• The issue of anti -corruption is the main issue for all countries of the world, whether
they are developed or developing countries
• Corruption in its various forms is a widespread phenomenon in all countries, but to
varying degrees in terms of the extent of its danger to the existing administrative, social,
economic and political systems.
Definition of corruption
It is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain
Types of corruption
• Grand corruption
• Petty / administrative corruption
Grand corruption
• Grand corruption usually occurs at the highest levels of the public, and at the highest
levels of private business. It includes the actors who set the rules, policies, and
executive decisions
Petty / administrative corruption
Corruption on a small, administrative or petty scale is the everyday corruption between
public institutions and citizens.
Cause of corruption
• personal ambitions,
• Low patriotic and moral sense, either because of the lack of education, or the
negative educational experience that the official went through.
• Low awareness and lack of courage among the rest of the people to confront
corruption and the corrupt,
• The existence of cultural environments that encourage and condone corruption,
• Low official wages for government employees tempt corruption
• Non -deterrent laws and regulations,
• Lack of ethical standards in promotions,
Manifestations of corruption
• Manifestations of administrative corruption
• Manifestations of financial corruption
Manifestations of administrative corruption
• Absence of the principle of equal opportunity for individuals .
• Breaking the laws.
• Bias and discrimination among employees.
• Unemployment, lack of job opportunities
• Favoritism and nepotism.
• Low rates of social welfare in countries.
• The spread of bribery and direct kickbacks in exchange for people carrying out their
official jobs and duties
Manifestations of financial corruption
• Control of public money, and control of it according to desires
• The embezzlement of internal and external support and funding, and its management
for personal benefit.
• Tax evasion, document tampering, .
• Allocation of land in different ways
Effects of corruption
• On the economic level
• At the political level
• At the social level
• On education
• On health services
• impede economic growth.
• waste of state resources
• The flight of investments, whether national or foreign
• Distributive fairness of income and resources
• Weakening the state’s public revenues as a result of evading customs, taxes and fees
• The negative impact of poor public spending on state resources by wasting them in
major projects, depriving important sectors such as health, education and services
from benefiting from these resources.
• Low efficiency of public investments and poor quality of infrastructure
The Effects of Corruption on the Political Level
• Distorting the role required of the government in implementing the state's general
policy and achieving the objectives of development plans.
The Social Effects of Corruption
• The collapse and loss of the prestige of the rule of law
• Weaken all democracy-enhancing reform efforts
• Exclusion of honest and qualified people from reaching leadership positions
• Obstructing and undermining all regulatory efforts
The Effects of Corruption on Education
• Corruption in the public education sector has led to an increase in knowledge
illiteracy and a deterioration in the level and quality of education.
• many families pay bribes to secure the enrollment of their children or to obtain
scholarships and scholarships,
• The spread of the phenomenon of bribery of officials and teachers to secure success.
• The deterioration of the public education sector has led to a boom in private
education, which in turn suffers from corruption due to its profit-making and lack or
poor moral and academic standards.
The Effects of Corruption on Health Services
• Corruption negatively affects the quantity and quality of health services and the speed
of access to service
• Leakage of funds earmarked for building, maintaining, or equipping hospitals, or
supplying them with equipment, medicines, and others.
• Corruption is also evident in the pharmaceutical industries, the production of
unhealthy medicines,
• Studies have proven that bribery and corruption in the health sector is directly
reflected in the increase in the death rate, or in the failure of patients and injured to
recover within a reasonable period of time.
Forms of corruption
• Exploitation of public office
• Assault on public money
• Tax and customs evasion
• Commissions
• Domestic and international bribery
• Trade in influence
• Money smuggling
• Aid robbery
Tackling Corruption
The amended Egyptian Constitution of 2014 included articles from Article 215 up to
Article 221 dedicated to independent bodies and oversight agencies. These articles
granted oversight agencies legal personality and financial and administrative
independence, and considered them part of the central oversight bodies, such as the
Central Bank, the Central Auditing Organization, and the Administrative Control
Authority.
The state is also committed to combating corruption. The specialized bodies and
oversight agencies must coordinate with each other in combating corruption and
promoting the values of integrity and transparency, to ensure good performance of
public office, and to set and follow up on the implementation of the national strategy for
combating corruption in partnership with other bodies and relevant agencies.
Ways to Combat Corruption
• Facilitating work methods
• Increased job turnover rates
• Determine the appropriate salaries for each category of employees.
• Applying good governance and governance standards.
• Strengthening means of monitoring and oversight,
• Setting up anti - corruption committees. Laying down laws that deter these behaviors,
and activating their application in the courts
• Putting the right person in the right place