[Results]

● The study involved 174 participants, with 154 completing the 8-week intervention, resulting in an
11.5% dropout rate. (Liu et al., 2025)
● The intervention group receiving multistrain probiotics showed significant reductions in
gastrointestinal symptoms compared to the placebo group at weeks 4 and 8, but not at week 2. (Liu et
al., 2025)
● The eradication rate of H. pylori was 88.8% in the intervention group and 84.7% in the placebo group,
with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.430). (Liu et al., 2025)
● Both groups reported decreased diarrhea/constipation-type stools and increased normal-type stools
post-intervention. (Liu et al., 2025)
● Probiotics did not provide protective effects against gastrointestinal symptoms at week 2 but showed
significant protection at weeks 4 and 8. (Liu et al., 2025)

[Population Sample]
● The population sample size for the study was 174 adults aged between 18 to 60 years. (Liu et al.,
2025)
● Participants had confirmed Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections and were randomized into two
groups: one receiving Bismuth quadruple therapy (BQT) plus a multispecies probiotic (n = 89) and the
other receiving a maltodextrin placebo (n = 85). (Liu et al., 2025)
● The study employed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design to ensure unbiased
results. (Liu et al., 2025)
● Inclusion criteria for participants included: a positive result on the 13C or 14C urea breath test, no prior
anti-H. pylori treatment, no contraindications to H. pylori eradication, and the ability to read and
understand Chinese to provide informed consent. (Liu et al., 2025)

[Methods Used]
● The study employed a randomized controlled trial design, utilizing the envelope method for
randomization and blinding to ensure concealment of the randomization process. (Liu et al., 2025)
● Participants were randomly assigned to receive either Bismuth quadruple therapy plus a multispecies
probiotic or a maltodextrin placebo for 4 weeks. (Liu et al., 2025)
● Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS),
which includes multiple dimensions rated on a 7-point Likert scale. (Liu et al., 2025)
● Statistical analyses included independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and χ² test, with
intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis applied to account for all randomized participants . (Liu et al., 2025)
● Data cleaning and organization were performed using SPSS version 26.0, ensuring accurate reporting
of demographic and clinical characteristics. (Liu et al., 2025)

[Summarized Abstract]
● The paper addresses the issue of gastrointestinal side effects associated with bismuth quadruple therapy
(BQT) for H. pylori eradication, which can reduce patient adherence and treatment efficacy . (Liu et al.,
2025)
 ● This matter is significant as effective H. pylori eradication is crucial for preventing related
gastrointestinal diseases, and adverse effects can hinder treatment success . (Liu et al., 2025)
● There is a gap in understanding how to alleviate these gastrointestinal symptoms without
compromising the effectiveness of the eradication therapy . (Liu et al., 2025)
● The paper aims to evaluate the efficacy of multistrain probiotics in alleviating gastrointestinal
symptoms during BQT for H. pylori eradication . (Liu et al., 2025)

[Results]
● The eradication rates for the placebo and probiotics groups were 82.43% and 87.01%, respectively,
with no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the two groups. (Tang et al., 2020)
● Alpha and beta diversity of gut microbiota significantly altered 2 weeks after eradication therapy in
both groups, but restored to baseline levels by week 8. (Tang et al., 2020)
● Probiotics supplementation did not increase or maintain the diversity of gut microbiota after H. pylori
eradication. (Tang et al., 2020)
● The study identified enrichment of detrimental bacteria taxa such as Shigella, Klebsiella, and
Streptococcus post-eradication, which probiotics could help restore to normal levels. (Tang et al.,
2020)
● The study highlighted that while probiotics did not improve eradication rates, they might assist in
constructing a beneficial profile of gut microbiota after eradication therapy. (Tang et al., 2020)

[Methods Used]
● The study employed an experimental design, enrolling 162 patients receiving bismuth quadruple
therapy, who were randomly assigned to either a probiotics group or a placebo group for 4 weeks.
(Tang et al., 2020)
● Fecal samples were collected at multiple time points (before treatment and 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after
therapy) to analyze gut microbiota changes. (Tang et al., 2020)
● Statistical analyses included intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) approaches, with various
regression methods (best subsets and backward stepwise regression) to identify predictors of H. pylori
eradication. (Tang et al., 2020)
● The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and analysis of similarities (ANO-SIM) were utilized to evaluate
ecological similarities and beta-diversity between groups. (Tang et al., 2020)
● Fecal microbiota analysis was conducted using the QIIME2 platform, which involved quality control
and feature table construction of sequencing data. (Tang et al., 2020)

[Summarized Abstract]
● The paper addresses the impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy on gut microbiota, which is a
significant concern as it can lead to various gastric diseases and affect overall health . (Tang et al.,
2020)
● Understanding the effects of probiotics during this therapy is crucial, as it may enhance eradication
rates and mitigate negative changes in gut microbiota . (Tang et al., 2020)
● The study identifies a gap in the long-term effects of eradication therapy and probiotics on gut
microbiota, indicating a need for further investigation . (Tang et al., 2020)
● This research aims to evaluate the effects of probiotics on the eradication rate and gut microbiota
alterations during the treatment . (Tang et al., 2020)
[Results]
● The H. pylori eradication rates for the VAS group (VA-dual plus S. boulardii) and the ECAB group
(bismuth-based quadruple regimen) were 87.3% and 88.9% respectively, with no significant difference
(P = 1.000) in intention-to-treat analysis. (Yu et al., 2024)
● In per-protocol analysis, the eradication rates were 87.3% for the VAS group and 91.8% for the ECAB
group, showing no significant difference (P = 0.560). (Yu et al., 2024)
● The ECAB group experienced a significantly higher incidence of adverse events compared to the VAS
group. (Yu et al., 2024)
● The cost-effectiveness ratio of the VAS group was lower than that of the ECAB group, indicating a
more cost-effective treatment option. (Yu et al., 2024)
● The study concluded that the addition of S. boulardii to the VA-dual regimen is as effective as the 14-
day bismuth-based regimen while ensuring fewer adverse events and lower costs, particularly for low-
BSA patients and non-smokers. (Yu et al., 2024)

[Population Sample]
● The total population sample size for the study was 126 patients, who were randomly assigned to two
groups in a 1:1 ratio. (Yu et al., 2024)
● The study included naive H. pylori-infected patients. (Yu et al., 2024)
● The sample size was calculated based on an expected H. pylori eradication rate of 85.0% for the VA-
dual therapy and 89.7% for the ECAB therapy, with a non-inferiority margin set to 0.1. (Yu et al.,
2024)
● Each group was planned to have 63 patients, accounting for a 5% loss to follow-up. (Yu et al., 2024)
● Patient baseline data for parameters such as height, weight, sex, age, BMI, BSA, smoking habit,
alcohol consumption, hypertension, and diabetes did not differ between the groups. (Yu et al., 2024)

[Methods Used]
● The study included adults aged 18-75 years with confirmed H. pylori infection, diagnosed via a
positive rapid urease test or a positive 13 C-urea breath test (UBT) . (Yu et al., 2024)
● Participants were randomly allocated to either the VAS group or the ECAB group, with the VAS
regimen consisting of VPZ, amoxicillin, and S. boulardii for 10 days . (Yu et al., 2024)
● The primary endpoint was the H. pylori eradication rate, evaluated through intention-to-treat (ITT) and
per-protocol (PP) analyses . (Yu et al., 2024)
● Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed on continuous variables (age,
weight, height, BSA, BMI) to assess their relationship with eradication success . (Yu et al., 2024)
● Cost-effectiveness analyses were conducted to compare the medicine costs and effectiveness of the
VAS and ECAB regimens . (Yu et al., 2024)

[Summarized Abstract]
● The study addresses the inadequacy of the VA-dual regimen for H. pylori infection in China, which has
not achieved satisfactory efficacy as a first-line treatment . (Yu et al., 2024)
● Evaluating cost-effectiveness and treatment outcomes is crucial as treatment costs and adverse events
significantly impact patient care . (Yu et al., 2024)
● The paper identifies a gap in randomized clinical trials assessing the safety and efficacy of VA-dual
therapy combined with S. boulardii . (Yu et al., 2024)
● This research aims to determine the effectiveness of the VAS regimen, which combines VPZ,
amoxicillin, and S. boulardii, in eradicating H. pylori while ensuring fewer adverse events and lower
costs . (Yu et al., 2024)
[Results]
● A total of 800 patients were screened, with 741 randomized into two groups: 371 receiving probiotics
and 370 receiving placebo. (Viazis et al., 2022)
● H. pylori was successfully eradicated in 303 patients (92.0%) in the probiotic group and 291 patients
(86.8%) in the placebo group, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.028). (Viazis et al., 2022)
● Fifty-six patients (17.0%) in the probiotic group and 170 patients (50.7%) in the placebo group
reported new or aggravated symptoms, indicating a reduction in side effects with probiotics (p <
0.00001). (Viazis et al., 2022)
● Four patients in the placebo group did not complete the regimen due to adverse events. (Viazis et al.,
2022)
● The study was adequately powered, and the analysis was performed on a per-protocol basis due to a
9.6% loss to follow-up. (Viazis et al., 2022)

[Population Sample]
● The study included a total of 720 patients, as the initial enrollment accounted for a potential 20% loss
to follow-up, leading to a calculated need for 576 patients to be randomized in a 1:1 ratio between
treatment groups . (Viazis et al., 2022)
● Patients were adults over 18 years diagnosed with H. pylori infection, with specific exclusion criteria
including prior therapy for H. pylori, certain medical conditions, and pregnancy or lactation. (Viazis et
al., 2022)
● The final analysis was conducted on 664 patients, with 329 in the probiotic group and 335 in the
placebo group. (Viazis et al., 2022)

[Methods Used]
● The study employed a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial design to evaluate the effect of
probiotics on H. pylori eradication rates and side effects . (Viazis et al., 2022)
● Patients received a 10-day proton pump inhibitor-containing quadruple therapy for H. pylori
eradication, with randomization into two groups: one receiving probiotics and the other receiving a
placebo . (Viazis et al., 2022)
● The analysis was based on the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle, but outcomes were ultimately assessed
on a per-protocol (PP) basis due to participant follow-up issues . (Viazis et al., 2022)
● Statistical analysis included the calculation of odds ratios (OR) and p-values using Fisher's exact test to
compare outcomes between treatment groups . (Viazis et al., 2022)
● The study included specific exclusion criteria to ensure participant homogeneity and validity of results,
such as prior therapy for H. pylori and certain medical conditions . (Viazis et al., 2022)

[Summarized Abstract]
● The paper addresses the challenge of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication and the associated side
effects of treatment, which are significant concerns in gastrointestinal health . (Viazis et al., 2022)
● Improving H. pylori eradication rates and reducing side effects is crucial for effective treatment, as
these factors impact patient compliance and overall health outcomes . (Viazis et al., 2022)
● There is a lack of sufficient data on the effectiveness of probiotics in enhancing H. pylori eradication
rates and minimizing treatment-related side effects . (Viazis et al., 2022)
 ● This study aims to evaluate the impact of adding probiotics to a standard H. pylori eradication regimen,
hypothesizing that it will improve eradication rates and reduce side effects . (Viazis et al., 2022)

[Contributions]
● This study is the first to prospectively and randomly examine the effect of probiotics as an adjunct to
the standard quadruple non-bismuth H. pylori-eradication regimen, enhancing the understanding of
probiotic benefits in this context . (Viazis et al., 2022)
● The research demonstrates that adding probiotics significantly increases H. pylori eradication rates
(92.0% vs. 86.8%) and reduces treatment-associated side effects . (Viazis et al., 2022)
● It provides evidence that probiotics can alleviate side effects associated with H. pylori eradication
therapy, potentially improving patient compliance . (Viazis et al., 2022)
● The study contributes to the ongoing discussion about the optimal use of probiotics in clinical settings,
addressing gaps in existing literature regarding their efficacy . (Viazis et al., 2022)
● The findings support the use of a specific probiotic formulation (LactoLevure) in clinical practice,
highlighting its safety and effectiveness . (Viazis et al., 2022)

[Results]
● The LRa05 group exhibited a trend toward a higher H. pylori eradication rate of 86.11% compared to
82.86% in the placebo group, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.7048). (Niu
et al., 2024)
● LRa05 supplementation did not significantly improve the total Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale
(GSRS) score between the two groups after treatment. (Niu et al., 2024)
● Significant reductions in inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and TNF-a were observed in the LRa05
group, suggesting potential benefits in liver function. (Niu et al., 2024)
● The study confirmed that LRa05 alleviated gastrointestinal symptoms like abdominal pain, acid reflux,
and diarrhea, enhancing patient compliance. (Niu et al., 2024)
● There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups, indicating
comparability in biochemical indicators and microbiota composition. (Niu et al., 2024)

[Population Sample]
● The study recruited a total of 72 subjects, with 71 participants completing the trial. The eligible
population included individuals aged between 18 and 65 years, with specific weight and BMI
requirements for males (≥ 50 kg) and females (≥ 45 kg, BMI ≥ 19.0 kg/m²) . (Niu et al., 2024)
● Participants were required to provide written informed consent and had to meet various inclusion and
exclusion criteria, including no family planning intentions and no recent use of antibiotics or probiotics
. (Niu et al., 2024)

[Methods Used]
● The study employed a randomized controlled trial design, where H. pylori-positive patients received
either levofloxacin-based bismuth quadruple therapy combined with probiotic LRa05 or a placebo for
two weeks, followed by LRa05 or maltodextrin for an additional two weeks. (Niu et al., 2024)
● Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, ensuring ethical standards were met. (Niu
et al., 2024)
 ● The efficacy of the intervention was assessed through H. pylori detection using the 13 C breath test
pre-and post-treatment. (Niu et al., 2024)
● Blood and stool samples were collected at baseline and four weeks post-intervention for routine and
biochemical analysis, as well as serum inflammatory markers. (Niu et al., 2024)
● The intestinal microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing, which included DNA extraction,
PCR amplification, and sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq platform . (Niu et al., 2024)

[Summarized Abstract]
● The study addresses the challenges of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication, particularly the
gastrointestinal side effects associated with bismuth quadruple therapy, which can hinder treatment
compliance . (Niu et al., 2024)
● Improving H. pylori eradication rates and alleviating adverse symptoms is crucial for effective
treatment and patient well-being . (Niu et al., 2024)
● There is ongoing debate regarding the effectiveness of probiotics in enhancing H. pylori eradication
rates, indicating a gap in understanding their role . (Niu et al., 2024)
● This paper aims to evaluate the efficacy of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LRa05 supplementation in
improving H. pylori eradication rates and reducing gastrointestinal side effects . (Niu et al., 2024)

[Results]
● The incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events was lower in the probiotics group compared to the
placebo group (23.6% vs 37.7%, p=0.016). (He et al., 2022)
● The eradication rates were 86.6% for Group A and 87.7% for Group B in intention-to-treat analysis,
with no significant difference (p=0.797). (He et al., 2022)
● Per-protocol analysis showed eradication rates of 91.7% for Group A and 92.2% for Group B, also with
no significant difference (p=0.871). (He et al., 2022)
● Probiotics partially counteracted the perturbations of gut microbiota caused by H. pylori eradication.
(He et al., 2022)
● Dramatic changes in gut microbiota were observed immediately after H. pylori eradication, but the
microbiota generally returned to baseline by 2 weeks. (He et al., 2022)

[Population Sample]
● The study involved a total of 276 treatment-naïve H. pylori-positive patients, who were randomly
assigned to either the probiotics group (n=140) or the placebo group (n=136) in a 1:1 ratio . (He et al.,
2022)
● Eligible participants were adults aged 18-65 years diagnosed with chronic gastritis and tested positive
for H. pylori, while those with certain exclusion criteria, such as gastric cancer or previous eradication
therapy, were not included . (He et al., 2022)
● Randomization was conducted using a computer-generated random number sequence, ensuring
blinding for patients, clinical researchers, and statisticians . (He et al., 2022)

[Methods Used]
● The study employed a multicenter, double-blinded, randomized trial design involving 276 treatment-
naïve H. pylori-positive patients assigned to receive either probiotics or placebo alongside a 14-day
bismuth-containing quadruple therapy . (He et al., 2022)
 ● Statistical analyses were conducted using software SAS (version 9.4), with intention-to-treat (ITT) and
per-protocol (PP) analyses to determine the eradication rate . (He et al., 2022)
● Microbiome bioinformatics were performed using QIIME2 and R packages, assessing alpha diversity
through indices like Shannon and Chao1, and beta diversity via PERMANOVA . (He et al., 2022)
● Samples of saliva, gastric mucosa, and feces were collected before and after therapy for 16S rRNA
gene sequencing to evaluate microbiota changes . (He et al., 2022)
● The Microbial Dysbiosis Index (MDI) was calculated to assess changes in microbial abundance post-
eradication . (He et al., 2022)

[Summarized Abstract]
● Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication is known to disrupt gut microbiota, leading to
gastrointestinal issues, which affects a significant portion of the population globally . (He et al., 2022)
● Understanding the impact of probiotics on mitigating these side effects is crucial for improving
treatment outcomes and maintaining gut health . (He et al., 2022)
● The role of probiotics in alleviating dysbiosis of microbiota post-eradication therapy remains unclear,
indicating a gap in current research . (He et al., 2022)
● This paper aims to evaluate the effects of probiotics on gastrointestinal microbiota following H. pylori
eradication therapy in a multicenter, randomized trial . (He et al., 2022)

[Results]
● A total of 80 patients were included in the study, with an overall eradication therapy effectiveness of
85% and no significant differences between treatment arms (80% in the probiotic group vs. 90% in the
control group; p = 0.228). (Márquez et al., 2021)
● Adherence to eradication therapy was 77.5%, with 80% in the control group and 75% in the probiotic
group. (Márquez et al., 2021)
● Abdominal pain decreased in 42% of patients in the probiotic group compared to 19% in the control
group (OR: 0.27; p < 0.001). (Márquez et al., 2021)
● Adverse events were reported in 16 patients, with no differences between treatment arms. (Márquez et
al., 2021)
● There were no differences in overall or subscale GSRS scores between the probiotic and control groups
at therapy completion. (Márquez et al., 2021)

[Population Sample]
● The study included a total of 80 patients, with 40 subjects in each treatment arm, estimated based on a
25% reduction in symptom scale scores compared to the control group . (Márquez et al., 2021)
● Patients were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to either the experimental group or the placebo group,
ensuring confidentiality through an anonymous coding system . (Márquez et al., 2021)
● The sample was drawn from a single site between February 2018 and May 2019, focusing on
individuals undergoing bismuth-containing quadruple eradication therapy supplemented with
probiotics . (Márquez et al., 2021)
[Methods Used]
● The study employed a randomized, double-blind, parallel-arm, placebo-controlled clinical trial design
to compare the effects of probiotics versus placebo on gastrointestinal symptoms in patients undergoing
H. pylori eradication therapy . (Márquez et al., 2021)
● Statistical analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric U-test due to the non-
normal distribution of data, with an alpha error of 5% and beta error of 20% . (Márquez et al., 2021)
● Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) at
multiple follow-up visits (0, 14, 28, and 56 days) to evaluate treatment efficacy . (Márquez et al.,
2021)
● Inclusion criteria were suggested to be improved to avoid confounding biases, particularly concerning
patients with Crohn's disease . (Márquez et al., 2021)
● The study highlighted limitations related to the randomization process, which resulted in higher
baseline scores for certain symptoms in the probiotic group, potentially undervaluing treatment
outcomes . (Márquez et al., 2021)

[Summarized Abstract]
● The study addresses the prevalence of H. pylori infection and the need for effective eradication
therapies, highlighting gastrointestinal symptom reduction as a key concern in treatment outcomes .
(Márquez et al., 2021)
● Improving eradication therapy compliance is crucial due to adverse events associated with current
treatments, which can limit patient adherence . (Márquez et al., 2021)
● The paper identifies a gap in understanding the role of probiotics as adjuvant therapy in H. pylori
eradication . (Márquez et al., 2021)
● This research aims to compare the effectiveness of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy
supplemented with Lactobacillus reuteri strains against a placebo in reducing gastrointestinal
symptoms . (Márquez et al., 2021)

[Contributions]
● The study compares the effectiveness of bismuth-containing quadruple eradication therapy
supplemented with Lactobacillus reuteri strains against a placebo, highlighting the potential of
probiotics in improving treatment outcomes . (Márquez et al., 2021)
● It demonstrates significant reductions in abdominal pain and distension among patients receiving
probiotics, with 42% and 25% improvement, respectively, compared to the control group . (Márquez et
al., 2021)
● The research supports the inclusion of probiotics as adjuvants in H. pylori eradication therapy, aligning
with recommendations from the Maastricht IV/Florence consensus report . (Márquez et al., 2021)
● The findings contribute to the understanding of probiotics' role in managing gastrointestinal symptoms,
particularly in the context of antibiotic therapy . (Márquez et al., 2021)
● The study emphasizes the safety of probiotic supplementation, although it advises caution regarding
potential allergic reactions . (Márquez et al., 2021)

References
Liu, W.-J., Zhao, Y.-M., Xie, Q.-Q., Wu, M.-C., Pan, Y.-F., Yan, H.-K., Shan, X.-X., Xu, W.-T., Liu, Y.-L.,
Peng, C.-X., Zhang, X.-M., & Lin, Q. (2025). Multistrain probiotics alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms during
bismuth quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori [Link] Journal of Gastroenterology.
[Link]
Tang, B., Tang, L., Huang, C., Tian, C., Chen, L., He, Z., Yang, G., Zuo, L., Zhao, G., Liu, E., Wang, S., Lin,
H., He, J., & Yang, S. (2020). The Effect of Probiotics Supplementation on Gut Microbiota After Helicobacter
pylori Eradication: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled [Link] Diseases and Therapy.
[Link]

Yu, J., Cui, C., Ma, K., Yang, P., Jiang, Y., & Wang, X. (2024). Effectiveness and safety of vonoprazan and
amoxicillin dual regimen with Saccharomyces boulardii supplements on eradication of Helicobacter
[Link] Gastroenterology. [Link]

Viazis, N., Argyriou, K., Kotzampassi, K., Christodoulou, D. K., Apostolopoulos, P., Georgopoulos, S. D.,
Liatsos, C., Giouleme, O., Koustenis, K., Veretanos, C., Stogiannou, D., Moutzoukis, M., Poutakidis, C.,
Mylonas, I. I., Tseti, I., & Mantzaris, G. J. (2022). A Four-Probiotics Regimen Combined with A Standard
Helicobacter pylori-Eradication Treatment Reduces Side Effects and Increases Eradication [Link].
[Link]

Niu, Y., Li, J., Qian, H., Liang, C., Shi, X., & Bu, S. (2024). Evaluation of efficacy and safety of
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LRa05 in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled [Link] in Immunology. [Link]

He, C., Xie, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhuang, K., Huo, L., Yu, Y., Guo, Q., Shu, X., Xiong, Z., Zhang, Z., Lyu, B., & Lu, N.
(2022). Probiotics modulate gastrointestinal microbiota after Helicobacter pylori eradication: A multicenter
randomized double-blind placebo-controlled [Link] in Immunology.
[Link]

Márquez, C. M., Álvarez, P. F., Delgado, T. V., Laria, L. C., Arias, F. A., Álvarez, A. C., & Rodríguez, B. J. G.
(2021). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on the usefulness of probiotic Lactobacillus
reuteri in bismuth-containing quadruple eradication therapy for infection with Helicobacter [Link]
Española de Enfermedades Digestivas. [Link]