Time Allowed : 180 mins Maximum Marks : 70

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.

3. All the sections are compulsory.

4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark
each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of
three marks each, Section D contains two case study based questions of four marks each and
Section E contains three long answer questions of five marks each.

5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in
Section B, one question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions
in Section E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A

1 In case of diamond, the forbidden gap is about [1]

a) 1.2 eV

b) 0.8 eV

c) 6.0 eV

d) 8.2 eV

2 Ammeter is always used [1]

a) in series with the element through which current is to be determined

b) in parallel with the element through which current is to be determined

c) to simulate the element across which voltage is to be determined

d) to simulate the element through which resistanceis to be determined

∘
3 Green light of wavelength 5,460𝐴 is incident on an air - glass interface. If the refractive index of [1]
glass is 1 ⋅ 5 , the wavelength of light in glass would be (Given that the velocity of light in air, c =
3 10 8 m s 1
)
 ∘
a) 6731𝐴
∘
b) 3,640𝐴
∘
c) 5,460𝐴
∘
d) 4,861𝐴

4 A sensitive magnetic instrument can be shielded very effectively from outside fields by placing [1]
it inside a box of

a) plastic material

b) teak wood

c) soft iron of high permeability

d) a metal of high conductivity

5 A charge Q is uniformly distributed over the surface of a spherical shell of radius R. The work [1]
done in bringing a test charge Q0 from its centre to its surface is
1 QQ0
a) 4𝜋𝜀 R
0

b) Zero
QQ0
c) 𝜀0 R

1 QQ0
d) 4𝜋𝜀 2R
0

6 An electron is projected with uniform velocity along the axis of a current carrying long [1]
solenoid. Which of the following is true?

a) The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the solenoid.

b) The electron will experience a force at 45𝑜 to the axis and hence execute a helical path.

c) The electron path will be circular about the axis.

d) The electron will be accelerated along the axis.

7 The electric fan works on the principle of : [1]

a) Both electric motor and dynamo

b) Electric mechanism

c) Electric motor

d) Electric dynamo

8 Points A and B are situated perpendicular to the axis of a 2 cm long bar magnet at large [1]
distances x and 3x from its centre on opposite sides. The ratio of the magnetic fields at A and B
will be approximately equal to
 a) 2 : 9

b) 1 : 9

c) 9 : 1

d) 27 : 1

9 A light source emits visible light of two wavelengths:𝜆 = 430 nm and 𝜆 ’ = 510 nm. The source is [1]
used in a double - slit interference experiment in which D = 1.5 m and d = 0.025 mm. The
separation distance between the third - order bright fringes is

a) 5.47 cm

b) 6.46cm

c) 1.44 cm

d) 4.48 cm

10 An electric dipole with dipole momentP⃗ P0 i P0 j is placed in an electric field E⃗ E1 i E2 j , [1]

where P 0 , E 1 and E 2 are constants. The torque 𝜏⃗ acting on the dipole is:

a) P0 (E2 + E 1 ) 𝑘

b) P0 (E2 - E 1 ) 𝑘

c) P0 (E1 - E 2 ) 𝑘

d) - P0 (E2 + E ) 𝑘

11 The given circuit has two ideal diodes connected as shown in the figure below. The current [1]
flowing through the resistance R1 will be

a) 2.5 A

b) 10.0 A

c) 1.43 A

d) 3.13 A

12 The focal length (f) of spherical mirror of radius curvature R is: [1]
3
a)
2𝑅

b) 2R

c) R
𝑅
d)
2

13 Assertion (A): The energy of X - ray photon is greater than that of light (visible) photon. [1]
 Reason (R): X - ray photon in vacuum travels faster than light photon.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true.

14 Assertion (A): Two parallel metal plates having charge +Q and - Q are facing at a distance [1]
between them. The plates are now immersed in kerosene oil and the electric potential between
the plates decreases.

Reason (R): Dielectric constant of kerosene oil is less than 1.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true.

15 Assertion (A): A narrow pulse of light is sent through a medium. The pulse will retain its shape [1]
as it travels through the medium.

Reason (R): A narrow pulse is made of harmonic waves with a large range of wavelengths.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true.

16 Assertion (A): Average value of ac over a complete cycle is always zero. [1]
Reason (R): Average value of ac is always defined over half cycle.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true.

Section B

17 An EM wave, Y 1 , has a wavelength of 1 cm while another EM wave, Y 2 , has a frequency of [2]

10 15 Hz. Name these two types of waves and write oneuseful application for each.
18 Three identical specimens of magnetic materials Nickel, Antimony, Aluminium are kept in a [2]
uniform magnetic field. Draw the modification in the field lines in each case. Justify your
answer.
19 Why are elemental dopants for Silicon or Germanium is usually chosen from group XIII or [2]
group XV?
20 Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the radius of the n 𝑡ℎ orbit of an electron in [2]
a hydrogen atom. Also find the numerical value of Bohr’s radius a 0 .
21 A wire of length𝑙 carries a current 𝐼 along the X - axis. A magnetic field 𝐵⃗ 𝐵0 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 tesla [2]
exists in space. Find the magnitude of the magnetic force on the wire.

OR

A charge 2Q is spread uniformly over an insulated ring of radius R/2. What is the magnetic
moment of the ring if it is rotated with an angular velocity𝜔 with respect to normal axis?

Section C

22 Use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the potential difference between the points A and D. When [3]
no current flows in the arm BE of the electric network shown in the figure below:

23 Draw the energy band diagram of a p - type semiconductor. Deduce an expression for the [3]
conductivity of a p - type semiconductor.
24 What is the photo - electric effect? State the laws of photo - electric emission. [3]
25 Obtain the binding energy of the nuclei 56 26 Fe and
209
83 𝐵𝑖 in units of MeV from the following [3]
data:

m𝐻 = 1.007825 amu

m𝑛 = 1 . 0 0 8 6 6 5 a m u

m(2656Fe ) = 55.934939 amu

m(83209𝐵𝑖 ) = 208.980388 amu

1amu = 931.5 MeV

Which nucleus has greater binding energy per nucleon?

26 1. State Bohr’s postulate to define stable orbits in hydrogen atom. How does de - Broglie’s [3]
hypothesis explain stability of these orbits?

2. A hydrogen atom initially in the ground state absorbs a photon which excites it to the n
= 4 level. Estimate the frequency of the photon.

27 Two narrow slits are illuminated by a single monochromatic source. Name the pattern obtained [3]
on the screen. One of the slits is now completely covered. What is the name of the pattern now
obtained on the screen? Draw intensity pattern obtained in the two cases. Also, write two
differences between the patterns obtained in the above two cases.
28 In Figure, shows planar loops of different shapes moving out of or into a region of a magnetic [3]
field which is directed normal to the plane of the loop away from the reader. Determine the
direction of induced current in each loop using Lenz’s law.
 OR

1. A rod of length l is moved horizontally with a uniform velocity v in a direction

perpendicular to its length through a region in which a uniform magnetic field is acting
vertically downward. Derive the expression for the emf induced across the ends of the
rod.

2. How does one understand this motional emf by invoking the Lorentz force acting on the
free charge carriers of the conductor? Explain.

Section D

29 Read the text carefully and answer the questions: Microwave oven: The spectrum of [4]
electromagnetic radiation contains a part known as microwaves. These waves have frequency
and energy smaller than visible light and wavelength larger than it. What is the principle of a
microwave oven and how does it work? Our objective is to cook food or warm it up. All food
items such as fruit, vegetables, meat, cereals, etc., contain water as a constituent. Now, what
does it mean when we say that a certain object has become warmer? When the temperature of
a body rises, the energy of the random motion of atoms and molecules increases and the
molecules travel or vibrate or rotate with higher energies. The frequency of rotation of water
molecules is about 2.45 gigahertz (GHz). If water receives microwaves of this frequency, its
molecules absorb this radiation, which is equivalent to heating up water. These molecules
share this energy with neighbouring food molecules, heating up the food. One should use
porcelain vessels and non - metal containers in a microwave oven because of the danger of
getting a shock from accumulated electric charges. Metals may also melt from heating. The
porcelain container remains unaffected and cool, because its large molecules vibrate and rotate
with much smaller frequencies, and thus cannot absorb microwaves. Hence, they do not get
eaten up. Thus, the basic principle of a microwave oven is to generate microwave radiation of
appropriate frequency in the working space of the oven where we keep food. This way energy
is not wasted in heating up the vessel. In the conventional heating method, the vessel on the
burner gets heated first and then the food inside gets heated because of transfer of energy from
the vessel. In the microwave oven, on the other hand, energy is directly delivered to water
molecules which is shared by the entire food.

1. As compared to visible light microwave has frequency and energy

a) Frequency is less but energy is more

 b) less than visible light

c) more than visible light

d) equal to visible light

2. When the temperature of a body rises

a) the energy of the random motion of atoms and molecules decreases.

b) the energy of the random motion of atoms and molecules remains same.

c) the energy of the random motion of atoms and molecules increases

d) the random motion of atoms and molecules becomes streamlined.

3. The frequency of rotation of water molecules is about

a) 2.45 THz

b) 2.45 kHz

c) 2.45 MHz

d) 2.45 GHz

OR

4. In the microwave oven

a) Energy is directly delivered to the food grains.

b) The vessel gets heated first and then the water molecules collect heat from the body
of the vessel

c) Energy is directly delivered to water molecules which is shared by the entire food

d) The vessel gets heated first, and then the food grains inside

5. Why should one use porcelain vessels and non - metal containers in a microwave oven?

a) Because it will prevent the food items to become hot

b) Because it will get too much hot

c) Because of the danger of getting a shock from accumulated electric charges

d) Because it may crack due to high frequency

30 Read the text carefully and answer the questions: Surface charge density is defined as [4]
𝑑𝑞
charge per unit surface area of surface charge distribution. i.e.,𝜎 𝑑𝑆 . Two large, thin metal
plates are parallel and close to each other. On their inner faces, the plates have surface charge
densities of opposite signs having magnitude of 17.0 10 22 Cm 2 as shown. The
𝜎
intensity of electric field at a point is E = 𝜀0 , where 𝜀0 = permittivity of free space.
1. E in the outer region of the first plate is

a) 1.5 10 25
N/C

b) 1.9 10 10
N/C

c) 17 10 22
N/C
d) zero

2. E in the outer region of the second plate is

a) zero

b) 1.9 10 10
N/C

c) 17 10 22
N/C

d) 1.5 10 15
N/C
3. E between the plates is

a) 1.9 10 10
N/C

b) 1.5 10 15
N/C
c) zero

d) 17 10 22
N/C
4. The ratio of E from right side of B at distances 2 cmand 4 cm, respectively is

a) 1 : 2

b) 1 : 2

c) 2 : 1

d) 1 : 1

OR

5. In order to estimate the electric field due to a thin finite plane metal plate, the Gaussian
surface considered is

a) cylindrical

b) Cone

c) spherical

d) straight line
 Section E

31 1. Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound microscope. Hence [5]
obtain the expression for total magnification when the image is formed at least distance
of distinct vision.

2. A compound microscope consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an

eyepiece of focal length 6.0 cm. If they are separated by a distance of 24 cm, find the
total magnification when the image is formed at infinity.

OR

Figure shows an outline of Lloyd’s mirror experiment. M is a plane mirror; S is a narrow slit
illuminated by some source of light (not shown) and S’ is the image of S in M. M, S and S’ are in a
plane perpendicular to the paper. O is the line of intersection of the mirror and the screen.

1. What is the origin of fringes observed on the screen?

2. Why is the slit S placed so as to have very oblique angle of incidence of light striking the
mirror?

3. The two path lengths PS and PS’ are equal when P coincides with O. Yet the fringe at O is
found in the experiment to be dark not bright. What does this observation imply?

32 From the network shown in Fig. find the value of the capacitance C if the equivalent capacitance [5]
between points A and B is to be 1𝜇 F. All the capacitances are in 𝜇 F.

OR

1. Describe briefly theprocess of transferring the charge between the two plates of a
parallel plate capacitor when connected to a battery. Derive an expression for the
energy stored in a capacitor.

2. A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery to a potential difference V. It is

disconnected from the battery and then connected to another uncharged capacitor of
the same capacitance. Calculate the ratio of the energy stored in the combination to the
initial energy on the single capacitor.

33 A resistor of 400𝛺 ,an inductor of 5 H and a capacitor of 50 𝜇𝐹 are connected in seriesacross a [5]
𝜋 𝜋
source of alternating voltage of 140 sin 100 𝜋𝑡 𝑉. Find the voltage (rms) across the resistor, the
inductor and the capacitor. Is the algebraic sum of these voltages more than the source voltage?
If yes, resolve the paradox.

(Given, 2 1.414 .
OR

1. A resistor and a capacitor are connected in series to an ac source𝑣 𝑣𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 . Derive an

expression for the impedance of the circuit.

2. When does an inductor act as a conductor in a circuit? Give reason for it.

3. An electric lamp is designed to operate at 110 V dc and 11 A current. If the lamp is

operated on 220 V, 50 Hz ac source with a coil in series, then find the inductance of the
coil.
 Section A

1. (c) 6.0 eV
Explanation:
In case of insulating material, there exists a large forbidden gap in between the conduction band and the valence band. The
forbidden gap is very wide, approximately greater than 3 eV in insulators. For a diamond, which is an insulator, the forbidden
gap is about 6 eV.

2. (a) in series with the element through which current is to be determined

Explanation:
Ammeter is a device used to measure current. Since it has to allow the complete current flowing in the circuit through it, it has
to be connected in series. For this reason, ammeters have very low values of resistances so that they do not add to the value of
resistance connected in the circuit.

3. (b) 3,640
Explanation:
Now, = 3640

4. (c) soft iron of high permeability

Explanation:
soft iron of high permeability

5. (b) Zero
Explanation:
Zero

6. (a) The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the solenoid.
Explanation:
The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the solenoid.

7. (c) Electric motor

Explanation:
Electric motor

8. (d) 27 : 1
Explanation:
27 : 1

9. (c) 1.44 cm
Explanation:
 Here, d = 0.025 mm
D = 1.5 m

In the second case, we have

Shift in the position = 0.0918 - 0.0774 = 0.0144m = 1.44cm

10. (a) P0 (E2 + E1)

Explanation:
perform the cross product:
torque = p E = |ijk|
So, the torque experienced by the electric dipole in the given electric field is:
P0 (E2 + E1)

11. (a) 2.5 A

Explanation:
D1 is reverse biased and D2 is forward biased. D1 blocks current. Hence, Current will flow through 10 V cell, R1, D2 and R3.
I=

= = 2.5 A

12. (d)
Explanation:
The relationship between the focal length f and radius of curvature r for spherical mirror is given by R = 2f. Therefore,

13. (c) A is true but R is false.

Explanation:
A is true but R is false. Both X-ray photons and light photons travel at the same speed in a vacuum.

14. (c) A is true but R is false.

Explanation:
Electric field for parallel plate capacitor in vacuum
Electric field in dielectric
Since, the value of for Kerosene oil is greater than 1, then and hence Hence, the assertion is true.
Dielectric constant of Kerosene oil is greater than 1. Hence, the reason is false.

15. (d) A is false but R is true.

Explanation:
A narrow pulse is made of harmonic waves with a large range of wavelengths. As speed of propagation is different for different
wavelengths, the pulse cannot retain its shape while travelling through the medium.

16. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
 The mean average value of alternating current (or emf) during a half, cycle is given by Im = 0.636 I0 (or Em = 0.636 E0) During
the next half cycle, the mean value of ac will be equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. For this reason the average value
of ac over a complete cycle is always zero. So the average value is always defined over a half cycle of ac.

Section B
17. Y1 Microwaves: Microwave oven, Aircraft Navigator, It is used in radar communication.
Y2 Ultraviolet waves: Sterilize surgical instruments, food preservation, or any other.
18. The modified field lines are shown below.

i.

ii.

iii.

19. The size of the dopant atom should be equivalent to the size of Si or Ge. So that the symmetry of pure Si or Ge, does not disturb
and dopants can contribute the charge carrier on forming covalent bonds with Si or Germanium atoms. As the silicon and
germanium belongs to XIVth group so similar size of atom will be in XIII and XV group of modern periodic table.
20. From Bohr's second postulate
...(1)
Also

Substituting in (1) and simplifying

For (Bohr's radius)

21. As the wire carries current I along the X-axis, so

Also, tesla
Magnetic force on the wire is

The magnitude of the magnetic force is

newton
OR
Charge on the element of length dl of the ring is

Current due to circular motion of this charge is

Magnetic moment due to current dl,

 or
Section C
22. As no current flows in arm BE so the potential difference across R1 will be zero.
Now applying Kirchhoff's law for loop AFEBA, 6 + 1 + 3 = 2i + 3i or i = 2A
The potential difference across A and D along AFD, VA - 2i + 1 - 3i = VD
or VA - VD = 5i - 1 = 5(2) - 1 = 9V

23. For energy band diagram,

The expression for the conductivity of a p-type semiconductor: A p-type semiconductor has holes as the majority charge
carriers.
I = Ih =
Also R =
V = RI =
E= [ ]
Conductivity,
24. Photoelectric effect- When the radiation such as -rays, X-rays, UV and even visible light fall on metals, electrons are emitted.
This, phenomenon of emission of electrons is known as photoelectric effect.
Laws of Photoelectric Emission:
The experimental observations on the photoelectric effect may be summarized as follows, which are known as the fundamental
laws of photoelectric emission.
i. For a given photo-sensitive material, there is a minimum frequency called the threshold frequency, below which the emission
of photoelectrons stops completely, however great the intensity may be.
ii. For a given photosensitive material, the photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation,
provided the frequency is greater than the threshold frequency.
iii. The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process i.e., there is no time lag, between the incidence of radiation and the
emission of photoelectrons.
iv. The maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons is directly proportional to the frequency of incident radiation, but is
independent of its intensity.
25. binding energy, amount of energy required to separate a particle from a system of particles or to disperse all the particles of the
system.
The nucleus contains 26 protons and 30 neutrons.
Mass of 26 protons = 26 1.007825 = 26.203450 amu
Mass of 30 neutrons = 30 1.008665 = 30.259950 amu
Total mass = 56.463400 amu
Mass of nucleus = 55.934939 amu
Mass defect, = 0.528461 amu
B.E. of nucleus
 = 931.5 MeV = 0.528461 931.5
= 492.26 MeV
B.E./nucleon of = = 8.79 MeV
Now, the nucleus contains 83 protons and 126 neutrons
Mass of 83 protons
= 83 1.007825 = 83.649475 amu
Mass of 126 neutrons
= 126 1.008665 = 127.091790amu
Total mass = 210.741265 amu
Mass nucleus = 208.980388 amu
Mass defect,
B.E. of nucleus = 1.760877 931,5
= 1640.3 MeV
B.E./nucleon of = = 7.85 MeV
Clearly, has a greater B.E. per nucleon. In fact, it is the maximum value.
26. i. An atom has a number of stable orbits in which an electron can reside without the emission of radiant energy. Each orbit
corresponds, to a certain energy level. Bohr’s postulate, for stable orbits, states "The electron, in an atom, revolves around the
nucleus only in those orbits for which its angular h momentum is an integral multiple of (h = Planck's constant),''
[Also accept mvr = (n = 1, 2, 3, .....) ........(1)
As per de-Broglie’s hypothesis, ........(2)
For a stable orbit, we must have a circumference of the orbit = (n = 1, 2, 3, ....)
=n
from 1 and 2 equation we get ; L= mvr =
Thus de-Broglie showed that formation of stationary pattern for integral 'n' gives rise to the stability of the atom.
This is nothing but the Bohr's postulate.
ii. Energy in the n = 4 level =
Energy required to take the electron from the ground state, to the
n = 4 level =
=
Let the frequency of the photon be v, we have

Hz

= 3.1 1015 Hz (Also accept 3 1015 Hz)

27. With two narrow slits, an interference pattern is obtained.
When one slit is completely covered, the diffraction pattern is obtained.
For intensity distribution curve for interference, see Fig.
 For intensity distribution curve for diffraction, see Fig.

Interference Diffraction

1. All the bright fringes are of same intensity. Intensity of bright fringes decreases with the increasing order.

2. All the bright fringes are of equal width. Central bright fringe is twice as wide as any secondary bright fringe.

3. Regions of dark fringes are perfectly dark. Regions of dark fringes are not perfectly dark.

4. Maxima occur at Minima occur at

28. i. The magnetic flux through the rectangular loop abcd increases, due to the motion of the loop into the region of a magnetic
field According to Lenz's law, this increase in flux is opposed by the induced current. The induced current must flow along the
path bcdab so that it opposes the increasing flux.
ii. Due to the outward motion, magnetic flux through the triangular loop abc decreases due to which the induced current flows
along bacd, so as to oppose the change in flux.
iii. As the magnetic flux decreases due to motion of the irregularly shaped loop abcd out of the region of the magnetic field, the
induced current flows along cdabc, so as to oppose change in flux. Note that there is no induced current as long as the loops
are completely inside or outside the region of the magnetic field.
OR
i. Suppose a rod of length 'l' moves with velocity v inward in the region having uniform magnetic field B.
Initial magnetic flux enclosed in the rectangular space is
As the rod moves with velocity
Using Lenz's law,

ii. Suppose any arbitrary charge 'q' in the conductor of length 'l' moving inward in the field as shown in figure, the change q also
moves with velocity v in the magnetic field B.
The Lorentz force on the charge 'q' is F = qvB and its direction is downwards.
So, work done in moving the charge 'q' along the conductor of length l
W = F.l
W = qvBl
Since emf is the work done per unit charge

This equation gives emf induced across the rod.

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Microwave oven: The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation contains a part known as microwaves. These waves have frequency
and energy smaller than visible light and wavelength larger than it. What is the principle of a microwave oven and how does it
work? Our objective is to cook food or warm it up. All food items such as fruit, vegetables, meat, cereals, etc., contain water as a
constituent. Now, what does it mean when we say that a certain object has become warmer? When the temperature of a body rises,
the energy of the random motion of atoms and molecules increases and the molecules travel or vibrate or rotate with higher
energies. The frequency of rotation of water molecules is about 2.45 gigahertz (GHz). If water receives microwaves of this
frequency, its molecules absorb this radiation, which is equivalent to heating up water. These molecules share this energy with
neighbouring food molecules, heating up the food. One should use porcelain vessels and non-metal containers in a microwave
oven because of the danger of getting a shock from accumulated electric charges. Metals may also melt from heating. The
porcelain container remains unaffected and cool, because its large molecules vibrate and rotate with much smaller frequencies,
 and thus cannot absorb microwaves. Hence, they do not get eaten up. Thus, the basic principle of a microwave oven is to generate
microwave radiation of appropriate frequency in the working space of the oven where we keep food. This way energy is not
wasted in heating up the vessel. In the conventional heating method, the vessel on the burner gets heated first and then the food
inside gets heated because of transfer of energy from the vessel. In the microwave oven, on the other hand, energy is directly
delivered to water molecules which is shared by the entire food.
(i) (b) less than visible light
Explanation:
Microwaves have frequency and energy smaller than visible light and wavelength larger than it.
(ii) (c) the energy of the random motion of atoms and molecules increases
Explanation:
When the energy of the random motion of atoms and molecules of a substance increases and the molecules travel or
vibrate or rotate with higher energies, the substance becomes hot.
(iii) (d) 2.45 GHz
Explanation:
The frequency of rotation of water molecules is about 2.45 gigahertz.
OR
(c) Energy is directly delivered to water molecules which is shared by the entire food

Explanation:
In the conventional heating method, the vessel on the burner gets heated first and then the food inside gets heated
because of transfer of energy from the vessel. In the microwave oven, on the other hand, energy is directly delivered
to water molecules which is shared by the entire food.
(iv) (c) Because of the danger of getting a shock from accumulated electric charges
Explanation:
One should use porcelain vessels and non-metal containers in a microwave oven because of the danger of getting a
shock from accumulated electric charges. Metals may also melt from heating. The porcelain container remains
unaffected and cool, because its large molecules vibrate and rotate with much smaller frequencies and thus cannot
absorb microwaves. Hence, they do not get heated up.
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Surface charge density is defined as charge per unit surface area of surface charge distribution. i.e., . Two large, thin metal
plates are parallel and close to each other. On their inner faces, the plates have surface charge densities of opposite signs having
magnitude of 17.0 10-22 Cm-2 as shown. The intensity of electric field at a point is E = , where = permittivity of free
space.

(i) (d) zero

Explanation:
There are two plates A and B having surface charge densities, C/m2 on B, respectively.
According to Gauss' theorem, if the plates have same surface charge density but having opposite signs, then the
electric field in region I is zero.
EI = EA + EB = =0

(ii) (a) zero

Explanation:
The electric field in region III is also zero.
EIII = EA + EB = =0
 (iii) (a) 1.9 10-10 N/C
Explanation:
In region II or between the plates, the electric field.
EII = EA - EB =
or
=

E = 1.9 10-10 NC-1

(iv) (d) 1 : 1
Explanation:
Since, electric field due to an infinite-plane sheet of charge does not depend on the distance of observation point from
the plane sheet of charge. So, for the given distances, the ratio of E will be 1 : 1.
OR
(a) cylindrical
Explanation:
In order to estimate the electric field due to a thin finite plane metal plate, we take a cylindrical cross-sectional area A
and length 2r as the gaussian surface.
Section E

31. i.

Magnification due to objective

Magnification due to eye piece when final image is formed at the near point
me = 1 +
Total magnification
m = m0me

ii.
= 50
Hence, the total magnification when the image is formed at infinity is 50.
OR
a. S' is the virtual image of source S formed by mirror M. So S and S' act as two coherent sources of light. Light waves coming
directly from the source S and the reflected waves (which appear to come from virtual source S') interfere to produce a fringe
pattern.
b. Very oblique angle of incidence requires the source S to be placed very close to the mirror. In that case the separation between
the coherent sources S and S' will be small, as required in Young's double-slit experiment for obtaining broad and distinct
interference fringes.
c. The light wave reflected by the mirror suffers a phase change of 180o which is equivalent to a change in the path length of .
Then the path difference for any point P on the screen becomes
p = S'P - sP +
Consequently, the condition for a dark fringe is
 p = S' P - SP + = (2n + 1)
or S' P - SP = n
This condition is satisfied by the central fringe for which S'P = SP. Hence the central fringe in Lloyd's mirror method is dark.
32. Capacitors C2 and C3 form a parallel combination of equivalent capacitance,
C8 = C2 + C3 = 2 + 2 = 4 F
Capacitors C4 and C5 form a series combination of capacitance C9 given by

C9 =4 F
The equivalent circuit can be shown as in Fig.

Capacitors C1 and C8 form a series combination of capacitance C10 given by

Capacitors C6 and C9 form a parallel combination of capacitance.

C11 = C6 + C9 = 4 + 4 = 8 F
The given network reduces to the equivalent circuit

Again, capacitors C7 and C11 form a series combination of capacitance C12 given by

Now C10 and C12 form a parallel combination of capacitance C13 as shown in Fig.

Finally, the capacitors C and C13 form a series combination of capacitance 1 F as shown in Fig.

or
OR
a. Consider a parallel plate capacitor which is connected across a battery. The electrons are transferred from the negative
terminal of the battery to the metallic plate connected to the negative terminal and acquires a negative charge. Similarly, the
electrons move from the second plate to the positive terminal of the battery and acquire a positive charge. This process
 continues until the potential difference between the two plates becomes equal to the potential difference between the terminals
of the battery. Thus, the charge is developed on the capacitor.
Let ‘dW’ be the work done by the battery in increasing the charge on the capacitor is given by, having the charge q and
potential V is:
dW = V dq
where V =
dW = dq
Total work done in charging up the capacitor is given by,

W= dW = dq

W=

Hence total energy stored in the plates of the capacitor is given by, W =
b. Charge on the plates of the capacitor is given by q = CV
When uncharged capacitor of same capacitance is connected to the charged capacitor, sharing of charges takes place between
the two capacitors till both the capacitors acquire same potential
Energy stored in the combination of capacitors is given by,
= C( )2 + C( )2 =
Energy stored by a single capacitor before connecting is given by, U1 = CV2
Ratio of energy stored in the combination to that in the single capacitor is given by,
= = 1 : 2 , Hence these are required results.

33.
As applied voltage,
Comparing it with

Inductive reactance,

Capacitive reactance,

Impedance of the AC circuit,

Maximum current in the circuit,

Vrms across resistor R,

Vrms across inductor,

Vrms across capacitor,

Now, V
Here,
Because VC, VL and VR are not in same phase,

V=
which is same as the applied rms voltage.
 OR
i. VC + VR = V

vrm = imR
vcm = im Xc

Impedance
ii. For direct current (dc), an inductor behaves as a conductor.
As
For dc = v = 0 XL = 0
iii.

Squaring both sides:

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