Dyes
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FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
CONTENT :
Project timeline
●Dyes
●Types and Classsification of dyes
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
●Dye Analysis
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●Importance ofSitdye
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analysis in forensic
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●Ink Analysis by TLC
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●Ink Analysis by UV Visible Spectrophotoscopy
Dyes :
Dyes are the chemical substances that
impart their colour to an article and are
soluble in water.
The dyes are coloring material which have
affinity adhere with solvent medium.
Opposite to all organic compounds, dyes are
colorful in nature as they absorb light in the
visible spectrum ranges from 400-700 nm.
Types of Dyes
[Link] Dyes : When the dye is
obtained from the plant, it is called
as natural dye. Ex-Dyes obtained
from beetroot, flowers ect.
[Link] Dyes:When the dye is
man made using certain chemicals called
colour pigments,it is called as synthetic
dye. Example- Alizarian red, Indigo blue
Classification of dyes :
Acid: Acidic dyes are water soluble dyes containing sulphonic acid groups
(usually present as sodium sulphonate salts). These produce a negative charge on
the molecule of dye and increase its solubility in water.
Basic: Basic dye are cationic stain and reacts with negatively charged
material. Basic dyes comprise of amino or alkyl amino group. As their
color base is indissoluble in water, this can be achieved by the
conversion of base into salt.
Azo: Azo dye is a class of synthetic dyes containing nitrogen
as the azo group (-N=N-). These dyes give bright, colors,
showing fair to good fastness properties. The process of its
manufacturing is cost-effective. The formula for preparing an
azo dye involves two organic compounds- a coupling
component and a diazo component.
Dye Analysis
Dye analysis is a common aspect of forensic
investigations involving crime scene
evidence such as textile fibres, hairs,
plastics and inks.
WHAT IS INK ANALYSIS ?
Ink analysis refers to chemical tests which
are applied to small sample of ink removed
from a document. The traditional method
for analyzing writing inks is Thin Layer
Chromatography (TLC) .
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Forensic analysis of Dyes
Preliminary examination of dyes is done
by thin layer Chromatography which
helps in separation and identification of
the dyes. Whereas the confirmatory
examinations of dyes are done by variety
of Chromatographic tools in
combination with spectroscopic tool, UV
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visible spectrophotometry.
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One "forensic" application of dye analysis to museum collections is
the unmasking of forgeries or reproductions and other innocent
creations that have worked their way into the art market under false
pretenses.
Such objects are a constant concern for museumsLorem
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they represent large financial investments, pollute the art
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As a result, museum professionals have sought to identify and
remove such objects from their collections, and scientific approaches
to the study of questioned artifacts in combination with
connoisseurship have long been useful tools for those efforts
Thin Layer Chromatography
Chromatography is derived from Greek word chroma, which means “color”, and
graphic , which means “to write”. This technique was first used to seperate green
pigments , chlorophyll, discovered by M. Tswett in 1906.
Principle of Chromatography -
The basic principle of chromatography is Adsorption.
In chromatography the mixture of substances are allowed to distribute between
two immiscible phases, one of which is called stationary phase ( may be solid or
liquid), which adsorb the mixture and the second is the mobile phase (may be
liquid or gas) , which transport the mixture through stationary phas3.
Chromatography method based on the rate at which the analyzed substances
migrate while in contact with the stationary and mobile phase.
Application of TLC in Forensics :
[Link] of Drugs, Poisons and Explosives -
TLC is one of the most widely used tecniques for the seperation and
identification of drugs , whether they come from proprietary preparation, illicitly
prepared material or biological sample.
TLC is useful because many of the colour change presumptive tests used will
only provide an identificationa of a certain active group in the molecule. For ex
with explosives the Greiss reagent (a colour change presumptive test) will
normally indicate that a nitrate or nitrite group is present whereas with TLC it is
possible to differentiate between different nitrate and nitrite containing
compounds as they can have different R, values and react to produce different
coloured bands with the visualisation reagent.,
[Link] of Dyes and Inks:
Document forgery is a common problem, especially using pen or ink in writing
to forge or edit document and signatures. Most questionable documents consist
of forged bank checks, bills, handwritten correspondence, contracts and others,
which require analysis of ballpoint pen inks.
Forensic document examination, especially the analysis of inks, can be divided
into two approaches including non-destructive document and destructive
document.
Non-destructive analytical methods will choose specific characteristics of ink to
serve as parameters, such as its colors, luminescence and radiation absorption.
Destructive document analysis starts by removing a small section from the ink
line with extraction solvent to open up more avenues of analysis. In particular,
the chromatographic seperation of coloured pigments from dyes can be useful.
Ink Analysis by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Chromatography is a method of separating out materials from a
mixture. Ink is a mixture of several dyes and therefore we can
separate those colors from one another using chromatography.
When ink is exposed to certain solvents the colors dissolve and can
be seperated out. When we expose a piece of paper with ink on it
to a solvent, the ink spreads across the paper when the ink
dissolves.
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Different ink pens use different types of ink and this is o when
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components of the ink mixture is called a chromatograph.
Procedure of TLC of Ink :
1. Use a long 1/2 inch wide strip of your evidence and hang
it from the straw so that the end just touches the solvent.
Don't let the ink get wet.
2. Use each of your suspect pens to place a dark spot of ink
about 1/4 inch - 1/2 inch from the end of each coffee filter
strip.
3. Hang these strips from the straw so that the tips of the
strips just touch the solvent (you may wish to tape the
strip to the straw in order to hold it in place).
4. Allow the inks to separate for about 15 minutes.
5. Examine the banding patterns and determine
which of your known suspect pens was the pen
used to write the note.
UV visible spectrophotoscopy :
Forensic technique also use UV light
technologies, such as ultraviolent
monochromators or optical spectroscopy, to
detect the presence of illegal or controlled
substances of their residues in unidentified
samples, or to determine how many types of
inks or pens were used in a forged document.
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A UV-Vis spectrometer detects the absorption
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and produces a "chemical print" of the chemical
species.
As different chemical species absorb UV and
Vis radiation at different intensities and
wavelengths, different ballpoint pen inks
formulation may produce different and unique
chemical prints that permit discrimination by
manual visual examination.
The UV-Vis spectra of blue Faber
Castell (FCB) and blue Kilometrico
(KMB) ballpoint pen inks. The blue
ballpoint pen inks can be readily
discriminated on the basis of their
UV-Vis spectra. The differences
between the FCB and KMB ink are in
term of the broad absorption band
occurring from 410- 680 nm.
Other than that, the presence of minor
absorption bands at 240, 300 and 410 UV-Vis Spectra of blue
nm in FCB and at 305 and 350 nm in ballpoint pen.
KMB support definite discrimination
between the two blue ballpoint pen inks.
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Group members :
1. Shivani
2. Divyanshu
3. Arya
4. Anushka Ravi
[Link] Kumari
[Link] Kumari