Scribd
Upload
12 views21 pages

Reaction Rates & Equilibrium Summary Notes

The document discusses reaction rates, emphasizing that they vary based on factors such as concentration, temperature, pressure, surface area, and the presence of catalysts. It explains collision theory, reaction pathways, and equilibrium concepts, including how to calculate equilibrium constants and the effects of changes in conditions on reaction equilibrium. Additionally, it covers the role of catalysts in altering reaction rates without being consumed.

Uploaded by

Vivian
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
12 views21 pages

Reaction Rates & Equilibrium Summary Notes

The document discusses reaction rates, emphasizing that they vary based on factors such as concentration, temperature, pressure, surface area, and the presence of catalysts. It explains collision theory, reaction pathways, and equilibrium concepts, including how to calculate equilibrium constants and the effects of changes in conditions on reaction equilibrium. Additionally, it covers the role of catalysts in altering reaction rates without being consumed.

Uploaded by

Vivian
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
VOL REACTION RATES sc N IE CE Reaction Rate © how quickly reactants become products © vary enormously e.g. combustion of methane versus rusting of iron © not constant over time ©. vary with different mole ratios; products and reactants can be consumed/produced at different rates Collision Theory © to react molecules must collide with the correct orientation Must overcome this: > Increase kinetic energy Heat 2 UNlight © Spark > Alter other factors ‘Outer shell electrons repel 2 Concentration > Surface area o Add a catalyst No reaction ‘Successful’ collision 28, 28, : 6 2 correct orientation 2 Energy > Activation Energy © Nic Volkmann 2024 [Link] Reaction Pathways © Each step requires energy © Rate determining step - requires most energy changes in states involve changes in energy e.g. HzOjaq) > HzO) OH = +40.6 ki mol + Energy is absorbed +AH =, Ma e $| | Water Steam od Energy is released -AH 4. ee -By Dansk (Own work (CC BY-SA 3.0 (htps//reativecommons orgcenses/bys3/3 0] va Wikimedia Commons 2. water 10 balls “8y Benan bra? [Own work) [Publ domain, va Wikimedia Commons OTA CUP PAC ecu Rey Calculating Reaction Rates ‘A Amount = change in amount A Amount — | + Rate = ‘Amount of Reactant consumed Amount of Product formed t= time taken o mass 2 concentration 2 gaseous volume Mass Loss Method Gas Collection Method maton | Reaction Rate Graphs (sed af ui i eee CO Ta CULPA RAC ure ee) grams Energy Profile 2Transition |[> highest energy state __|o most unstable 2_ short-lived Activation Energy [Link] must form Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Curve ‘Number of particles CO Ta CULPA RAC ure ee) Factors Affecting Reaction Rate Concentration Low Concentration High Concentration e e e ee e o More reactant particles >more frequent ‘successful’ collisions Temperature Cool Hot © increase kinetic energy collide more frequently boro parties molecules with energy E, > more frequent ‘successful’ collisions —> particles with energy > E, (Gufficient energy to react) CO Ta CULPA RAC ure ee) Pressure Low Pressure High Pressure Et © Particles closer together > more frequent successful’ collisions Surface Area Decrease SA © more exposed area > more frequent ‘successful’ collisions CO Ta CULPA RAC ure ee) Catalyst ©. change the rate of a reaction without being used up in the reaction itself © provide an alternate reaction pathway with lower Activation Energy © reaction OH does not change Lower Activation Energy Uncatalysed Reaction “\_Catalysed Reaction Homogenous catalyst © same state as the reactants and products Heterogeneous catalyst 2 different state to the reactants and products © industrial processes use these as they are easy to separate out at completion of the reaction CO Ta CULPA RAC ure ee) EQUILIBRIUM Closed Systems Closed System opens sar " ney caution (aura — Reversible Reactions CHsCOOH) + H2Oy = —> CHsCOO aa) + HsO"an) CHjCOO aq) + HsOtieq — CHsCOOH) + HzO CH;COOH + HzO) = CHaCOO% gg) + Hs0%ea) Dynamic Equilibrium Forward Reaction Rate Backward Reaction Rate © No visible changes: © Pressure © pH © Temperature © Conductivity Cora CUPL POR Leu a) Pato at wren Concentration Equilibrium reached Time Equilibrium reached Time Extent of Reaction © amount of product formed when system reaches equilibrium Rate of Reaction © measure of change in concentration of reactants and products with time Concentration Fraction aW+bX = cY+dZ Calculate at anytime of reaction (Yic [21 IW Xe Coa CUP [Link] Equilibrium Constant, K © different for different reactions © cannot be predicted aW+bX = cY+dZ Calculate at anytime of reaction © [ZI] x, - EE At Equilibrium [we Xx? > Constant K, = Equilibrium Constant Value of Ke Units for K >10* mostly products no units 10-4 - 10* reactants & products {so,)* Mt iso,o,F ~ <104 mostly reactants bol 2 Me {s0,110,2 wee Initial Net win ge WER State: Change: war = =0 Pure Reactants 2. 1) |lew,cooc,tt0l no units forms Products| icu,coon|(c.#,0H] ~ > a K_ Mostly Products fons Reactants ut E Pure Products £ + forms Reactants Coo a CUP PAC oe) Reaction Doubled or Halved Reaction1: A ==B Reaction2: 2A == 28 Ke=HL 12 100 25.0 Forward & Reverse Reactions A+B C+D Ky =E C+D A+B k-th Coo a CUP PAC oe) Examples i. Write an expression for the equilibrium constant for each of the following: a) CoH) = > CaHaig) + Hate) [CoH,] [He] K = IC:Hel b) Oj + 2Hajg) = == CH3OH) [CH,OH] K = [CO] [H,]* ii, At 25°C an equilibrium mixture for the following reaction: CO2e) + Hoje) == COie) + H20ie) Contains the following concentrations of gases: [C02] = 0.4808 mol/L [co] = 0.0192 mol/L [Hz] = 0.4808 mol/L. [H20] = 0.0192 mol/L. Write the equilibrium law expression and determine the value of the equilibrium constant, for the reaction at 25°C. K = {CO} [H,0] [0.0192] X [0.0192] * * TCOzIH2] = 0.4808) X [0.4808] MXM Ke = 1.59x 10% (nounits) yay Coo a CUP PAC oe) iii, Find the value of the equilibrium constant for the following hypothetical reaction, given that at equilibrium, [A] = 0.001 mol L~, [B] = 0.1 mol L™ and [C] = 0.2 mol L“". Hence comment on the extent of the reaction. Ay = Be + Cw TA] = 0.001 M IP Ie] __ [0.4 X102) BI-01M Ke= a = a [cl-02M MXM Kk. = 2M? The equilibrium constant is 2 M?, which shows that the relative amounts of reactants and products present are of the same order. Since it is between 10‘ and 10, the extent of the reaction is moderate. iv. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of Age) ions given the following: AB'aq) + 2NH3i00) = AR(NHS)2"toa) K= 1,60 10° Mat 25°C [NH3]=5.00 x 10-?M_[Ag(NH3)2‘] = 0.401 M K, = 1.60 « 10' M-? at 25°C INH,] = 5.00 x 10-°M [Ag(NH,)o4] = Ag XINHP TAg(NH,),*] = 0.401 M tag] X INH} [Ag*] =? 401 1.60 « 10*= [Agr] X [5.00 « 10° 7 [Ag’] = 1.00 Coo a CUP PAC oe) Calculations involving the Equilibrium Constant — ICE box method Reactants == Products | Data: Initially: X= 1.4mol xX = 2 ‘At Equilibrium: _Y = 0.60 mol Step 1: Enter Data from question Change inn Equilibrium n 0.60 mol [Equilibrium] C=nv [Step 2: Calculate change in n for known values Step 3: Initial n 4 mol Omol Calculate change in n for other reactants and products using mole ratio Change inn tf 0.30 mol 0.60 mol Cau 0.60 mol (Calculate n at Equilibrium for all Equliorium n reactants & products [Equilibrium] 0.60 C=nV a Step 5: [conv [Calculate Cat Equlibrum Volume) =0am Step 6: Calculate K Mi 3 K= Kl = "055 = 016M Coo a CUP PAC oe) Examples ‘At 25°C 8.0 mol of Hz g)is reacted with 2.0mol of Naja) in a closed vessel of volume 1.0L. At equilibrium, 1.5 mol of Nag) is detected in the following reaction. Now + = 3Hr@) > 2NHaie) Determine the equilibrium constant for this reaction. Data: @ + Hay > ANHagy Inia 20m — @0mel_-—INH “0M Equiibum: 15:0 = Initial n 20 80 00 iGhangeinn | 050 | aaxos | 2x05 18 =10 Equiibriumn | 15 65 +0 [Equilibrium] 15 65 1.0 Cen i 1 i a15 =85 =10 (NHgP 1.08 Ke IN, [H2 1.5X6.5% K, = 24X103M2 concentration time quilibrium ii, 0.01 mol PCIs was placed in a AL flask at 523 K. It partially dissociates according to the equation: _. PClsie) PCIe) + Chee) Coo a CUP PAC oe) At equilibrium, the concentration of chlorine was 0.0083 mole L*, Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction. Data: 2.0 L flask PClig = PClsig) + Clg) Initial: 0.01 mot 1.0m! 0.0 mot 0.0083 mo! PCa PClyg) Cla Initial n 0.01 0 0 Change inn | -0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 Equilbriumn | 0.0017 0.0083 0.0083 [Equilibrium] | 0.0017 0.0083 0.0083 C=n/v 2 2 2 v=20L | =8.5x104 |= 415x109 | =4.15xX 108 [PCl,]X [Cl,] 4.15 X 10° X 4.15 X 10% [PCI] - 8.5 X 104 0.02M Coo a CUP PAC oe) Le Chatelier’s Principle equilibrium shifts to partially oppose the effects of the change iE. Changing the Equilibrium Position Ke only affected oy 1. Changing Concentration temperature Now) + SHaiq == 2NHyiq) Pp —_ t Reactic as] | sito INH? e the right NIP Reaction shifts to the right to Partially oppose the effects of the change caused by the increase in Np concentration 8 Ne === Final concentration E He of Np ; } i must be HIGHER than initial Nis Equiliorium add _ New Np Equilibrium Coo a CUP PAC oe) 2a. Changing the Pressure — by Changing the Volume _. New CO + 2Hiq = CHsOH Equilibrium 3 molecules 1 molecule —>- Reaction shifts to the right, K, does Neuen’ Reaction will shift to Decrease Pressure Reaction shifts to the right to Partially oppose the effects of the change caused by the increase Pressure as there are less particles on the right co § He § 2 8 [Link] New Equilbr ngroase eenum Pressure Take care: When drawing concentration/time graphs ‘The effect is only partially opposed so the ‘concentrations at new equilibrium will never go back to initial equilibrium concentration Coo a CUP PAC oe) 2b. Changing the Pressure — by Adding an Inert gas © does not change volume © does not change concentration © no change in equilibrium 3. Dilution Fe*taq + SCNiaq == Fe(SCN)?*aq Increase Volume Decrease Concentration Dilution Fe%uq + SCNiay == Fe(SCN)ay New | J fl ) Equilibrium T Y 5 2ions tion |k,= Jetson) <— [Fe*]XiSCNI Reaction shifts to the lett Reaction will shift to Increase Concentration Reaction shifts to the left to partially oppose the effects of the change caused by the dilution as there are more particles on the left Coo a CUP PAC oe) 4. Changing the temperature Exothermic reaction Tnrease pexeane] Exothermic reaction Deo 4 rexperature AO sesxperature CO + 2Hay = CHOHy AH = -92 kd molt CO iy + 2Hajy =P [Link] ig AH = -92 kJ mol? <— New _- New Reaction Equilteium = Equilibrium sais to x, = Product ‘its to [Products] — [Reactants) the right © __Reactants} (aod K, Increas Reaction will shit to Decrease temperature Reaction will shift to Increase temperature Endothermic reaction Increase temperature (00.4) + 24.0 y CHa + 205 AH= + 890.4Kd C024 + 2H:0 9 = CHeiy # 20a) AH= + 890.4Kd —> New -— New — Equiv Peacon Equilibrium shifts to [Products] oe [Products] tha right Ko = TResctanty Lhe Ke * “Reactanss] (aos K, Decreases Resction wil shift o Inrease temperature _| Faction will shit to Decrease temperature Temperature | Equllbriam Constant (K) Exothermic t t a + t Endothermic t t van ¥ ¥ Coo a CUP PAC oe) 5. Effect of Catalyst Catalysts increase rate of both forward & backward reactions equally concentration (M) Reactants Mole Ratios in Concentration — Time Graphs [Link] 2 2NO zg A= 8K mol? Coo a CUP PAC oe)

You might also like