In a given ODE of the form
If

Some known relations:

• c Real part of ( )

• sin part of ( )

8
Examples
(I) Find the particular solution of
Particular Solution: Given
the particular integral is ( )

( )

9
Examples
(I) Find the particular solution of
Particular Solution: Given ,
The particular integral is

= )

]]

10
Applications: Mass – Spring System
• A spring of length is fixed at the upper end and it is hanging
vertically

11
Applications: Mass – Spring System
• A mass is attached to the lower end of the spring. As the the elastic
limit of the spring is not exceeded and the mass hangs in equilibrium,
the spring will extend by an amount,

Since the mass is in equilibrium

position, the forces acting upon
mass are balanced.

• Force due to gravity

• By Hook’s law, the restoring

force in the upward direction due
to the displacement( ) is

• Forces are balanced. i.e., The net

force acting upon the mass is
zero.
i.e.,

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Applications: Mass – Spring System
• The spring will start its movement either by giving an initial
velocity or by setting up the initial position for the mass

The mass is moving upward,

and the displacement is
negative
The mass is moving downward,
and the displacement is positive
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Applications: Mass – Spring System
• According to Hooke’s law, the restoring force acting on the mass,
which opposes gravity and the displacement of the spring, is given by

• The force acting on mass due to gravity is

• Net force is . But , therefore

• According to Newton’s Second law

i.e.,

14
Applications: Mass – Spring System
Damping Vibrations:
• Assume that the damping force (the force to prevent the motion) is
directly proportional to the velocity.

• Net force is . But , therefore

• According to Newton’s Second law

i.e.,

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Applications: Mass – Spring System
Damping Vibrations:
The characteristic equation for the differential equation is

16
Applications: Mass – Spring System
Overdamped Vibrations:
Example: A spring with a mass of has natural length immersed
in a fluid with damping constant . A force of is required to
maintain it stretched to a length of . If the spring is stretched to a
length of and then released with initial velocity 0,find the position
of the mass at any time.

Solution: Mass of the spring A force of is applied to have

a displacement of ( ). Then

The given damping constant is .

The governed differential equation is

17
Applications: Mass – Spring System
Overdamped Vibrations:
The characteristic equation is

The roots are real and distinct, therefore the system is overdamped.

The general solution is

Initial position:

Initial Velocity:

By substituting these conditions, we get

As

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Applications: Mass – Spring System
Overdamped Vibrations:

19
Applications: Mass – Spring System
Critically damped Vibrations:
Example: A 4 feet spring measures 8 feet long after a mass weighing 8
pounds is attached to it. The medium through which the mass moves
offers a damping force equal to times the instantaneous velocity. Find
the equation of motion if the mass is initially released from the
equilibrium position with a downward velocity of 5 ft/sec.

Solution: A weight of the mass stretched a spring with a

displacement of (8 ft -4 ft). Then

The given damping constant is .

The governed differential equation is

20
Applications: Mass – Spring System
Critically damped Vibrations:
The characteristic equation is

The roots are real and equal, therefore the system is critically damped.

The general solution is

Initial position:

Initial Velocity:

By substituting these conditions, we get

As

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Applications: Mass – Spring System
Critically damped Vibrations:

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Applications: Mass – Spring System
Underdamped Vibrations:
Example: A mass is attached to a spring with and a
damping coefficient . The system is displaced by from
equilibrium and then released.

Solution: Given and

The governed differential equation is

Initial displacement:

Initial velocity:

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Applications: Mass – Spring System
Underdamped Vibrations:
The characteristic equation is

The roots are complex, therefore the system is underdamped.

The general solution is

Initial position: .
Then

Initial Velocity:

By substituting these values, we get

As
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Applications: Mass – Spring System
Underdamped Vibrations:

25
Applications: LCR Circuit
If denotes current in the LCR-series electrical circuit shown in the
below figure, the charge on a capacitor at time t is denoted by (
) then the voltage drops across the inductor, resistor, and capacitor
are as shown below . By Kirchhoff’s second law, the sum of these
voltages equals the voltage E(t) impressed on the circuit; that is,

26
Applications: LCR Circuit
Example: Find the charge on the capacitor in an LRC-series circuit at
when , R=2Ω , C=0.01 f, E(t)=0 V, q(0)=5 C, and i(0)=0
A. Determine the first time at which the charge on the capacitor is equal
to zero

Solution:
The governed differential equation is

Multiply both sides with 20

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Applications: LCR Circuit
The characteristic equation is

The roots are complex, therefore the complementary solution is.

Initial charge:

This condition gives us

Initial current: . This condition gives us

By substituting these conditions, we get the charge function

28
Applications: LCR Circuit
• The charge on the capacitor in an LCR-series circuit at is
.
4.57 C

• Set the charge to be zero

• implies

∗
•

Example:
A series RLC circuit consists of a resistor with resistance , an inductor with
inductance H, a capacitor with capacitance F, and a 12-V battery. The initial
charge on the capacitor is C, and the initial current is . Determine the
expressions for the charge and the current i at time .

Where
0.7375 .
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Applications: Falling Objects
• An object of mass is falling from a position moving downwards, then

• The force acting on mass due to gravity is

• Assume that the air resistance force is directly proportional to

velocity and applying opposite to the velocity i.e.,

• According to Newton’s Second law

i.e.,

Or

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Applications: Falling Objects
• The below equations holds true when either the object is moving up or
down

Or

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 Applications: Falling Objects
• If the air resistance is proportional to times the square of the
velocity, the differential equations will differ depending on whether the
object is moving upward or downward. Let

When the object is moving down, When the object is going up,

i.e., i.e.,

Or Or

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Applications: Falling Objects
Example: Suppose an object of mass 10kg is falling down freely after
dropping down initially with no initial velocity. Assume that the air
resistance force is 2 times the instantaneous velocity. Find the velocity
function and terminal velocity
Solution: Given and take

The governed differential equation is

By substituting the given values, we get

It is a linear differential equation. You can solve it using any method

Integrating factor: . Solution:

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Applications: Falling Objects

Initial velocity: .
Therefore the velocity function is

Terminal velocity: It is a velocity where the

From the differential equation,

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Applications: Falling Objects
Example: In the previous problem, if the object is dropped down from a
height of 300 m. Find the displacement function and how much it takes
to hit the ground.

Solution: The displacement is defined as

Initially, the displacement at is . By substituting it, we get

35
Applications: Falling Objects

.
Therefore the displacement function is

Time to hit the ground: Let be the time it takes to hit the ground(300
m distance from the position of dropping the object),

i.e.

From the differential equation,

36
Applications: Falling Objects
Example: Suppose a small cannonball weighing is shot vertically
upward with an initial velocity . Find out how high the
cannonball went by considering the linear drag coefficient

Solution: Weight of the cannonball Then

The drag coefficient is .

The governed differential equation is

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Applications: Falling Objects
The characteristic equation is

The roots are real and distinct, therefore the complementary solution is.

Given with
( )
but
So, lets find out Therefore

𝟏 𝟏
By the formula 𝒑
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒙
, we can obtain the particular
𝑭 𝑫 𝑭 𝒂
integral as
.

The general solution is .

38
Applications: Falling Objects
Initial position:

This condition gives us

Initial Velocity: . This condition gives us

.
implies that
1340000
By substituting these conditions, we get the displacement function

1340000( .

Maximum height can be reached when velocity is zero

∗
i.e., ∗ . ∗

This implies ∗

Maximum height is ∗

39
Convert higher order ODE to first order system

40
Convert higher order ODE to first order system

41