TANGENTIAL GALVANOMETER
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
A Mohammed Ashfaq
In partial fulfilment for the award
Of
ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
in
PHYSICS
SANA MODEL SCHOOL, CHENNAI 600 056
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION 2024-2025
SANA MODEL SCHOOL: CHENNAI 600 056
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “……………………………...” is the
bonafide work of “……………………………………………” of Grade …………,
Register Number …………………. who carried out the project work
under my(our) guidance and supervision at Sana Model School,
Chennai.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Physics Teacher: Principal:
Sana Model School, Chennai Sana Model School, Chennai
Submitted for the Physics Practical held on …………………
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In successfully completing this project, many people have helped me. I would
like to thank all those who are related to this project. Primarily, I would thank
God for being able to complete this project with success.
Then I will thank my Principal Mrs. Najia Tahmeen and Physics teacher Mr Ajas
Ahmed, under whose guidance I learned a lot about this project. Her suggestions
and directions have helped in the completion of this project.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with
their valuable suggestions and guidance and have been very helpful in various
stages of project completion.
INDEX
Abstract: 1
Introduction: 2
Theory: 3
Materials Required: 5
Circuit Diagram: 6
Procedure: 7
OBSERVATIONS 8
Conclusion: 11
Precautions: 12
Facts: 12
Applications: 13
Bibliography: 13
Abstract:
This project aims to determine the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic
field (Bh) using a tangential galvanometer. It's more than just an experiment. It's
about understanding how tangential galvanometers work in real-life situations,
showing the link between electrical currents and magnetic fields. By doing this
project, we can learn more about electromagnetism and develop their curiosity
and problem-solving skills.
The tangential galvanometer is a key tool in
science, helping us understand how electricity and
magnetism interact. Through careful experiments
and calculations, we can explore how magnetic
fields behave, following the rules of the tangent
law of magnetism. By watching how the
galvanometer's needle moves in response to the
Earth's magnetic field, we can make sense of it all
and figure out Bh.
But this project isn't just for the lab. Tangential
galvanometers have many real-world
applications, from studying the Earth's magnetic
field in geophysics to designing electrical systems
in engineering. By unlocking the secrets of Bh,
we not only deepen our understanding of science but
also gain practical skills for the future.
In summary, this project is about discovery and learning. Through the simple
tool of the tangential galvanometer, we can uncover the mysteries of electricity
and magnetism, gaining insight into the natural world. As we conduct
experiments and analyse data, we grow in our appreciation for science and
prepare ourselves to tackle future challenges with confidence.
Introduction:
The tangential galvanometer has a significant role in the history of scientific
tools, especially for measuring small electric currents. It's carefully made, with a
coil of insulated copper wire wound precisely around a non-magnetic circular
frame. Its function relies on magnetism principles, specifically described by the
tangent law as B = Bh tanθ. This project focuses on exploring
electromagnetism, with the tangential galvanometer as the main tool.
At the core of the tangential galvanometer is the
tangent law, which explains the relationship
between the total magnetic field (B), the Earth's
horizontal magnetic field (Bh), and the angle of
deflection (θ) of the galvanometer's magnetic
needle. Using this law, we aim to understand the
mysteries of the Earth's horizontal magnetic field,
also known as the geomagnetic field.
Through studying the tangential
galvanometer, we dive into the
complex interplay of electricity and
magnetism, uncovering the subtle
details that govern their relationship.
Our goal is not only to grasp the
theoretical aspects of
electromagnetism but also to
understand its practical applications in
real-world situations. By utilizing the
capabilities of the tangential
galvanometer, we hope to shed light
on the mysterious forces that shape our
understanding of nature.
Theory:
The tangential galvanometer operates on the principle of electromagnetism to
measure the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field. Its core
functionality lies in its ability to detect and quantify the influence of this
magnetic field on a current-carrying coil. When an electric current flows
through the circular coil of the galvanometer, it generates a magnetic field
around the coil. According to the right-hand rule, this magnetic field (denoted as
B) forms concentric circles around the coil, with its direction perpendicular to
the plane of the coil. This means that the magnetic field lines pass through the
centre of the coil in a direction perpendicular to its surface.
In the setup of the tangential
galvanometer, the coil is positioned
such that its plane aligns with the
horizontal component of the Earth's
magnetic field (Bh). This ensures
that Bh acts parallel to the plane of
the coil. Consequently, the
magnetic field lines produced by
the electric current in the coil and
the Earth's magnetic field Bh are
mutually perpendicular to each other.
The magnetic needle within the galvanometer is free to rotate in response to
these magnetic fields. When the coil experiences the combined effect of the
Earth's magnetic field Bh and the magnetic field B produced by the electric
current, the magnetic needle deflects from its initial position. This deflection
angle (θ) is directly proportional to the tangent of the angle between Bh and the
coil's plane, as per the tangent law of magnetism. By measuring the deflection
angle θ of the magnetic needle, we can determine the tangent of this angle,
which in turn provides us with the ratio of Bh to the magnetic field B produced
by the electric current. This relationship is expressed by the tangent law of
magnetism, where B = Bh tanθ.
Magnetic field passing through current carrying coil of radius r with n turns is:
B = μ0NI/(2r)
Hence, we get:
Bh tanθ = μ0NI/(2r)
So: Bh = μ0NI/2r tanθ
= μ0n/2r. I/ tanθ
Now, the term I/ tanθ = K, is known as the reduction factor of the galvanometer
and is a constant for any galvanometer.
Hence, we have:
Bh = μ˚Nk/2r
This is how one can measure the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic
field.
Therefore, by carefully measuring the deflection angle θ and knowing the
properties of the coil and the current passing through it, we can calculate the
horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field Bh. This process allows us
to gauge the strength and direction of the Earth's magnetic field, providing
valuable insights into the dynamics of electromagnetism.
Materials Required:
1. Tangent Galvanometer 2. Battery Eliminator
Used for measuring the current and can Provides power to the circuit
also be used to measure the horizontal replacing the Batteries
intensity of earth’s Magnetic field.
3. Commutator 4. Plug Key
A rotatory electrical switch in Acts as a switch. It can be an open
electric motors and generators switch or a closed switch. It has a
which helps in reversing the base in which wires are
direction of current. connected.
5. Rheostat 6. Ammeter
Used to control currrent by Used to measure electric current
varying resistance. in Amperes.
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Make the circuit connections in accordance with the circuit diagram.
2. Using spirit level, level the base and the compass needle in compass box
of tangent galvanometer by adjusting the levelling screw.
3. Now rotate the coil of the galvanometer about its vertical axis, its image
in the plane mirror fixed at the base of the compass box and the coil, I.e.,
all. These three lies in the same vertical plane. In this setting, The ends of
the aluminium pointer should read zero-zero. If this is not so, rotate the
box without disturbing the position of the coil till at least one of the ends
of the pointer stands at the zero marks.
4. By closing the key K, the current flow in the galvanometer. Read the both
ends of the pointer. Now reverse the direction of current by using the
reversing key. When the mean values of both deflections shown by the
pointer in the two cases(i.e., before and after reversing the current) differ
by more than 10, then turn slightly the vertical coil until the two values
agree. This will set the plane of the coil exactly in the magnetic meridian.
5. By adjusting the rheostat, bring the deflection in galvanometer around
450. The deflection should not be outside the range(30 0-600).
6. Record the readings of the ammeter and the deflection of the compass
needle in the box shown by two ends of pointer on the scale.
7. Reverse the current in the coil of galvanometer and again record the
current and deflection of needle. By changing the value of current, take
four or more set of readings and plot the graph between I and tanθ. The
graph will be a straight line. Measure the inner and the outer diameter of
the coil with a half meter scale at least three times.
OBSERVATIONS
TABLE 1. FOR VARIATION OF θ WITH I
N=2
Value of deflection θ
(degree)
[Link] For Mean Tanθ Ammeter reading (A) Value of K
For direct
reverse (K=I/Tan θ)
current
current
θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 Observed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
N=50
Value of deflection θ
(degree)
Tan
[Link] For Ammeter reading (A) Value of K
For direct
Mean θ
reverse (K=I/Tan θ)
current
current
θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 Observed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
GRAPH
tanθ
Slope of straignt line=BC/AC
Bh =
Conclusion:
The experimental use of a tangential galvanometer offers a unique perspective
into the behaviour of magnetic fields and the workings of the galvanometer
itself. By observing the deflection of the galvanometer needle in response to an
applied current passing through a coil, one can derive valuable information
about the magnetic field in which the experiment is conducted.
Central to this experiment is the concept of the reduction factor of the
galvanometer. This reduction factor represents the relationship between the
actual current passing through the coil and the tangent of the angle of deflection
(θ) of the galvanometer needle. Understanding and quantifying this reduction
factor is crucial for accurate measurements using the galvanometer.
Moreover, by employing the principles outlined in the equations derived from
the tangential galvanometer setup, we can extract information about the
horizontal component of Earth's magnetic field. This is made possible by
measuring the horizontal intensity of the magnetic field (Bh) using the
galvanometer.
Thus, the experimental venture with the tangential galvanometer not only
provides valuable insights into the behaviour of magnetic fields but also serves
as a practical tool for investigating and quantifying the horizontal intensity of
Earth's magnetic field. Through careful experimentation and analysis,
researchers can uncover important information about the magnetic environment
in which we live.
Precautions:
Ensure a freshly changed battery is utilized.
Align the coil's plane with the magnetic meridian.
Vigilantly avoid parallax errors.
Set the magnetic needle in alignment with the magnetic meridian.
Limit readings to angles between 30 and 60 degrees.
Facts:
The tangential galvanometer represents a foundational measuring
instrument for electric currents.
The SI unit of magnetic field strength is the Tesla.
The magnitude of the magnetic field engendered by a circular coil
carrying current is directly proportional to the current.
The value of the magnetic constant μ0 is 4π × 10^-7 N A^-2.
The magnitude of the horizontal intensity of Earth's magnetic field is
3.5 × 10^-5.
Applications:
Determining the magnitude of the horizontal component of Earth's
magnetic field.
Facilitating comparisons of galvanometer constants.
Enabling precise measurements of electric current.
Bibliography:
NCERT Class 12 Textbook
Comprehensive Practical Physics
[Link]