NAME :- DIKSHA KHERA

CLASS :- +2 [NON-MED]
ROLL NO. :-
SUBJECT :- PHYISCS
TOPIC :- MUTUAL INDUCTION
(Principal of EMI)
SUBMITTED TO :-
MRS. MONA
 AIM
TO STUDY MUTUAL INDUCTION
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE
PHYISCS PROJECT TITLED ‘MUTUAL
INDUCTION (Principal of EMI)’ HAS
BEEN SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED
BY DIKSHA KHERA OF CLASS XII
 ACKNOLEDGEMENT
FIRST AND FOREMOST I THANK MY
TEACHER MS. MONA WHO HAS GIVEN
ME THIS OPPORTUNITY TO BRING MY
OUT MY CREATIVE CAPABILITIES

I EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE TO MY
PARENTS FOR BEING A CONTINUOUS
SOURCE OF SUPPORT AND
ENCOURAGMENT
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

DEFINATION :- Electromagnetic induction (or something just

induction). Is a process where a conductor placed in changing
magnetic field,( or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic
field) causes the production of a voltage across the conductor This
process is electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes, an electric
current - it is said to induce the current.

THEORY :- While Oersted’ surprising discovery of

electromagnetism paved the way for more practical application of
electricity, it was Michael Faraday who gave us the key to the practical
generation of electricity :- Electromagnetic induction. Faraday
discovered that a voltage would be generated across a length of a wire
if that wire has exposed perpendicular magnetic field flux of changing
intensity
An easy way to create a magnetic field of changing intensity is to move
a permanent magnet next to the wire, or coil of wire. The magnetic
field must increase or decrease in intensity perpendicular to the wire
(so that the line of flux “cut across” the conductor), or else no voltage
will be induced.
FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT :- The following experiment
performed by Faraday lead to the discovery of the electromagnetic
induction.

When the strength of magnetic field is varied

Consider two coil P and S wound on an iron rod. Iron rod is connected
with galvanometer, battery and tapping key. When tapping key is
pressed and when it is released galvanometer shows deflection
showing the presence of induced current.

Explanation

When the tapping is pressed then magnetic flux linked with the coil S
change because of increase in magnetic field of coil P and induced
current is produced when it is released magnetic flux is again changed
and induced current is produced. But when the tapping key is kept
pressed, then the magnetic flux linked with coil do not change and
induced current do not produce so galvanometer shows no deflection.
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
The result of Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic inductions are
known as “Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction”. These are
stated as below:

1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with the circuit (a loop of wire or

a coil or an electric circuit in general) changes, induce emf is
produced.
2. The induced emf lasts as long as change in magnetic flux
continues
3. The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate
of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

Faraday was able to mathematically relate the rate of change of

magnetic field flux with induced voltage (the lower case letter “e”
represents voltage. This refers to instantaneous voltage, or voltage at
specific point in time, rather than a steady, stable voltage):
The “d” terms are standard calculus notation, representing rate-of-
change of flux overtime. “N” stands for number of turns, or wraps, in a
wire coil (assuming that the wire is formed in the shape of coil for
maximum electromagnetic efficiency).

A corollary of Faraday’s law, together with Ampere’s Law and Ohm’s

Law is Lenz’s Law. The emf induced in an electric circuit always act in
such a direction that the current it drives around the circuit opposes
the change in magnetic flux which produce emf.

Lenz’s Rule
Lenz’s rule is convenient method to determine the direction of induced
current produced in the circuit.

Lenz’s law stated that the Induced current produced in a circuit always
flows in such a direction that it opposes the change or course that
produces it.

On pressing the key, the current in the coil P flows in clockwise

direction and magnetic line of force are directed from left to right. The
magnetic flux linked with coil S changed. The direction of induced
current should be such that it should oppose the direction of flow of
magnetic field lines. So induced current in the coil S is the direction
opposed to the magnetic field in P. Hence, direction of induced current
in the coil S is from right to left. So induced current in coil S should
follow in anticlockwise direction.
Electromagnetic Induction is put into practical use in the construction
of electric generators, which use mechanical power to move a
magnetic field past coil of wire to generate voltage. However, this is
not the only practical use of this principle.

The magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire was always

perpendicular to that wire, and that the flux intensity of the magnetic
field varied with the amount of current through it, we can see that a
wire is capable of inducing a voltage along its own length simply due
to change in current through it. This effect is called self induction: a
changing magnetic field produces by changes in current through a
wire induced voltage along the length of the same wire. If the magnetic
field flux is enhanced by bending the wire into shape of a coil, and/or
wrapping that coil around a material of high permeability, this effect of
self-induced voltage will be more intense. A device constructed to take
advantage of this effect is an inductor.
 SELF- INDUCTION
Self-induction in coil or conductor is actually an induced back emf,
which is generated when the magnetic field caused by the current flow
cuts the coil or conductor. If the flux lines from the expanding and
contracting magnetic field of one coil were to cut the windings of
another nearby coil, a voltage would also be induced in that coil. The
amount of emf induced in this way depends on the relative positions of
the two coils. Also, the more turns of the second coil that are induced.
This inducing of an emf in a coil or conductor by magnetic flux lines
generated in another coil or conductor is called the primary, or primary
winding, and the one in which the emf is induced is called the
secondary. Similarly, the current that flows through the primary is the
primary current, and if the secondary is connected to a load so that
current flows, this current is called secondary current.

When current flows in the secondary, it sets u its own magnetic

field, which induces a voltage back into the primary winding.
Thus, when mutual induction occurs between two coils, there
are four voltages present. These are (1) are applied voltage in
the primary, (2) the self-induced emf in the primary, (3) the
induced emf in the secondary, and (4) the emf induced back
into the primary by the secondary current. Therefore, the
actual or effective overall, inductance of two coils that are
mutually coupled is complex because of the complex
interactions between the magnetic fields. This effective
inductance of two coils that are mutually coupled is called
mutual inductance. Mutual inductance can be considered as the
amount or degree of mutual induction that exists between two
coils or winding.
 MUTUAL INDUCTION
The mutual inductance of any two coils depends on the flux
linkage between the coils, which is turn depends on their
positions relative to each other. The degree of flux linkage is
expressed by a factor called the coefficient of coupling. When
all of the flux lines from each coil cut, or link, the other coil,
the coefficient of coupling is 1, which is maximum value. If
only some of the flux lines from each coil cut the other, the
coefficient of coupling has some value less than 1. You can see
then that when no mutual inductance exists between two coils,
the coefficient of coupling is close to 1, the two coils are said
to have tight coupling; and when the value is much less than 1,
the coils have loose coupling. The term critical coupling is
used to describe line between loose the tight coupling.

When the coefficient of coupling between two coils is known,

the total inductance of the coils is found by multiplying the
values of inductance of the coils, taking the square root of the
result, and multiplying it by the coefficient of coupling. As an
equation, this is given by:
M = k - L1 X L2
Where M is the total inductance of the mutually coupled coils,
in henrys; k is the coefficient of coupling; and L 1 and L 2 are
the individual inductances of the coils, in henrys.
 THE TRANSFORMER
When mutual induction exists between two coils or
windings, a change in current through one induces a voltage in
the other. Devices which make use of this principle are called
transformer. Every transformer has a primary winding and one
or more secondary windings. The primary winding receives
electrical energy from a power source and couples this energy
to the secondary winding by means of a changing magnetic
field. The energy appears as an emf across the secondary
winding, and if a load is connected to the secondary, the
energy is transferred to the load.

By means of transformers, electrical energy can be

transferred from one circuit to another, with no physical
connection between the two. The transformer thus acts as a
coupling device. Transformers are also indispensable in a-c
power distribution, since they can convert electrical power at a
given current and voltage into the equivalent power at some
other current and voltage.
 TRANSFORMER OPERATION
WITH OPEN SECONDARY
You will remember that when mutual induction exists
between two coils, not only does the current in the primary coil
induce a voltage in the secondary coil, but the resulting current
in the secondary coil, in turn, induces a voltage back into the
primary coil. This occurs in a transformer, and it is in large
part responsible for how a transformer works. However, for
ease of understanding, transformer having an open secondary.
No current flows in the secondary in this case, and so no
voltage is induced back into the primary. After the description
of how a transformer with an open secondary works, a
complete transformer, with current flowing in both the primary
and the secondary, will be described.

In a transformer having an open secondary, the primary

operates essentially the same as an inductor. This means that
the primary current lags the applied voltage by 90 degrees and
at the same time lead the back emf are thus of opposite
polarity. Most transformers are designed to have large back
emf’s in the primary when the secondary is open, so the
primary current is therefore very low. As the magnetic field
around the primary winding, caused by the changing current
current through the primary, alternately expands and
collapses, it cuts the turns of the secondary winding, thereby
inducing a voltage in the secondary. The voltage induced in
the secondary is maximum when the rate of change of the
primary current is greatest (0, 180, and 360
degrees), and zero when the primary current is not changing
(90 and 270 degrees). When this relationship is plotted, that
the secondary voltage lags the primary current by 90 degrees.
Since the primary applied voltage leads the primary current,
the secondary voltage is therefore 180 degrees out of phase
with the primary voltage. It is also in phase with the back emf
in the primary.

Usually, the letter T designates a transformer, with P as the

primary, and S as the secondary, or secondaries.

Sometimes, dots are used to indicate the in-phase terminal of the

two windings. The schematic symbols alone do not show phase
relationships because external wires can be crossed to make the output
in phase with the input.

OBSERVATION & WORKING

In this given model of Mutual Induction we observe that step

down transformer provides 6V ac to Ist coil connected directly
to it. It provides the source voltage to this coil. The second
coil, identical to the first coil, is not physically or electrically
connected to coil-1 (primary). The primary flux is providing a
source induce voltage to coil-2 (Secondary) due to Mutual
Induction & LED connected to it will lit up. The distance
between coil-1&2 changes the intensity of LED.

COMPONENT USED

1. A battery 6V ................................................. 1

2. 2 copper enamelled ....................................... 2

coil windings (40 turns each)

3. Light Emitting Diode.....................................1

4. Resistor .........................1

5. Battery connector ……………………1