Chapter 4: Tutorial
Example 1
Solution
Example 2
Solution
Example 3
Consider the steady, two-dimensional velocity field :
V=(0.5+0.8 x)i+ (1.5 - 0.8 y)j
where lengths are in units of m, time in s, and velocities in m/s. Streamlines of the
flow are also plotted in Fig. Calculate the various kinematic properties, namely,
a) Rate of translation,
b) Rate of rotation,
c) Linear strain rate,
d) Shear strain rate, and
e) Volumetric strain rate.
f) Stagnation points
g) Verify that this flow is incompressible.
Solution
a) Rate of translation
b) Rate of rotation
c) Linear strain rate
d) Shear strain rate
e) volumetric strain rate
f) Stagnation point: 0=0.5 + 0.8x x= - 0.625
0=1.5 - 0.8y y=1.875
g) Since the volumetric strain rate is zero everywhere, we can say definitively that fluid
particles are neither expanding nor shrinking in volume. Thus, we verify that this flow is
incompressible.
Example 4
Consider the following steady, incompressible, two-dimensional velocity field:
V= (u, v) = x2i + (-2xy -1) j
Is this flow rotational or irrotational?
Solution
Since the vorticity is nonzero, this flow is rotational.
EX1: The temperature distribution in a fluid is given by T = 10x + 5y, where x and y
are the horizontal and vertical coordinates in meters and T is in degrees centigrade.
Determine the time rate of change of temperature of a fluid particle traveling (a)
horizontally with u = 20 m/s, v = 0 and (b) vertically with u = 0, v = 20 m/s.
EX 2:
EX 3:
EX 4: The pressure in the pipe near the discharge of a reciprocating pump
fluctuates according to p = [200 + 40sin(8t)] kPa, where t is in seconds. If the fluid
speed in the pipe is 5m/s, determine the maximum rate of change of pressure
experinced by a fluid particle.
EX 5: Consider the following steady, two-dimensional velocity field:
Is there a stagnation point in this flow field? If so, where is it?
NB: we need to identify points where the velocity vector V is zero.
This means setting both components of the velocity field to zero:
Second session
EX 1:Consider the following steady, incompressible, two-dimensional velocity field:
Generate an analytical expression for the flow streamlines and draw several
streamlines in the upper-right quadrant from x 5 0 to 5 and y 5 0 to 6.
Solutions: For a given velocity field we are to generate an equation for the
streamlines and sketch several streamlines in the first quadrant.
EX 2: A velocity field is defined by V = 2 i + x j m/s. Obtain the equation of the streamline and
sketch a few representative streamlines. Ans: y = x2/4 + constant.
Solution: for C=0
x ±1 ±2 ±3 ±4
y 1/4 1 2.25 4
Stream line equation is,
After separating the variable , integrate both sides,
EX 3:Show that the streamlines for a flow whose velocity components are u = c (x2 – y2) and v = –2c xy, where c is
a constant, are given by the equation x2y – y3/3 = constant. At which point(s) is the flow parallel to the y-axis? At
which point(s) the fluid is stationary?
Solution
u = c (x2 – y2) , v = –2c xy
Given that equation of streamline is x2y – y3/3 = constant ------------(1)
Since it is not easy to write equation (1) in an explicit form, we differentiate the streamline equation with respect to x and y
2xydx + x2dy - y2dy=0 ➔ (x2-y2)dy + 2xydx = 0
dy/dx = -2xy/(x2 – y2)
Multiplying the denominator and the numerator on the right hand side by c gives,
Therefore, the streamline equation (1) is applicable to the given flow field.
dy
(b) The flow is parallel to the y-axis when ie when u=0, u will be zero when x= ± y
dx
Stationary point will occur when u=v=0, which will occur only at (x,y)=(0,0)
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Individual practices:
4–71
4-64
4-40
4-93
4-95