MODULE 4.

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL -

SINGLE AREA CASE

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Block Diagram Representation Of Speed Governor System

k sg  1 
YE ( s )  PC ( s )  F ( s ) 
1  s sg 
 R 

PC ( s) ksg
+
- 1  s sg YE ( s)

1
F ( s )
R

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 Turbine Model – Non Reheat Type

• Relate the dynamic response of a steam turbine in terms of change in

power output to changes in steam valve opening YE

Steam
Fuel Generator

Boiler Steam Inlet Turbine

Valve

PT ( s) kT
GT ( s )  
YE ( s ) 1  s T
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Turbine Model – Non Reheat Type

PC ( s) ksg YE ( s) kT

PT (s )  PG (s )
+
- 1  s sg 1  s T

1
F ( s )
R
PT ( s) kT
GT (s )  
YE (s ) 1  s T

k sg kT  1 
PG ( s )   P ( s )  F ( s ) 
(1  s sg )(1  s T ) 
C
R 
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 Turbine Model –Reheat Type
Steam
HP LP
Stage Stage

Steam Inlet
Valve Reheater

• In reheat type the turbine TF has 2 time constants

 k  1  skr r 
GT ( s)   T   
1  s T   1  s r 
kr  1 for non reheat type
kr  1  fraction of steam reheated

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Generator Load Model

• Relation between change in frequency as a result of change in
generation, when load changes by a small amount
PD  small change in load
PG  change in generation
PG  PD  Power Surplus at busbar
Power is absorbed by the system in two ways

1. Rate of increase of stored kinetic energy in generator rotor.

Let fo be the scheduled frequency, the stored KE is
o
WKE  H  Pr kW or KJ
Pr  MVA Rating
H  Inertia constant in MWs / MVAor kWs / kVA

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 Generator Load Model contd….
• KE is proportional to square of speed (frequency).

• KE at a frequency of f o  f

2 o  2 f f 2 
o  f  f 
o
WKE  WKE 1   
WKE  WKE  o   f o ( f o )2 
 f 

o  2f  f
WKE  WKE 1  f o  as ( f o ) is very small
o
WKE  H  Pr kW or KJ
 

 2f 
WKE  HPr 1  o 
 f 
d 2 HP d
Rate of change in KE WKE  o r f
dt f dt

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Generator Load Model contd….

• Power is absorbed by the system in two ways

2. As the frequency changes, the motor load changes being sensitive to speed,

the rate of change of load with respect to frequency ie PD can be regarded as
f
nearly constant for small changes in frequency f
PD
B
f
PD
f  Bf B can be determined empirically
f

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 Generator Load Model contd….

Power is absorbed by the system in two ways

1. Rate of increase of stored kinetic energy in generator rotor.

2. As the frequency changes, the motor load changes being sensitive to speed,

the rate of change of load with respect to frequency ie PD can be regarded as
f
nearly constant for small changes in frequency f
d 2 HP d
WKE  o r f
dt f dt
PD
f  Bf B can be
f

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Generator Load Model contd….

2 HPr d
Writing the power balance equation, PG  PD  f  Bf
f o dt
2H d
Dividing throughout by Pr and rearranging PG ( pu )  PD ( pu )  f  B(pu) f
f o dt
2H
Taking LT PG (s )  PD ( s )  sF ( s)  BF ( s )
fo
PG ( s)  PD ( s )
F ( s ) 
2H
B o s
f
1
F ( s )   PG ( s)  PD ( s)  B
2H
1 o s
Bf

k ps  1  Power System Gain

B
2H
 ps  o  Power systemtime constant
Bf

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 Generator Load Model
k ps
F ( s )   PG ( s )  PD ( s ) 
1  s ps
k ps  1  Power System Gain
B
2H
 ps  o  Power system time constant
Bf

PD ( s)

- k ps F ( s )
PG (s) +
1  s ps

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COMPLETE BD OF LFC FOR AN ISOLATED PS

k ps
F ( s )   PG ( s)  PD ( s )
1  s ps

PT ( s)  PG ( s)
YE ( s ) PD (s )
PC ( s) k sg kT F ( s )
- k ps
+ +
- 1  s sg 1  s T 1  s ps

1
R

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PROBLEM :A 100 MVA , 50 Hz turboalternator operates at no load at 3000 r.p.m.
A load of 25 MW is suddenly applied to the machine and the steam valves to the
turbine commence to open after 0.6 secs due to the time-lag in the governor
system. Assuming inertia constant H of 4.5 kW-sec per kVA of generator capacity,
calculate the frequency to which the generated voltage drops before the steam flow
commences to increase to meet the new load

Solution

By definition H = Stored energy /Capacity of machine

∴ The energy stored at no load = 4.5 × 100 = 450 MJ

Before the steam valves open the energy lost by the rotor = 25 × 0.6 = 15 MJ

W KE = 450-15 =435 MWsec = 435 MJ

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As a result of this there is reduction in speed of the rotor and, therefore, reduction
2
o  f  f 
o
in frequency.
WKE  WKE  o 
 f 

New frequency =

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CONTROL AREA
Evolution of Indian Grid
Grid management on regional basis started in 60s

Initially, state grids were inter-connected to form regional grid

 India-5 regions : Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern region.

In October 1991 North Eastern and Eastern grids were connected.

In March 2003 WR and ER-NER were interconnected .

August 2006 North and East grids were interconnected - 4 regional grids Northern,
Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids are synchronously connected forming central
grid operating at one frequency.

On 31st December 2013, Southern Region was connected to Central Grid in Synchronous
mode with the commissioning of 765kV Raichur-Solapur Transmission line thereby
achieving 'ONE NATION'-'ONE GRID'-'ONE FREQUENCY'
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 The National Grid is the high-voltage electric power

transmission network in India, connecting power stations and major substations
 The Grid is owned, operated, and maintained by state-owned Power Grid
Corporation of India.
 It is one of the largest operational synchronous grids in the world with
371.054 GW of installed power generation capacity as of 30 June 2020. [2]
 India's grid is connected as a wide area synchronous grid nominally running at
50 Hz. The permissible range of the frequency band is 49.95-50.05 Hz, effective
17 September 2012.
 The Union Government regulates grid frequency by requiring States to pay more
when they draw power at low frequencies.[3]

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THANK YOU

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