1.
nêu rõ số liệu (số liệu <4-5): số liệu: 10%, 14%, 15% and 17%
the (its) figures/ the (its) data (of/ for……) + account for/ register/ land at/ make up /
constitute 10%, 14%, 15% and 17%, respectively
Vietnam topped the chart when its figures for food, drink, and toy accounted for 10%,
12% and 15%, respectively
Vietnam topped the chart when its figures for food, drink, and toy accounted for 10%,
12% and 15% correspondingly
Vietnam topped the chart when its figures for food, drink, and toy accounted for 10%,
12% and 15% in the same order
= Vietnam topped the chart when its figures for food, drink, and toy accordingly
accounted for 10%, 12% and 15%
= Vietnam topped the chart when its figures for food, drink, and toy ,in turn,
accounted for 10%, 12% and 15%
S + accordingly + V- chia thì bt (account for/ register/ land at/ make up / constitute) +
số liệu
S + , in turn, + V- chia thì bt (account for/ register/ land at/ make up / constitute) + số
liệu
= Vietnam topped the chart when its figures for food, drink, and toy took turns to
account for 10%, 12% and 15%
[ S (2 đói tượng trở lên) take turns to account for + số liệu
2. range [ trong khoảng] - số liệu sát nhau
Vietnam topped the chart when its figures for food, drink, and toy accounted for 10%,
11% and 12%, respectively
=> …………….. its figures for food, drink, and toy ranged from 10% to 12%
= its figures for food, drink, and toy were within a range of 10% to 12%
= its figures for food, drink, and toy were in the 10% to 12% range
—-------------------------------------------------------
= its figures account for + từ vựng xấp xỉ + số liệu làm tròn [ account for just under/
approximately 13%//// account for just over/ about 10% [ a-tenth]
—----------------------------------------------
= cùng đem các số liệu đi so sánh với phía đằng trước
Đã nhắc tới : book: 24%
= its figures for food, drink, and toy EACH accounted for approximately a half of
book’s data
3. xấp xỉ
Approximation:
Well over A quarter Of Noun
More than A third
Two-thirds
Just over
Three-quarters
About
Roughly Half
Approximately All
Almost
1% of
In the vicinity of 25%
Just under 25.3 %
Less than
Well under
The majority
A minority
Most
Not much/many
Very little/few
4. cấu trúc so sánh
FACT (NHẬN ĐỊNH) + FIGURE (SỐ LIỆU)
+ so sánh hiệu - FIGURE
1. In comparison with A (Compared to A), B is smaller/ higher………………
KO LỘ RÕ: by a margin of X (by a margin of 3 points)
with a difference/gap of X (with a difference/ gap of 3 points)
hiệu lớn:
+ by a huge margin of X
+ by a staggering/ whopping/ hefty x
+ with a huge gap of X
+ with a huge difference of X
hiệu nhỏ
+ by a narrow margin of X
+ by a narrow/ negligible/ modest/ humble/mere/ minimal x
+ with a small gap of X
+ with a small difference of X
2. A is X smaller/ lower/ higher than B
Trang’s score is 3 points higher than that of Mai
3. A surpass/ outstrip/ exceed B by ( a staggering/ whopping/ hefty [lớn] >< a
narrow/ negligible/ modest/ humble/mere/ minimal [bé] ) X
Trang’s score surpasses Mai’s by ( a staggering >< a minimal) 3 points
VD: Compared to Nhi’s score, my score is smaller by a (narrow/ huge) margin of 10 points/
by a staggering 10 points / by a humble 10 points
= Compared to my score, Nhi’s score is higher by a margin of 10 points
= In comparison with Nhi’s score, my score is smaller with a difference/ a gap of 10 points.
= My score is 10 points smaller than Nhi’s score.
+ so sánh tỷ trọng (áp dụng tất cả) - FIGURE
1. A outnumber/ outrank B số 1 + to + số 2 => A:B = so 1: so 2 (số 1> số 2)
Minh 20đ, mai 10đ
Minh’s score outnumbers that of Mai two to one
A:B = 2:1 = A outnumber B two to one.
Trang: 90%, Mai: 60%
Trang’s data Outranked Mai’s figure three to two
A outnumber B three to two.
A gấp đôi B => B= ½ A => A:B = 2:1
A outnumber B two to one
—----------------------
= A is double B
2. be + double (gấp 2) /triple - treble (gấp 3) /quadruple (gấp 4)/quintuple (gấp 5)
In 2000, Mai’s score was double Hương’s => static
Mai’s score in 2000 doubled that in 2005 =>dynamic
—-----------------------------
3. be + twice/ three times/ four times/….. as…. as….
Mai’s score was twice as high as Hương’s
Hương’s score was twice as low as Mai’s
—---------------------------
4. A/B: A số đếm = B số thứ tự
A (tử số): one, two, three,...
B(mẫu số): 2(half), 3 (third), 4 (quarter), fifth, sixth,....
⅓: one- third
⅔: two-thirds,
⅗: three-fifths
The percentage of students going to school accounts for/ lands at 30%
= The percentage of students who go to school accounts for three-tenths.
= The percentage of students who go to school accounts for approximately/ just under
one-third
= Three-tenths of students -CHỦ NGỮ + go to school. (3/10….) [Phân số + of + N(s) + V+O]
= Approximately/ Well under one- third of students go to school
—---------------------------
S1 + be/account for/ register/ make up/land at/constitute + phân số + of S2
The number of students who go to school accounts for one- half of/ two-thirds of the number
of students who stay at home.
5. one in two/three/… +Ns+V +O
One in ten students pass the entrance exam
two out of three/four/…. +Ns +V+O
two out of five students pass the entrance exam
+ so sánh rank => nêu thứ tự xếp hạng => FACT /
CÂU LOGIC KẾT NỐI
+
Superlative structures => so sánh hơn nhất
- A is the (second/ third) largest/ smallest/ most productive + ______
- A has/ uses/ produces/ consumes/ attracts/ welcomes the (second/ third) greatest/
widest/ most signifiant +________
- Vietnam consumes the highest/ greatest amount of products
- Vietnam is the largest/ most significant consumer/ exporter/ importer
export-import: partner
Ranking structures
- A ranks/ stands + first/second/ third/ last.
- A is in the first/second/ third/ last position
- claim the first/second/…/last first/ second/ last place.
- rank the first/ second/…./last spot
- the third position/ rank belongs to A
5. ghép câu phức
+ Fact (Câu bôi vàng - THỨ TỰ XẾP HẠNG) when/as S+V+O (figure) - so sánh,
range, liệt kê chi tiết, xấp xỉ
Class A topped the chart + when/as + its figures accounted for/ was 10%, 15%
and 20% in 2008,2009 and 2010, respectively
its figures ranged from 10% (a tenth) to 20% (a fifth) in three different years
+ Fact (Câu bôi vàng) with S+Ving+O (figure) - so sánh, range, liệt kê chi tiết
Class A topped the chart + when/as + its figures accounted for/ was 10%, 15%
and 20% in 2008,2009 and 2010, respectively
=> Class A topped the chart + with + its figures accounting for/ being 10%, 15%
and 20% in 2008,2009 and 2010, respectively
its figures ranging from 10% (a tenth) to 20% (a fifth) in three different years
+ S+V+O (figure) - so sánh, range, liệt kê chi tiết , mđề quan hệ chỉ Fact
One in two children in Vn go to school (A half of sts go to school)
, which gives/ giving this country the third rank/position
, which helps/ helping this nation secure the third position
, which makes-helps/ making/helping this country become the third most educated nation]
—----------
One in two children in Vn go to school (A half of sts go to school).This helps this nation
secure the third position
SAMPLE 1:
The bar chart below gives information about the spending habits of people
in four countries on consumer goods [unit = thousand pounds]
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.
Language: logic bài, logic đoạn, main idea, comparison, high vocab, fact +
figure
The given chart compares the spending on different types of consumer goods in
4 nations including Belgium, Spain, Austria and Britain. Overall, cameras and
toys take turns to lead others in popularity. Also noteworthy is that Britain
appears to be the most significant/prominent consumer among the given
European countries.
Looking first at the countries with the highest spending , Britain is the
country having the highest expenses on both six surveyed consumer products,
ranging from 155 thousand pounds to 170 thousand pounds.
Looking first at the countries with the highest spending, Britain is the
country having the highest expenses on both six surveyed consumer products,
with the data for toys and cameras registering approximately 170 thousand
pounds, being 10 thousand pounds higher than the amount of money spent on
cosmetics and books each. Meanwhile, the two remaining unpopular items only
cost the British nearly 155 thousand pounds.
The second rank belongs to Austria in terms of the expenditure on cameras,
books and toys when the figure for cameras is smaller by a negligible margin
of 5 thousand compared to that in Britain. Of equal note is that the data for
books and toys are equal/even, landing at roughly 160 thousand. In contrast,
the remaining types of goods seem to be unpopular among Austrains as their
amount of money spent on these items is quite humble with the data for each
being 10 thousand smaller than that for books.
Turning to remaining nations/ modest consumers, Spain and Belgium, in
turn, lead the third and last position regarding the spending on cameras, toys
and books with the former spending roughly the same amount of money on six
different types of products, being within a range of 150 thousand to 155
thousand. The latter, meanwhile, deems the most modest purchaser when/as
the amount of money Austria spends on books and cameras outnumbers that of
Belgium two to one, respectively. The other four kinds of goods, however,
enjoy greater popularity with the figures being higher with a gap of 5
thousand in comparison with those for books and cameras.
Cấu trúc hay
1. Thay thế động từ bằng danh từ ⇒ danh từ hóa ⇒ nominalizations
Britain appears to be the most significant consumer among the given European
countries
The latter, meanwhile, deems the most modest purchaser when/as the amount
of money Austria spending on books and cameras outnumbers that of Belgium
two to one, respectively.
2. While Cl1, Cl2
While petroleum products led others in the total export revenues in both 2 years,
the textile industry witnessed the most remarkable growth in earnings.
3. With + Noun/ Noun-phrase = when + mđề
The second rank belongs to Austria in terms of the expenditure on cameras,
books and toys when the figure of cameras is smaller by a negligible margin
of 5 thousand compared to that in Britain
The other four kinds of goods, however, enjoy greater popularity with the
figures being higher with a gap of 5 thousand in comparison with those for
books and cameras.
4. Mệnh đề quan hệ
Britain is the country having the highest expenses on both six surveyed
consumer products, ranging from 155 thousand pound to 170 thousand
pound
Of equal note is that the data for books and toys are equal, landing at roughly
160 thousand
5. Giấu linker vào giữa câu
The other four kinds of goods, however, enjoy greater popularity with the
figures being higher with a gap of 5 thousand in comparison with those for
books and cameras.
SAMPLE 1
Static (CHANGE OVER TIME: NO NO NO)
logic giữa 2 body, main points, , rank - logic trong 1
body, comparison language for figures (hiệu, tỷ
trọng)
The table uses four economic indicators to show the standard of living in
five selected countries in 1982. Overall, the quality of life in the USA was
significantly higher than the other four countries while Bangladesh seemed to
suffer from the most inferior living standard.
Looking first at the living standard of the USA and Bangladesh, the
former country, which is a developed country, ranked first in GNP at 13,160
dollars per head. It also had a far greater daily calorie intake (3653 calories)
life expectancy (74 years), as well as/ and the lowest rate of infant mortality
(12 per 1000 live births). In contrast, the latter nation by far came last in
the rank of life quality among all the indicators. To be more specific, not
only did the USA’s GNP outnumber its GNP a hundred to one ,but the calorie
intake and longevity accounted for only a half as those of America,
respectively. Its infant mortality rate, meanwhile, was 120 cases higher than
that of the USA.
Turning to the remaining nations , the range of indicators for Egypt,
Indonesia and Bolivia shared somewhat similar patterns, with Egypt
generally having the best quality of life amongst the three [=lead the
second position]. In particular, its residents tended to earn 690 dollars in
the surveyed year; at the same time, its calorie per day as well as life span
took turns to be lower by modest margins of 703 calories and 24 years
compared to the figures for America in the same order. On the other hand,
the living standard of Bolivia and Indonesia bore a strong resemblance when
both their GNP and daily calories were approximately a half of the USA's,
making them having the third and fourth most inferior living standards,
respectively. It is also interesting to note that these two countries’ longevity
landed at roughly a half of a decade, but the infant death rate of the former
nation, surprisingly, outnumbered the latter’s two to one.
SAMPLE 3
CHÚ Ý:
percentage = proportion = rate = data = figure
ko paraphrase thành the number/ amount
The following table shows the percentage of school aged boys in two different age
groups who participated in 5 different sports in the UK in 2010.
+ age level: younger > older, leaving aside swimming
+ sports: football >< swimming: bé nhất
1- football (hold the lion’s share) - 6-11 nêu rõ + ss hiệu 12[mđề quan hệ]
2- criket - ss cả 2 ½ football - 6-11 outnumber …. 4 to 3
logic bài, logic đoạn/ so sánh rank, main idea, so sánh hiệu , so sánh tỷ
trọng
The table compares the proportions of Britain school-aged boys in two
different age brackets who took part in five different sport-related activities in
the year 2010. Overall, while football emerged as the most preferred sport
among the total surveyed participants, the younger boys tended to express
more interest in most activities, leaving aside swimming.
Looking first at the more common/popular/ preferred sport-based
pursuit, football led others in popularity, with 87% of boys aged 6-11
showing preference for this activity, which was 9% higher than their
counterparts. This was closely trailed by/ was followed by cricket when
the participants counts in each group were accordingly a half of the data for
football. To specify, there were nearly a half of examined younger players
partaking in this activity, which outranked the percentage of older peers four to
three.
Turning to the least favorite sports, basketball witnessed the participation
of exactly 35% of male partakers aged 6-11, which was higher by a huge
margin of 10% compared to the participation rate of the older group. This
helped basketball become the third most preferred hobby among
examined adolescents. In contrast, rugby and swimming,in turn, held the
fourth and last position, with the former welcoming nearly a quarter of the
total surveyed adolescents. Meanwhile, the latter was the only sport that
attracted the similar enrollment rate of both two groups as/when one in five
people in each group tended to show interest in this activity.
Looking first at the more common/popular/ preferred sport-based
pursuit, the year 2010 marked the prominence of football……. This was
followed by cricket…….
Turning to the least favorite sports, the third rank belonged to basketball….
Nêu số liệu rugby. This helped rugby stand in fourth position. Swimming was
in the last position….
Exam question
The graph below shows the amount of tea and coffee imported by four different
countries.
B1: lớn nhất yếu tố A/ B2: lớn nhất ở yếu tố B/ B3: xu hướng giống nhau gộp chung
mối quan hệ gap và thứ tự xếp hạng
overview: UK: tea lớn nhất >< Germany: coffee lớn nhất
Regarding the country importing the highest amount of tea, => UK [tea….. => so sánh hiệu,
coffee] => vì widest gap => câu chốt: thứ tự coffee cuối cùng >< tea: đứng đầu
Regarding the country importing the highest amount of coffee, => germany => vì smallest
gap => câu chốt: thứ tự coffee t1 >< tea: t2
In terms of the countries exhibiting a relatively similar pattern, => nêu số liệu + thứ tự xếp
hạng
—-----------------------------------
Looking first at tea consumption,
Turning to coffee consumption,
5. Exam question
The graph and the chart below show the number of students choosing different
kinds of courses in a university in 2012.
A>B, A<B, A=B
Looking first at subjects with higher enrolment from males, => engineering, science and
math
Turning to domains recording higher application from women, => social sciences, health and
humanities
Regarding area witnessing the equal registration, agriculture
1.
Exam question
The chart shows data for three colleges in one region in Canada.
College % lecturers % lessons % students % graduates
having PhD given top completing having a job
qualifications rating by courses within 6
inspectors months
Alberta College 40 2 69 1 79 2 77 2
British Columbia 30 3 65 2 73 3 72 3
College
Manitoba College 53 - 1 55 3 88 1 82 1
The given table provides information about three colleges in a Canadian region.
Overall, while Manitoba College leads in the quality of lecturers and students,
Alberta College ranks first in teaching quality.
Overall, while Manitoba college is well known for the highest rate of lectures gaining
doctoral degrees, which seems to have strong correlation with its highest student outcomes
including course completion rate and post-graduation employment. However, paradoxically,
this educational institution has the lowest approval in lesson quality, a domain that Alberta
College boasts about.
—-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Looking first at the college with the highest figure in almost all aspects, …
Looking first at Manitoba College which edges out two remaining colleges in most aspects,
+ listing số liệu - ko dc so sánh giữa các yếu tố hàng ngang vì k cùng hệ quy chiếu
+ thứ tự xếp hạng => chỉ rõ: cao nhất ở 3 yếu tố gì, yếu tố còn lại đứng thứ mấy
+ mối quan hệ giữa số liệu các yếu tố với nhau
Looking first at Manitoba College which edges out two remaining colleges in most aspects, it
stands out with 53% of its teachers owning PhD qualifications………đã đẩy logic trong
overview ……….. as well as a really impressive course completion rate of 88%. Such a
prestigious college also reports that 82% of its students can secure occupational positions
within 6 months. All these criteria are far ahead of those for two other institutions. Yet,
despite these high performance indicators, Manitoba unexpectedly receives the lowest
assessment of lesson quality, with only about half of total lessons achieving top marks by
inspectors.
=>mối quan hệ giữa số liệu các yếu tố với nhau: 3 cao nhất [mqh 3 cao nhất overview] ><
thấp nhất
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
College % lecturers % lessons % students % graduates
having PhD given top completing having a job
qualifications rating by courses within 6
inspectors months
Alberta College 40 - 2 69 -1 79 - 2 77 - 2
British Columbia 30 65 73 72
College
Manitoba College 53 - 1 55 -4 88 - 1 82 - 1
This is followed by Alberta College. This educational institution holds the
second position regarding lecturers’ qualifications with two out of five of them
possessing a doctoral degree. Similarly, / By the same token [ẩn thứ 2], the
course completion rates and after-graduation outcomes are quite remarkable,
only smaller than the figures for Manitoba College by a narrow margin of 9%
and 5% respectively (Manitoba > Alberta) . In contrast, the only aspect that
Alberta College surpasses Manitoba College is lesson quality with a hefty 69%,
which is 14% higher than the latter college (Alberta < Manitoba).
+ listing số liệu - có thể so sánh hiệu/ tỷ trọng [theo cột dọc]
+ thứ tự xếp hạng => chỉ rõ: thứ 2 ở 3 yếu tố gì, yếu tố còn lại đứng thứ mấy
+ mối quan hệ giữa số liệu các yếu tố với nhau
Turning to the college ranking last in most of the aspects, only 3 out of 10
lecturers in British Columbia College gain a Ph.D qualification, which is
smaller than the figures for Alberta College and Manitoba College by a
noticeable gap of 10% and 23% respectively. This seems to be closely related to
their last position regarding learner productivity ( a modest course completion
of 73% and a humble employment rate of 72% among graduates). However,
This institution receives a quite high assessment from inspectors in teaching/
lesson quality, with a staggering 65% of the total lessons given top rating,
helping it successfully outperform Manitoba College in this field.
+ listing số liệu - có thể so sánh hiệu/ tỷ trọng [theo cột dọc]
+ thứ tự xếp hạng => chỉ rõ: thứ 3 ở 3 yếu tố gì, yếu tố còn lại đứng thứ mấy
+ mối quan hệ giữa số liệu các yếu tố với nhau
các yếu tố trong đề bài có sự kết nối với nhau
Exam question
The table below gives information on the salaries of secondary teachers in five
countries in 2009.
- cần nhiều theme-related vocab
● khi viết bài sẽ có xu hướng giải thích kỹ hơn
VDu: phía trc đã phân tích để biết dinner > lunch. A similar pattern can be
seen in saturated fat consumption, where the shares of dinner and lunch dwarf
those of snacks and breakfasts
It can also be inferred that breakfast is the healthiest meal, containing the
lowest level of the three nutrients examined.
- cách ghép body : ghép những pattern có xu hướng giống/ trái ngược cùng 1
body
- trong quá trình phân tích đoạn compare cùng category ở 1 body
- thì có thể phân tích theo thứ tự:
● thứ tự xếp hạng
● lớn nhất + bé nhất
● compile = tổng cái khác cộng lại
Có thể thêm:
- most pronounced difference ở nhóm nào,
- bài có % ko đc dùng outnumber => outrank
- theo độ tuổi tăng giảm dần: [đến cuối cùng tăng phục hồi/ giảm tụt
xuống]: saw a (minor) resurgence >< decline
- chung nói trước - khác nói sau
+ Renault (UK) and Porsche exhibited/ showed many similarities in their
advertising strategies. Both companies allocated 59 million pounds to
advertising, with TV dominating their spending, representing 50% of Renault’s
budget and 56% of Porsche’s. Neither company ventured into promoting their
products in cinema. [similarities] However, their spending diverged in
terms of outdoor and press advertising [difference]: Porsche allocated a
larger share (26%) to the former compared to the latter (18%), while Renault
(UK) prioritized print over outdoor advertising, with 27% compared to 23%,
respectively. [ khác nhau: so sánh lần lượt theo từng aspect manufaturer]
+ Turning to Range Rover and Citroen, they operated with more modest
advertising budgets of 41 and 36 million pounds, in the order. Notably, they
were the only manufacturers in the survey to utilize cinema advertising, albeit
minimally/ sparingly at 6%. In terms of TV advertising, Citroen, like Renault
(UK) and Porsche, devoted the largest share of its budget to this medium, at
55%. Range Rover allocated/ reserved only half that percentage to television,
instead favoring press advertising, which accounted for 52% of its budget,
more than double the corresponding figure for Citroen. Finally, their spending
portions for outdoor advertising were roughly the same, both in the vicinity of
one-fifth.
Structure
1. Intro: Paraphrase + add i4 in the charts not in the question
2. overview: viết theo aspect (cần thêm từ vựng nâng cấp)
● nhận xét total trước => breakdown sau
ở overview khi nói total cao nhất áp đảo: dùng cấu trúc ss + đảo ngữ [chỉ
dùng 1 lần]:
Overall, Renault (UK) and Porsche dedicated significantly more to
advertising than did Range Rover and Citroen (UK)
● khi vào các bài liên quan đến tuổi thì để ý là xu hướng decline/ increase
with age [, despite an uptick/ downtick observed in + tên category]
3. body 1 (cả 2 dạng dynamic và static):
+ main body - ưu tiên số liệu đứng đầu + cần cố gắng ss các pattern nhiều nhất có
thể
+ phải nói tổng trước => breakdown sau
+ công thức:
● dynamic: list => change => compare
● static: list => compare [cùng category của nó] => compare (other
groups) // nếu có total: nhận xét total các groups trước => các yếu tố
sau
looking first at A and B, phân tích yếu tố trong A [so sánh]. A similar/ contrasting
pattern - B, làm rõ, phân tích + ss