Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025

1
UNIT - I
PART – A
1 ?

. .
(i) (ii) .
What are the types of Dravidian languages?
Dr. Caldwell divided the Dravidian languages into two types as noted below based
on the from of writing and literary style.
(i)Transcendent Dravidian Languages (ii) Unchanged Dravidian Languages.
2 ?

.
(i) ,
.
(ii) .
(iii) .
What are the qualities of Semmozhi?
To select is a language as classical, the following eligibility must be fulfilled.
(i) The literary works of that languages should be rich and old.
(ii) The origin shold also be independent of other languages.
(iii) It should not have the mixture of other language words.
3 ?

.
What is Classical language?
Classical is a language chosen on the basis of literary antiquity and on the basis of other
characteristic qualities.
4 – .
, ,
.
.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 1

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
Give the meaning of Righteousness (Aram).
Righteousness (aram) is the set of norms and principles developed by a man to become
a leader. Righteousness is the law for leading a perfect life.
5 .
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(v) .
What are the tasks involved in management?

(i)Planning (ii) Organizing (iii) Staffing (iv) Directing (v) Controlling.

6 ?
.
Who is the author of Comparative Grammar of Dravidian Languages?
The author of Comparative Grammar of Dravidian Languages is Dr. Caldwell.
7 .
(i) (ii) (iii) .
Write the names of female Nayanmars.
(i)Karikkal Ammayar (ii) Mangayarkarasiyar (iii) Isaganiyar.
8 .
, , , .
Write four classical books.
The four classical books are Natrinai, Kurundhokai, Iynkurunooru, and Paripadal.
9 .
, , , .
Name four books of justice. (Needhi texts)
The four Needhi texts are Tirukkural, Naaladiyar, Inna Naarpathu, and Iniyavai
Naarpathu.
10 ?
, , , , .
What are five great epics?
The Five Great Epics Silapathikaram, Manimekalai, Sivakasinthamani, Valaiyapathi,
Kundalakesi.
11 ?
.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 2

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
.
.
What are the three fundamental truths conveyed by Silapathikaram?
Those who have committed crimes in politics will be killed by virtue.
Those who are exalted will praise the virtuous wife.
Silapathikaaram is based on the three principles of the time when the time of calamity
comes and gives its consequences.
12 .
, , ,
, .
, ,
.
Write about Bharathiyar.
Bharathiyar was a poet of religious unification, a poet of emancipation, and a poet of the
Renaissance who helped advance Tamil literature and language growth as well as the
motherland's freedom. kuyil paatu, Kannan paatu, panjaali sabatham were the
kurungkappiyangal written by Bharathiyar.
13 ?
, , , .
What are the works of Bharathidasan?
The works of Bharathidasan are Iruṇdaveedu, Kudumbaviḷakku, Paṇdiyaṉ Parisu and
Puratchikavi.
14 .
96 . , , , , ,
, .
Name four Sitrilakkiyangal (minor epics).
96 are the types of minor literature. Sathurakaraathi, composed by Sage
Veeramaamunivar, lists 96 books. There are only a few of them which are popular. They
are Kalambakam, Thoothu, Ula, Pillai Thamizh, Kuravanchi, Pallu and Bharani.
15 ?
,
. :

[Link]’s College of Engineering 3

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
, .

What is Kalambakam?

Kalambakam is a literature that is sung with various kinds of poetic elements, mixed with
Akam and Puram subjects. Eg: Thiruvaranga Kalambakam, Nandhi Kalambakam, Thillai
Kalambakam.
PART – B
1 ? .

. ‘ ’
.
, ' ’
.
. , , ,

( ) .
( )

. .
1.
2
1.
,
.
. : , , , , 5 .
2.
,
.
. : , , , 4
( )
28 ( , , , 4

[Link]’s College of Engineering 4

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
) .
.
1.
2.
3.
1.
, , , , , , , ,
10 .
2.
, , , , , , , , , ,
, 12 .
3.
, , 3 .

6 .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
,
.
.
.
What are the Dravidian languages? Explain its types.
DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES
The languages spoken in South India are generally called Dravidian languages. Dr.
Caldwell, an Irish scholar first mentioned the name Dravidian languages Tamil is the
oldest of all Dravidian languages It is not an exaggeration to call Tamil the 'mother' of
Dravidian languages.
Tamil is not a language originated from Sanskru. Languages like Malayalam, Telugu and
Kannada together form an independent language family called Dravidian languages.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 5

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
Types of Dravidian Languages (Based on Literature)
Dr. Caldwell divided the Dravidian languages into two types as noted below based on the
forms of writing and literary style.
1. Transcendent Dravidian Languages
2. Unchanged Dravidian Languages
1. Transcendent Dravidian Languages
Dravidian languages having written form and literary style are called Transcendent
Dravidian languages.
(eg)
Five languages such as Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Thulu are Dravidian
languages.
2. Unchanged Dravidian Languages
Dravidian languages without written form and literary style are called Unchanged
Dravidian languages.
(eg)
Four languages such as Doda, Kondu, Koo, Koda are unchanged Dravidian languages.
Divisions of Dravidian Languages (Land based)
There are totally 28 languages including Erugala, Thanga, Kurumba, Solika are the
Dravidian languages. These languages are divided into three categories based on the
areas where the people who speak them live.
1. Southern Dravidian Languages
2 Central Dravidian Languages
3 Northern Dravidian Languages
1. South Dravidian Languages
The 10 languages such as Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Kudagu. Thulu, Kotha, Thoda,
Kortakoraka, Thuluvam, Gudiya are called Southern Dravidian languages.
2. Central Dravidian Languages
The 12 languages such as Telugu, Koyee, Kuvi, Konda, Kolami, Nike, Bengu, Munda,
Farzı, Kadapa, Gondı, Koya are called Central Dravidian languages.
3 Northern Dravidian Languages
Languages such as Kurokh, Malto, Brahui are the Northern Dravidian languages.
4 Dravidian Languages having Literature
The languages given below are the Dravidian languages having literatures.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 6

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
[Link] 2. Telugu 3. Kannada 4. Malayalam [Link] 6. Kudagu.

2 .

.
( )
.

1 (Planning)
2 (Organizing)
3 (Staffing)
4 ( ) (Directing)
5. (Controlling)
.
.
1. (Planning)
, ? ?
? .

,
.

.
.
”
”( . 467)
2. (Organizing)

[Link]’s College of Engineering 7

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025

. .
.
, .
,
.
, ,
. .

“
”( . 466)
,
, .
3. (Staffing)

.
.

“
"( .517)
, , ?

.
4. ( )

(communication skil) .

“
"( . 516)
,
,
.
5. (Controlling)

[Link]’s College of Engineering 8

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025

. ,

.
“
"( . 582)
, ,
,
? .
Explain the management concepts presented in Thirukkural.
Management Thirukkural
Management is about making people capable of working towards a goal.
(or)
Advanced elements of personality combine together to form management.
Tasks involved in Management
1. Planning 2. Organizing 3. Staffing 4. Directing 5. Controlling.
These five tasks are involved in the management. Based on this, Tirukkural Management
Concepts are explained.
1. Planning
Planning is what to do? When to do it? How to do it? It is the act of pre-determining.
When a branch office is about to start, if the manager consuls and plans with his
employees properly, the company will progress very well. Otherwise, whoever comes. It
is not possible to develop the company.
Proof
Before starting a work, we should plan how to finish the process. We should not think of
finishing the process after starting it. This Management concspt is found in Thirukural.
(Kural. 467)
2. Organizing
After planning a goal, there is a necessity for performing many actions. Those actions
must be sorted out first. Then, they must be carried out one by one. Certain actions can
be done at the same time.
When constructing a house, the upper floor can be built only after the foundation is laid.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 9

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
After finishing the upper floor, both the works inside the house and outside the house
can be done at the same time.
Therefore, the correlation of actions should be examined. The workers and tools required
for these activities should be analysed and integrated. All these tasks fall under the
category of organizing.
proof
Thiruvalluvar says that even if on dose not do what should be done (or) dose what
should not be done, the goal cannot be achieved. (Kural. 466)
3. Staffing
Staffing refers to selecting and retaining people to perform tasks, developing them and
retaining them. When the manager dose the right jop of hiring, he gets the right people in
the right positions and at the right time. This enables the manager to get the task done
perfectly.
Thiruvalluvar insists that one should look at the nature of an action, and how to do it and
who will do it. Then, the work must be entrusted with the individual. (Kural. 517)
4. Directing (or) Streamlining
In order to achieve the goals of an organization, a manager must perform the following
tasks if he expects his employees to perform well.
(i) Proper delegation of tasks to the workers.
(ii) Offering proper training to the workers.
(iii) Motivating the workers.
(iv) Supervising the work and performance of the workers.
Basic Eligipillity of the Manager
Manager must have good communication skills for effective management.
proof
We should find someone who can work efficiently, analyse the nature of the work and
complete it in a timely manner. (Kural .516)
5. Controlling
It has to be checked whether the work is going on as per the time schedule. Another
point is that whether the budget is spent as per the plan. Suppose, there are deviations,
they have to be set right (or) modified. This process is called controlling.
Proof
Thiruvalluvar says that a king should be aware of all the happenings in his country and

[Link]’s College of Engineering 10

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
also the actions of his enemies, Thiruvalluvar points out that in ortadal section. The king
should employ spies to know the happenings in the country and the activities of his
enemies. (Kural. 582)
In this way, the manager can know whether the work is being carried out according to the
plan from his employees, through his insight and monitoring.
3 .
● ,
, ,
.

● .
,
‘ ’ .
● ,

. , ,
,
.

, ,
.
● .
● , , ,
.
● ,
.
.
.
●
, .
●

[Link]’s College of Engineering 11

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
, ,
.
●
. ,
,
.
● , , , ,
,
.
Explain about the Distributive Justice during Sangam Period.
Sangam literature captures the lifestyles of the ancient Tamils. Hence,
researchers studying social history also take literature as a historical source. In Tamil
literature, - The Eight Anthologies, and - The Ten Idylls, are
the oldest literature. Not all of these were sung at a particular time. The poets who sang
were not from one village and not one country. They have recorded ideas in their songs
that are relevant to all times and imagination that is admired by all nations.
Nature of Virtue
The branch which has made the study of human behavior its own task is called
ethics. Man is composed of three kinds of man within himself. It is evident from the first
phase mentioned so far that such a way of life flourished in the life of the Tamils of the
Sangam age before the penetration of the ideas of the Northern Traditions into the lives
of the Tamils of the Sangam age.
Literature depends on the community. That is why they are capable of taking into
account the cultures and customs of the people, the cultural aspects of art, etc. Literature
should have meant not only the past but also the present. In that way, Sangam literature
survives even today.
Cultural changes
Throughout Sangam literature, the knowledge of the tribals and the rise of petty
kings and kings are visible and mirror the political and cultural changes of the day. In this
changing age, the poets turned the cultural elements of society into poetry. The poems
dealt not only with love and heroism but also with the conditions necessary for life.
"Virtue/ Ethics" occupied the foremost place in it.
On that basis, let us know what is virtue; its semantic interpretation; and clear

[Link]’s College of Engineering 12

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
definitions of ethics; In what sense did the people and scholars of the Sangam age take
the word virtue? And how Tamil scholars used the word 'Aram (virtue)' in literature.
Definition of Ethics
The word virtue has a very flexible meaning. It is a set of principles and policies
that a man has developed to become a leader for himself. The statement that 'virtue is
the law for living an honest life' is apt. The people of the Sangam age believed that by
practicing this principle in life, happiness and salvation in the next birth could be
achieved in this world. Man's rights and duties, social bonding, family connection,
customs, and the nature of likes and dislikes are all built on the principle of morality.
Virtue in the Purpose of Life
The people of the Sangam age regarded virtue as a way of life and not as a principle, a
doctrine, or a religion. Virtue was regarded as a set of ethical norms. It can be known
that virtue, which is the way of life seen by the people of the Sangam period has
developed and spread by customs, justice, sense of duty, discipline, generosity, and
charity.
4 .

● ( )
. ,
.
● , , ,
. ,
.
.
1. -
2. -
3. -
4. -
5. -

1.
. .
( , )

[Link]’s College of Engineering 13

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
. , , ,
.
2.

. ,
.
.
3.
. ,9
.
, , .
4.
. .
72 .
.
5.
. 224 .

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
.

, , ,
, 20 ,
, ,

.
Explain about Tamil epics.
Tamil epics.
The creation of the epic in Tamil began in the latter part of the second century.
‘Silappathikaaram’ of ‘Ilangovadikal’ is hailed as the first epic in Tamil and ‘Manimekalai’
of ‘Seethalai Saathanar’ is the second epic in Tamil. Both of these are found in the five

[Link]’s College of Engineering 14

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
great epics. Silappathikaaram, composed by Ilangovadikal, is praised by scholars as a
text in the form of a song with verses.
Silappathikaaram
Silambu or Silappathikaaram was written in the second century A.D. by the Chera
prince Ilangovadikal. The epic tells the story of Kovalan, a merchant from Poompuhar,
the capital of the Chola kingdom, and his wife Kannagi. Madhavi, a dancer who shares
her life with Kovalan, is another important character.
Those who have committed crimes in politics will be killed by virtue. Those who
are exalted will praise the virtuous wife. Silapathikaaram is based on the three principles
of the time when the time of calamity comes and gives its consequences. The message
of the entire epic is conveyed in the following lines. The other names of this book are The
Pioneer Epic of Tamil, The First Poem of The Text, the Muthamizh Kappiyam, the First
Epic, the Pathinik (virtuous woman) Kappiyam, the Drama Epic, the Citizen's Epic, the
Modern Epic, the Universal Sense Epic, the Epic of Unity, the Epic of Integrity, the Tamil
National Epic, the Moovendar Epic, the Historical Epic, the Revolutionary Epic, the
Sirappathikaaram, the Paintthamil Kaapiyam, (U. V. Swaminatha Iyer) and so on.
Manimekalai
This epic is one of the five great epics. Manimekalai and Silappathikaaram are
called Twin pics because Manimekalai's story structure, story characters, and the time
when the story takes place are similar to Silappathikaaram. Manimekalai, the heroine of
this epic, is the daughter of Madhavi in Silappathikaram. After the separation of Kovalan
and Kannagi, Madhavi freed herself from public life and artistic work. Wanting to change
the way and memories of her past lived, Madhavi brought her up in a Buddhist
monastery without traces of them and worldly pleasures. When the prince of the country
in which she lived fell in love with Manimekalai, she got rid of him, went to Manipallava
Island, and became a Buddhist monk. There she got the 'Akshaya Patra (a vessel that
never gets exhausted with food)' that eliminates the problem of hunger. From that day
on, Manimekalai, whose duty was to satiate the hunger of the people, was revered as a
deity after her death.
Seevaka Chinthamani
'Seevakachinthamani', written by a Jain poet named Thiruthakkatthevar, is regarded as
one of the best of the five epics in Tamil literature. The original text is based on the
Uttara Puranam written by Gunapattra in 896 A.D. Therefore, Seevakachinthamani must

[Link]’s College of Engineering 15

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
have been composed in the 10th century. Nachinarkkiniyar mentions that the author who
created Chinthamani was born in the Chola dynasty. Thiruthakkathevar wanted to write
in Tamil the stories that have existed since time immemorial in Jaina Puranas in a
popular, ethnographic, and imaginative manner. It is also true that he succeeded in that
endeavour. Each of the Seevakachinthamani verses that we have now has 3,145 verses
of four feet.
Valaiyaapathi
Valaiyaapathi is one of the five books known as the Five Great Epics of Tamil.
Believed to belong to the 9th century, it is a Jaina text. This book is currently not
completely found. Only 72 copies of the book have been published. Although there is
speculation about the epic’s subject, it is impossible to say that the epic's story is the
same as the available songs. From the available compositions, it can be said that the
epic is composed of songs with a literary taste and richness of substance. It is evident
from the available verses that the author of Valaiyaapathi has taken and used not only
ideas but also idioms from classical verses such as Thirukkural and Kuruntthokai.
Kundalakesi
Kundalekesi is a Buddhist text that is considered to be one of the five great epics
of the Tamil language. The authors of various Tamil books have used Kundalakesi songs
in their speeches. All the songs from this book are thus derived from other books. Only
nineteen complete songs have been found in this way. The theme of the epic is the story
of Kundalakesi, a merchant woman who killed her husband who tried to kill her and
became a Buddhist monk and engaged in spreading the glory of the religion. The child
becomes young, and the young man becomes old. Isn't one phase of life dead and we're
going to the next? Nathakutthanaar asks why we are crying only for death when we don't
cry for other losses.
Udhayana Kumara Kaaviyam, Naaka kumaara Kaviyam, Yasodharaa Kaaviyam,
Sulamani, Neelakesi, Periyapuranam, Kamparamayanam, Villi paratham, Pancali
capatam, Pantiyan paricu, Iravana kaviyam, Ecu kaviyam ect,,,,.
5 .

● .
, , , .
●

[Link]’s College of Engineering 16

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
. ,
.
● ,
.
, .
● .
●
.
● ,
.

● .
.
● ‘ ’
.
● 63, .

- - 1, 2,3
- - 4,5.6
- -7
- - 8
- , - 9
- - 10
- 40 - 11
- - 12
.
● ,
,
.
● ,
.
● , , , .
.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 17

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
● , .

.
● ,
. .
● , ,
.
●
,
.
Explain how Nayanmars developed Tamil and Bhakti literature in tamil.
Bakthi Literature - Nayanmaars
The fall of the Kalabhras around 500 CE saw a reaction from the thus far suppressed
Hindus. The Kalabhras were replaced by the Pandyas in the south and by the
Pallavas in the north. Even with the exit of the Kalabhras, the Jain and Buddhist
influence still remained in Tamil Nadu. The early Pandya and the Pallava kings were
followers of these faiths. The Hindu reaction to this apparent decline of their religion
was growing and reached its peak during the later part of the 7th century. There was
a widespread Hindu revival during which a huge body of Saiva and Vaishnava
literature was created.
Many Saiva Nayanmars and Vaishnava Alvars provided a great stimulus to the growth
of popular devotional literature. Karaikkal Ammaiyar who lived in the 6th century CE was
the earliest of these Nayanmars.
Bhakthi Culture in the Sangam Age
Bhakthi culture of the ancient Tamil people closely followed the roots of "nature worship".
The sangam literature Tholkaappiyam, Pathupattu and Ettuthokai shed light on early
bhakthi beliefs of the ancient Tamil people. 'Lord Muruga' was glorified as the 'God of
War. who is ever young and resplendent, as the mostly favoured God of Tamils. 'Sivan'
was also seen as the Supreme God. Kannaki', the heroine of Silapathikaaram, was also
worshiped as Pathini in those days. The 'Kannaki Kottam' or 'Mankaladevi Temple' was
built by Cheran Senguttuvan around 2000 years back. (It is now situated near Thekkadi
in Idukki district of Kerala State). At the later period of sangam age, the God 'Vishnu' is
also mentioned in some of the Tamil literature.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 18

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
(It is to be noted that an ancient 'Murugan Temple is found in a village called
'Saluvankuppam' near the World's Heritage Site of Mahabalipuram. Archeologists
believe that the shrine unearthed in the year 2005 consists of two layers-brick temple
constructed during the Sangin Age between 3rd century BC to 3rd century AD).
Bakthi Literary Works during Post-Sangam Period
In 6th century AD to 10th century AD, the Bhakthi Culture took a turn in Tamil country. It
was first initiated by the 63 Naayanmaars (Saints devoted to Siva) during 6th to 8th
centuries AD and then 12 Alwaars (Saints devoted to Vishnu) during 7th to 10th
centuries AD. They were sharply critical of the Buddhists and Jains, rather advocated
personal devotion to God for salvation. They drew upon the ideals of love and heroism
as found in the sangam literature and blended them with the values of bhakthi during the
medieval period.
Naayanmaars (6th - 8th centuries AD):
Naayanmaars (means teachers about Siva) were a group of 63 saints who lived during
6th to 8th centuries AD in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
They are devoted to Lord Siva and his avatars.
Among them, the four great saints were - Appar, Sundarar, Sambandhar and
Manickavasakar.
Kaaraikkal Ammaiyar, the woman saint, was one among the nayanmaars.
The priest 'Nambiyandar Nambi' who compiled the hymns of Naayanmaars during the
reign of Raja Raja Chola-1, is called Thevaram a collection of first seven volumes of
Thirumurai (Saiva Devotional Poetry).
6 .

●
.
● ' ' .
.
● , 96
. ' ' ,
96 .

● 96

[Link]’s College of Engineering 19

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. - .
1.
● ,
,
.
● , ,
.
● .
2.
● ,
.
● , .
● ( ) ( ,
, ) .
● , ,
.
3.
●
.
● , ,
.
● , , , ,
, ,
.
4.
● ,

[Link]’s College of Engineering 20

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
.
● , .
● , .
● , ,
.
5.
● ( ) .
● .
● , , ,
.
6.
●
.
● ,
.
● , ,
.
.
5.
●
.
● , ,
.
● , ,
.
● ,
.
Describe and write about Sitrilakkiyangal (minor epics).
Sitrilakkiyangal
It is said that in the history of Tamil literature, during the Nayak period, there was
a large number of minor literary creations. During this period, a series of poems such as
epics and Puranas did not arise. These types of literature were called prabandhams. The
history of Tamil literature indicates that there are 96 types of prabandhams and that the

[Link]’s College of Engineering 21

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
poetic texts give grammar to them. These prabandha books are given in the name of
minor literature.
Any one of the four kinds of subject matters, namely, virtue, material, pleasure,
and home, which is sung only about one or two, is called minor literature. These only
sing a few subjects. They are easily readable in a compressed size. They are aimed at
highlighting the merits of The God, the King, the Benefactor, and the Guru. These
creations are divided into Akam (Domestic life), Puram (Social life), or a combination of
both.
96 are the types of minor literature. Sathurakaraathi, composed by Sage
Veeramaamunivar, lists 96 books. There are only a few of them which are popular. They
are Kalambakam, Thoothu, Ula, Pillai Thamizh, Kuravanchi, Pallu and Bharani.
Kalambakam (Combination of different verses)
Kalambakam is a literature that is sung with various kinds of poetic elements,
mixed with Akam and Puram subjects, just as many flowers are mixed and garlanded.
Gods, kings, and those who excel among people are the heroes of this literature. The
Kalambaka literature consists of 18 elements. (Kalam- 12. Bakam 6) Some of the
Kalambaka books are Thiruvaranga Kalambakam, Nandhi Kalambakam, Thillai
Kalambakam, etc.
Nandi Kalambakam
This book praises about Nandivarman III. Among the Kalambaka texts, it is the
earliest of the time. It dates back to the 9th century A.D. It is not known who the author of
this book is. It consists of 144 songs. It is said that 44 songs may have been written and
added later. Nandivarman's stepmother’s children were unable to conquer him in valour
and knowledge and finally decided to sing a song of righteousness. Nandivarman, who
was mesmerized by the sound of the lyrics of the song, wanted to listen to the whole
song. It is said that if he listened to the entire book, he sat under a burning shelter and
listened to the song, knowing that the king's body would be burnt to death, and because
of his love for Tamil, he did not care for his life. Somesar's adage venpa line, 'It was
known to the country that he died because of Nandhi Kalambakam', testifies to this view.
Thoothu (Message)
Sending a person on one's behalf in between to convey one's opinion to another
is called a Thoothu. This Thoothu is of two types, the Akam Thoothu, and the Puram
Thoothu.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 22

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
Ula (A Walk)
It is the Ula literature that sings that when a man who excels in all qualities is the
hero of the song and explains his clan, birth, and pride, and when he goes on a walk, the
women of the seven ages, including the Pethai (5 – 8 age), Pethumpai (9-10 age),
Mangai (11 – 14 age), Matanthai (15 – 18 age), Arivai (19-24 age), Therivai (25- 29 age),
and Perilam Pen (30 – 36 age), fall in love. Some of the Ula books - Thirukkaiyilaya
Jnana Ula, Moovarula.
Pillai Tamil
This literature is called pillai paattu and pillai kavi. It is known as Pillai Thamil
when poets sing a king, a hero, or a philanthropist of their choice and imagine them as a
child. From the third month to the 21st month of the child, ten songs are sung for each
season in a group of ten seasons. There are two types of Pillai Tamil, Pillai Tamil-
Masculine and Pillai Tamil-Feminine.
Pallu
Pallu literature depicts the life of the Pallars. This is also known as ‘Uzhathi
Paattu.’ This book describes the conflict between the two wives of a Pallan when he
marries two wives and the suffering caused to the Pallan. Some of the Pallu books are
Thirumalai Murugan Pallu, Sirkazhi Pallu, Mukkoota Pallu,
Kuravanchi
This book is sung with a king or a deity as its lead character. Kuravanji's book
covers the parts of the leader's walk, the woman falling in love, the Kurathi (Inhabitant of
the hilly land) foretelling, the woman giving gifts to the Kurathi, the Kuravan coming in
search of Kurathi, the Kuravan's suspicion of Kurathi's ornaments, and Kurathi clarifying
his doubts. Some Kuravanchi books - Courtraalak Kuravanji, Sarapendra Bhupaala
Kuravanji, etc.
Bharani (sung over victorious soldiers)
Bharani is a type of literature that sings in praise of a warrior who killed a
thousand elephants on the battlefield and won. The song will be sung along with the
elements including god's greetings, the opening of the house doors, the worship of Kali,
[Link] Bharani books - Kalingatthu Bharani, Thakkaaya Bharani, Paasavathai
Bharani, etc.
7 .

[Link]’s College of Engineering 23

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
.
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.

.
,
, ,
,
.
;
. .
.
.
,
. “
” .
, ,

. ,
,

[Link]’s College of Engineering 24

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
.
,
.
,
,
.
,

. ,
, .
.
.
?
? ? ?
? ? ,

( )
.
.
Write about the specialities of Bhakthi Literature
specialities of Bhakthi Literature
Devotional literature flourished during the Pallava period. The devotional literature
that emerged during this period can be divided into Saiva literature and Vaishnava
literature. Jainism and Buddhism emerged after the Sangam age. All of them abhorred
happiness and proclaimed that the only way to reach God is to seek the hereafter. So
people hated love and went to asceticism. The idea of those times that dance songs

[Link]’s College of Engineering 25

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
were anti-God caused problems in the emergence of arts in the country. At that time, the
Saiva elders and the Alwars opined that all are equal before God that one can seek the
grace of God while enjoying the pleasures of the world, and that dance and singing
belong to the Lord. At times there were revolutions. People embraced Saivism and
Vaishnavism.
Excellence of Devotional Literature
The Pathigangals and Prabandhangals sung by the Nayanmars and Azhwars
were very much loved by the people as they were musical songs.
Thirumuraikal and Prabandhangals
The pathigams sung by the Saiva Nayanmars are compiled as the twelve
Thirumaraigals and the prabandhas sung by the Azhwars are compiled as Naalaayira
Thiviya Prabandhangals.
8 .

, , , ,
.
“ ”
.

,
1882 11
.
‘ ’ .
.
.
“ ”
.

.
,
. .

[Link]’s College of Engineering 26

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025

.
.
1921 11 39
.

. , , , ,
.
,
‘
’ .
, ,
,
. ,
. ,
.
‘
’ .
,
. ,
.
.
. . ,
.
.

, , ,
, , , ,
. ,
, .
, , , ,
, , .

[Link]’s College of Engineering 27

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
, , ,
,
.

.
Write in detail about Bharatiar's contribution to Tamil.
Literary Contributions of Bharathiar
C. Subramaniya Bharathiyar was a poet, freedom fighter and social reformer from Tamil
Nadu. He was known as Mahakavi Bharathiyar and the laudatory epithet Mahakavi
means a great poet. He is considered as one of India’s greatest poets. His songs on
nationalism and freedom of India helped to rally the masses to support the Indian
Independence Movement in Tamil Nadu.
Subramaniya Bharathiyar was born on 11th December 1882, in a village called
Ettayapuram in Tirunelveli District in Tamil Nadu and his childhood name was
Subbiah. His father was Chinnaswamy Iyer and his mother was Lakshmi Ammal.
At the age of seven, Subbiah started writing poems in Tamil. When he was eleven, he
wrote in such a way that even learned men praised him for his great knowledge and skill.
In the eleventh year, Subbiah felt that he had to establish his credentials. He threw a
challenge to the eminent men in the assembly of scholars that they should have a
contest with him in a debate on any subject without any previous notice or preparation.
The contest was held at a special sitting of the Ettayapuram Durbar at which the Rajah
(the ruler) himself was present. The subject chosen was “Education”. Subbiah efficiently
won the debate. This was a memorable moment in Subbiah’s life. The boy who was till
then referred to as “Ettayapuram Subbiah” came henceforth to be known as “Bharathi”,
and later he was respectfully referred to as “Bharathiar” by nationalists and by millions of
Tamil lovers all over the globe.
Bharathi: A poet and a Nationalist
Significantly, a new age in Tamil literature began with Subramaniya Bharathi.
Most part of his compositions are classifiable as short lyrical outpourings on patriotic,
devotional and
mystic themes. Bharathi was essentially a lyrical poet. “Kannan Pattu” “Nilavum
Vanminum Katrum” “Panchali Sabatam” “Kuyil Pattu” are examples of Bharathi’s great
poetic output.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 28

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
Bharathi is considered as a national poet due to his number of poems of the
patriotic flavour through which he exhorted the people to join the independence
struggle and work vigorously for the liberation of the country. Instead of merely being
proud of his country he also outlined his vision for a free India. He published the
sensational “Sudesa Geethangal” in 1908.
Bharathi as a Journalist
Many years of Bharathi’s life were spent in the field of journalism, Bharathi, as a
young man began his career as a journalist and as a sub-editor in “Swadesamitran” in
November 1904.
“India” saw the light of the day in May, 1906. It declared as its motto the three
slogans of the French Revolution, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. It blazed a new trail
in Tamil Journalism. In order to proclaim its revolutionary ardour, Bharathi had the
weekly printed in red paper. “India” was the first paper in Tamil Nadu to publish
political cartoons. He also published and edited a few other journals like “Vijaya”.
It is not surprising therefore that soon a warrant was waiting at the door of the
“India” office for the arrest of the editor of the magazine. It was because of this
worsening situation in 1908 that Bharathi decided to go away to Pondicherry, a French
territory at that time, and continue to publish the “India” magazine. Bharathi resided in
Pondicherry for sometime to escape the wrath of the British imperialists.
During his exile, Bharathi had the opportunity to mingle with many leaders of
the militant wing of the independence movement such as Aurobindo, Lajpat Rai and
V.V.S. Aiyar, who had also sought asylum in the French, Pondicherry. The most
profitable years of Bharathi’s life were the ten years he spent in Pondicherry.
From Pondicherry, he guided the Tamil youth of Madras to tread in the path of
nationalism. This increased the anger of the British towards Bharathi’s writings as they
felt that it was his writings that induce and influence the patriotic spirit of the Tamil
youth. Bharathi met Mahatma Gandhi in 1919 in Rajaji’s home at Madras. Bharathi
entered British India near Cuddalore in November 1918 and was promptly arrested.
Even in prison, he spent his time in writing poems on freedom, nationalism and
country’s welfare.
In his early days of youth he had good relations with Nationalist Tamil Leaders like
[Link], Subramanya Siva, Mandayam Thirumalachariar and Srinivasachari.
Along with these leaders he used to discuss the problems facing the country due to

[Link]’s College of Engineering 29

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
British rule. Bharathi used to attend the Annual sessions of Indian National Congress
and discuss national issues with extremist Indian National Leaders like Bipin Chandra
Pal, B.G. Tilak and V.V.S.
Iyer. His participation and activities in Benaras Session (1905) and Surat Session
(1907) of the Indian National Congress impressed many national leaders about his
patriotic fervour. Bharathi had maintained good relations with some of the national
leaders and shared his thoughts and views on the nation and offered his suggestions
to strengthen the nationalist movement. Undoubtedly, his wise suggestions and
steadfast support to the cause of nationalism rejuvenated many national leaders. Thus
Bharathi played a pivotal role in the freedom of India.
Bharthi as a social reformer
Bharathi was also against caste system. He declared that there were only two castes-
men and women and nothing more than that. Above all, he himself had removed his
sacred thread. He had also adorned many Dalits with sacred thread. He used to take tea
sold in shops run by Muslims. He along with his family members attended church on all
festival occasions. He advocated temple entry of Dalits. For all his reforms, he had to
face opposition from his neighbours. But Bharathi was very clear that unless Indians
unite as children of Mother India, they could not achieve freedom. He believed in
women’s rights, gender equality and women emancipation. He opposed child marriage,
dowry and supported widow remarriage.
Bharathi died on 11th September 1921. Bharathi as a poet, journalist, freedom fighter
and social reformer had made a great impact not only on the Tamil society but also on
the entire human society. He followed what all he preached and it is here that his
greatness is manifested. His prophecy during the colonial period about the
independence of India came true after two and half decades after his demise. His vision
about a glorious India has been taking a shape in the post-Independence era. Bharathi
did not live for himself but for the people and nation. That is why he is respectfully called
as Bharathiyar.
9 .

, ,
.
“ ” .

[Link]’s College of Engineering 30

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
, .

. .

29.04.1891 ,
.
. .

.
.
, .
1909 . 37
.
, . . . ,
.

.
,

. ,
‘

’
, .
.
, ,
. ,

[Link]’s College of Engineering 31

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
.
, , , ,
.

. , , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, .
.

, ,
. ,

.
Write about the contribution of Bharathidasan to Tamil
Bharathidhaasan
Kanagasabai Subburathinam was popularly called "Puratchikavi Bhaarathidaasan" and a
revolutionary poet and nationalist whose works are on mostly socio-political issues. As
he was deeply influenced by Subramania Bharathi, he named himself as
Bharathidaasan. Born in Puducheri, his lifetime was between 29 April 1891 and 21 April
1964.
Literary Contribution: His famous literary works are: Pandiyan Parisu, Kudumpa Vilakku,
Alakin Chiirippu, Irunta Veedu, Tamilachiyin Kathai, Kaathal Ninaivukal, Pisiraanthaiyaar
Naadakam (won Sagithya Academy Award). Nalla Theerppu, Liberation of Women, etc.
He wrote a number of revolutionary poems. Among them, the heart-pounding poem
about the state of young widows is-
" -
- "
In this poem he awakened the Tamil society about the need for remarriage of young
widows. He referred the young widow to 'jackfruit' and 'full moon' whose grievance or
feeling remained unheard and unaddressed.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 32

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
(In order to honour the great revolutionary Tamil poet, the Bharathidasan University
established in February, 1982 at Tiruchirapalli, is named after the great poet with the
motto "We new world" (" will create a brave ").
Bharathidasan (April 29, 1891 – April 21, 1964) was a famous poet born in Pondicherry.
His given name is ‘Kanakasuppurattinam’. He worked as a Tamil editor and changed
his name to ‘Bharathidasan’ due to his attachment to Subramania Bharathiyar.
Bharathidasan, by his uplifting writings, is widely known as the Revolutionary Poet and
Bavender. He ran a Monday magazine called Quill (in poetic form).
Biography
The revolutionary Bharathidasan was born on April 29, 1891 in Puthuvai to the great
merchant Kanakasabai Mudaliar and Ilakumi Ammal in the tradition of the Chengundar
handicraft Mudaliar. The poet’s given name is Kanakasupurattinam. In 1920 he married
Palani Ammayar.
He attended a French language school at an early age. However, the time spent
studying in a Tamil school was long. At the age of sixteen, he entered the Kalve College
for the Tamil Scholarship Examination. In the second year, he was selected as the first
in the college due to his knowledge of the Tamil language and his knowledge of Tamil.
At the age of eighteen, he became a distinguished politician and a Tamil teacher in a
government college.
Music and goodwill were headlined to visualize the poetry in his soul. At an early age he
would write short songs, beautifully and tastefully and sing them to his comrades.
At a friend’s wedding, after dinner, c. Subramania sang Bharathiar’s folk song.
Bharatiyar was also present at the party. But the poet does not know it. That song
introduced him to Bharathiyar. However, he had already met Bharathiyar in a series
written by Bharathiyar himself called Bharathidasan himself.
His first song was written by Bharathiyara himself and was written by ‘Kanaka
Suburattinam of Siri Subramania Kavitha Mandalam’ and sent to ‘Sudesamithiran’
magazine. In the Tamil magazines published from Puduvai, he wrote under many
pseudonyms such as “Kandaluthuvon”, “Kirukkan”, “Kindalkaran”, “Bharathidasan”.
Father Periyar was also an ardent volunteer. He was also heavily involved in the
Dravidian movement. Because of that, God recorded denial, caste denial, religious
opposition, etc. through his songs. Bharathidasan, a famous writer, film writer and
great poet, also involved himself in politics. Elected to Puducherry Assembly in 1954.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 33

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
On July 29, 1946, by the scholar Anna, the poet was hailed as a “revolutionary” and
was awarded Rs. 25,000. Bharathidasan is full of sense of humor. In 1969, he received
the Sahitya Akademi Award for his play “Pisirantaiyar”. His works were made public by
the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1990.
Debit on Bharatiar
Bharathidasan, who was obsessed with the Tamil language, considered Subramania
Bharathiyara as his psychic guru. He sang his song during his friend’s wedding and met
Bharathiyar in person. Not only did he get compliments from Bharti, he also got his
friendship. From that day on, he changed his given name from Kanakasupurattinam to
‘Bharathidasan’.
Death
Bharathidasan passed away on April 21, 1964.
10 .

.
.
.
.
.

; .
,
. Modern Literature
.

.
,
. ,
, ,
,
.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 34

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025

, , . .
.
.

. . , . . ,
. . , , . . , ,
. . , . . , , ,
.

. ,
, . 1850
1900 1900
.
, .
.

.
.
.
.
.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 35

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
.
Describe in detail about the development of modern literature in Tamil.
Modern era in Tamil literature basically is counted from the eighteenth and the
nineteenth centuries, which very much was into a maturity phase, looking towards a
glinting future, as the genres had passed their considerable phases from ancient times.
In this context, the 18th and 19th centuries of Tamil Nadu had remained witness to
some of the most intense changes in the political scenario. The traditional Tamil ruling
clans were ruthlessly replaced by European colonists and their well-wishers. The Tamil
society was passing through a profound cultural shock with the infliction of western
cultural influences. The Hindu religious organisations solemnly attempted to halt this
tide of change and to uphold ancient Tamil cultural values.
Notable amongst these organisations were the Saiva monasteries at Tiruvavaduthurai,
Dharmapuram, Thiruppananthal and Kundrakudi. Meenakshisundaram Pillai (1815-
1876) was a Tamil scholar who taught Tamil at one of these monasteries. He practically
had authored over eighty books consisting of more than 200,000 verses.
Meenakshisundaram Pillai is however more respected for tremendously boosting U.V.
Swaminatha Iyer to go in a serious quest for Tamil books that have been lost for
centuries. Gopalakrishna Bharathi, another notable from the modern era of Tamil
literature, had existed during the early nineteenth century. He had composed numerous
poems and lyrics set in tune with Carnatic music.
Kalki Krishnamurthy (1899-1954) and his short stories and novels were henceforth
serialised in Ananda Vikatan and eventually started his own weekly Kalki. Modern era of
Tamil literature also shone forthright in its short story genre, due to the man Kalki
Krishnamurthy and his strategy in the magazine publishing, for which he had penned
the unforgettable novels like Parthiban Kanavu, Sivagmiyin Sabhatham and the hugely
admired Ponniyin Selvan. Pudhumaipithan (1906-1948) was a grand writer of short
stories and incessantly had supplied the necessary inspiration for a number of authors
who succeeded him. Tamil Christian poets also added to the body of Tamil literature in
modern times. Vedanayagam Shastriar, Krishna Pillai, and N. Samuel of Tranquebar
were titled as the 'triumvirate' in the poetry domain.
UNIT-II
PART-A
1 ?

[Link]’s College of Engineering 36

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
‘ ’
. .
.
What is hero stones?
In the ancient Tamil tradition. Last rites to the dead soldiers and fixing the hero stone
was in practice. Most of the hero stones are found outside the town.
?
2
.
What are rock paintings?
The fact that many of the Tamil literature scenes have been painted, sculpted, and
moulded as paintings, sculptures, and art emblems is a testimony to the rise of Tamil
literature.
3 ?
, , . . , .

Who are the modern sculptors?

Kalaichemmal Mookaiah, Dhanapal, KM Gopal, Vidya Shankar

4 ?
.
Who is good at making clay sculptures?
Mookaiya is good at making clay sculptures.
5 ?
, , , , .
What are the metals present in the Iymbon idol?
Copper, Silver, Gold, Bronze, and Lead.
6 ?
. ,
.
What are Suthai sculpture?
Suthai sculptures are also a type of terracotta sculptures. These sculptures are made
with lime and wooden sticks.
7 ?

[Link]’s College of Engineering 37

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
,
(10,000 – ) . ,
, ,
.
Who are tribals?
Tribes (or) tribals are the people who haven been living in the same land for Centuries
(or) for a long period of time (more then 10,000 years). They have their own customs.
Language and land and lead their own plants.
8 ' ' ?
, .
What are the places in Tamil Nadu where 'Paai' is made?

Pathamadai and Vandavasi.

9 ?
‘ ’
.
Who are ‘tattoo’ artists?
The Narikuravar community in Tamil Nadu has long been associated with pachai kuthal.
This art form that uses the skin as its canvas imparts a green tinge due to the ink.
10 ?
‘ ’
‘ ’ .
, .
What is Marappachi dolls?
Marappachi toys medicinal toys made from Eeti wood used by children in Tamil Nadu.
These explain various family rilationships. They are also be the images of Gods.
11 ?
–
.
–
.
What are Chithira Ther and Kattu Ther?
Chithira Ther – if the temple cars are parked with permanent decorations, they are called

[Link]’s College of Engineering 38

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
Chithira Ther.
Kattu Ther - if the temple cars are parked in a simple position without any decorations,
they are called Kattu Ther.
12 ?
(i) (ii) (iii) (vi) (v)
What are the types of temple cars?
(i) Long Temple Car (ii) Golden Temple Car (iii) Kondinji long Temple Car (iv) Kodi
Temple Car (v) Anikol Temple Car.
13 .
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) .
Mention the names of any four folklore deities.

(i) Mariyamman (ii) Ayyanar (iii) Katteri (iv) Muneeswaran.

14 ?

Name the Chemical used to protect Thiruvalluvar statue.

Eposite.
15 ? .
.
. : , .
What is Kanja Karuvi? Give examples.
These instruments Colide with each other to create music They are made of metals. Eg :
Jalra, Brahma Thalam.
16 ?
, , , , .
What are musical instruments made of skin?
Udukai, Kanjira, Thavil, Pambai, Parai are musical instruments made of skin.
17 .
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) .
Write any fuor names of the musical instruments used by the ancient Tamils.
(i) Miruthangam (ii) Parai (iii) Yazh (iv) Veena.
PART-B
1 ? .

[Link]’s College of Engineering 39

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
, , ,
, , , ,
. ' ' .
.

● ,

.
●
.
● .
.
● ,
.
● , , , ,
.
● ,
‘

’
.
● , , , ,
.
● , ,
.
● , ,
.
● 397 , 202
, 126 .
●
.
What is hero stones? Highlight the Mesolithic culture of Tamils.
The erection of memorials to the dead is an ancient and worldwide

[Link]’s College of Engineering 40

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
phenomenon. The memorials took different forms in different countries and
times. In Tamilnadu the act of erecting memorials get its firm foot in the
megalithic culture. The gradual transformation of the megalithic cult into the
hero cult is reflected in the Sangam literature. The rituals for erecting hero-
stones (Nadukkal) are also mentioned in Tamil grammatical works. Memorial
stones were erected to the heroes who died for the common cause of their
village, country and king. So this article is a study of some aspects of hero-
stones evolution how it became folk deities. It will be of help to those readers
interest in the culture of Tamil Society.
Hero-stones with Inscriptions only:
These types of hero-stones are scarcely found in South India, particularly in
Tamilnadu. Only a few such specimens have been reported. In this case only
inscriptions are relating to the deceased heroes exploits and achievements
have been found. They are completely devoid of any sculptural
representations of the dead heroes. Such types of hero-stones are reported
from Hanumanthapuramin Salem district and another at chinnakuppam in
Merurtaluk of Dharmapuri district.
Hero-stones with Sculpture only:
This type of hero-stones found scattered throughout South India. They give
much information regarding the name of the hero and also under what
circumstances the hero met with his death etc. Besides, the inscriptions
sculptural representations of the deceased heroes are also found. However, a
further attempt is also made in the succeeding pages on the typology of
herostones on the basis of the purpose or causes for the erection of hero-
stones in South India. It has been said earlier that during the Sangam period,
most of the hero-stones were raised for those who died in the cattle-raid
campaigns. But the Epigraphicall record shows that hero-stones were raised
for various reasons and causes.
As we have already learnt from Sangam literature that most of the hero-stones
were raised for those who died in the attempt of cattle raiding. Many hero-stone
inscriptions also record the death of heroes while capturing or recapturing the
cattle from the enemies. Terms like Toru kondupothuand Toru Meta pothuin
hero-stone inscriptions clearly show that how and when the particular hero met

[Link]’s College of Engineering 41

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
his death. The former refers to the occasion when the hero captured the cattle
from the enemies and the later refers to the occasion when to the occasion
when the hero recaptured the cattle that was lost to enemies. Such act of
cattle-raiding was not confined to Tamil Nadu also. In Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh we get numerous hero-stones regarding the death of heroes in cattle-
raid.
On the contrast to the above mentioned type of hero-stones, we have quite a
good number of herostones bearing only with sculptural representations. For
instance many hero-stones depict heroes holding bow and arrow or with sword
and dagger in their hands. Sometimes they depict heroes fighting with wild
animal like Tiger, Pigs etc.
Hero-stones with both Sculpture and Inscriptions:
This type of hero-stones found scattered throughout South India. They give
much information regarding the name of the hero and also under what
circumstances the hero met with his death etc. Besides, the inscriptions
sculptural representations of the deceased heroes are also found. However, a
further attempt is also made in the succeeding pages on the typology of
herostones on the basis of the purpose or causes for the erection of hero-
stones in South India. It has been said earlier that during the Sangam period,
most of the hero-stones were raised for those who died in the cattle-raid
campaigns. But the Epigraphicall record shows that hero-stones were raised
for various reasons and causes.
As we have already learnt from Sangam literature that most of the hero-stones
were raised for those who died in the attempt of cattle raiding. Many hero-stone
inscriptions also record the death of heroes while capturing or recapturing the
cattle from the enemies. Terms like Toru kondupothuand Toru Meta pothuin
hero-stone inscriptions clearly show that how and when the particular hero met
his death. The former refers to the occasion when the hero captured the cattle
from the enemies and the later refers to the occasion when to the occasion
when the hero recaptured the cattle that was lost to enemies. Such act of
cattle-raiding was not confined to Tamil Nadu also. In Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh we get numerous hero-stones regarding the death of heroes in cattle-
raid.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 42

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
2 , .
● , ,
.
●
.
● , , ,
.
● " ' .
●
.
● .

.
● .
● ,
.
●
.
● , , , , ,
, , ,
.
●
,
.

● .

.
●
. , ,
.
● , , ,

[Link]’s College of Engineering 43

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
.
●
.
● ,
, ,
.
● ,
, ,

.
Explain about sculpture and bring out its beaty.
Tamil Nadu sculptors have produced some of the greatest masterpieces in the world.
Amongst all the regions of India, Tamil land is one of the most vigorous and creative
traditions of sculpture.
Stone Carving: The tradition of some carving began under the
rule of the Pallavas, a dynasty which built important temples in Kanchipuram. Both the
design of the temples and other sculptures which cover their walls were clearly based on
wood-carving and wood-construction in a tradition whose origin is lost to history. The
most outstanding example of Pallava creativity is the temple of Kailashanath at
Kanchipuram. Compared with the massive excited temples like Ellora, Pallavas's modest
construction is full of exciting innovations in the design, construction, sculpture and
painting.
Under the later Imperial Cholas, sculpture became monumental and overpowering, as in
the Raja Rajeswara Temple at Thanjavur. In the succeeding centuries, when the
outstanding wealth of the area allowed construction of enormous temples with towering
gopurams, as in the Meenakshi Temple at Madurai, sculpted images of gods were
created on an almost industrial scale. Every image was colourfully decorated, creating a
spectacle, unique in world history.
Temples of Tamil Nadu are distinctly known for their lofty gopurams, profuse sculptures
and mammoth structures. The Pallavas, Cholas, Pandyas and Nayakar Empires have
contributed significantly in building the temples in Tamil Nadu. These empires, who ruled
Tamil land together with other adjoining regions of South India in diverse times, had
added much to the development of such Dravidian Style of architecture. The following

[Link]’s College of Engineering 44

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
are the best examples for ancient architectural excellence in Tamil Nadu.
Airavatheeswara Temple: This temple at Darasuraam, next to Kumbakonam, is very
famous and is as one of the great living Chola Temples. This was built by Raja Raja
Chola in 12th century AD. This is currently a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Meenakshi Amman Temple: This is one of the most antique and celebrated temples not
only in Tamil Nadu, but in whole India. This is dedicated to Goddess Paarvathi in the
appearance of Meenakshi and her husband, Lord Shiva, in the form of Lord
Somasundaram. This is a masterwork of the Dravidian architecture in the 6 ^ (th) century
AD.
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple: This is situated in Srirangam. It is one more work of art
of the Dravidian culture. The temple has 49 sub-shrines and is spread with 21 vividly
carved gopurams with the main or Raja Gopuram standing tall at 236 ft. This makes it
the tallest in Asia.
3 .
● .
.
● , , , ,
.
.
●
.
●
. .
● ,
.
●
.
.
●
.
,
.
● ,

[Link]’s College of Engineering 45

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
. .
Explain the method of making Iambon idol.
Metal craft in Tamil Nadu
Nachairchoil in Thanjavur district is known for items in metals. A special jar with
a cashew nut design is an exclusive metal ware of the place. Other items of
metal wares are tumblers, water containers, food cases, bells, candle stands,
kerosene lamps, picnic carriers, and a large variety of lamps in different shapes
and sizes.
Basket and Fibre Crafts of Tamil Nadu
Villages of Tamil Nadu are full of Palm trees, coconut, date and Palmyra. Palm
is the major source of raw material for preparing baskets and related products.
Dharmapuri, Salem, Coimbatore, erstwhile South Arcot and Thiruchirapalli
districts are engaged in mass production and trading Basket and Fibre Crafts.
Other raw materials like bamboo, cane, grasses, fibers and reeds are also
used in making baskets, thatch, ropes, mats and many other things.
Terracotta Figurines
Tamil Nadu’s earthenware is recognisable for its dramatic black and red
colouring. Gorgeous ethnic pots and bowls aside, the state is also notable for
its terracotta clay figurines. From the enormous, toothy Ayyanaar horses that
guard many villages, including the serried ranks leading up to the shrine in
Narthamalai, to tiny effigies of the goddess Durga, these souvenirs are the
perfect gift for arts and crafts enthusiasts.
Patterned tiles
South India is notoriously hot come summer, and the beautiful patterned tiles
that adorn the floors of many of the state’s interiors provide cool respite from
the peak temperatures. The Chettinad village of Athangudi is where these tiles
are made by hand using local materials according to a time-worn tradition. The
options range from a simple red oxide finish to elaborate geometric and floral
designs, coveted by interior designers the world over. Many producers are
happy to ship overseas, making a stylish souvenir of a holiday in Tamil Nadu.
Handloomed sarees
Of prized handicrafts in Tamil Nadu, its beautiful, hand-loomed fabrics rank
high. From tissue- soft, handwoven cottons to lustrous Kanchipuram mulberry

[Link]’s College of Engineering 46

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
silks, sarees from the south are prized across the Subcontinent. Those from
Chettinad are particularly popular for their generous thread count and tasteful
palette, while Madurai cotton sarees are light and cool, perfect for summer.
BRONZE ORNAMENTS
In most homes in India, there’s a family shrine, and within that shrine is
inevitably a cluster of bronze effigies representing various Hindu gods. These
holy burnished ornaments hark back to the great Chola dynasty, whose
craftsmen favoured the lost wax method that has continued through the
generations. Tamil Nadu remains India’s leading centre of bronze casting.
While touring South India, look for statues of Nataraja—Shiva, Lord of the Dance—
which is an interpretation of the formidable god that emerged in the south-eastern
state in the 10thcentury.
THANJAVUR PAINTINGS
Perhaps Tamil Nadu’s most signature handicraft is its dramatic Thanjavur
paintings. Characterised by rich, vivid colours, stark compositions and
devotional themes, these gilded paintings, often inlaid with coloured glass or,
more rarely, semi-precious gems, are informed by the rich artistic heritage of
Thanjavur. The city was the erstwhile capital of the Chola empire, and it’s
widely celebrated for its contribution to south India’s architecture, religion and
art.
FLOOR RUGS
Coimbatore is famous for its dhurries, or densely handloomed floor rugs.
Created from cotton, wool, jute or silk, they come in vivid rainbows of colours
and patterns, and sit beautifully upon the Athangudi tiles mentioned above.
Dhurrie production is something of a booming cottage industry in Tamil Nadu,
with the skill being passed down through families for generations.
4 .

●
.
. .
.
.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 47

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025

●
.
● ,
,
.
● , ,
.
● , , , ,
.

● .
.
●
.
●
.

●
.
● ,
, , ,
.
●
.

.
● .
● , , ,
. .
● , ,

[Link]’s College of Engineering 48

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
, ,
.

,
,
.
Explain the mothed of making Chariot (ratham) and its use.
Chariots have traversed the long road of splendour, praise and exaltation,
through the upper realms of gods and goddesses, and the underworld of
demons. While the rest of the world has relegated it to a relic of the past, in
India it is very much a living tradition.
The Raths of Puri are created specifically for the Rath Yatra festival. This
festival is celebrated every year on the second (dwitiya) day of shukla pakhya
(waxing cycle of moon) of Ashadha Maasa (3rd month in Lunar Calendar).
The presiding deities of the Jagannath Temple, Puri’s main temple, Lord
Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra and Goddess Subhadra, with the celestial wheel
(Sudarshana Chakra) are removed from the temple in a ceremonial procession
to their chariots (raths). The huge, colourfully decorated chariots are drawn by
multitude of devotees on the bada danda, the grand avenue to the Gundicha
Temple (Gundicha – King Indradyumna’s Queen), two miles away to the North.
On the way, the chariot of Lord Jagannatha, ‘Nandighosa’ waits near the
crematorium of Bhakta Salabega, a Muslim devout to pay him tribute. The
chariot of Balabhadra is called, ‘Taladhwaja’ and the chariot of Subhadra is
called, ‘Darpadalana.’ On their way back from the Gundicha Temple, the three
deities stop for a while near the Mausi Maa Temple (Aunt’s abode) and have
an offering of the Poda Pitha, which is a special type of pancake supposed to
be the Lord’s favourite. After a stay for seven days, the deities return to their
abode. Every year, these raths are newly created and carried out in the Rath
Yatra procession.
The annual Chariot festival, an integral part of temple ritual protocol, is
observed by countless Hindu temples across India, in particular, Tamil Nadu
where it is a long drawn event, commonly associated with the annual
Brahmotshavam. Therottam normally takes place in the Tamil month of

[Link]’s College of Engineering 49

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
Panguni, Chithirai and Aadi. The huge well decorated temple car carrying the
deities - utchavars (processional deities) will be manually pulled by hundreds of
devotees around the four streets called Ratha Veethys.
The chariot is like a moving temple carrying the presiding divinity of that
particular place and its configuration is almost like a temple. temple worship
being part of our cultural ethos a preponderance of Hindus will get involved in
such temple festivities.
The word 'Ratha' is of Sanskirit origin meaning to ''move'' and chariot, refers to
the 'vehicle for movement'. It has been tradition to run the chariot around the
temple as in many temples of Tamil Nadu or to a particular destination as in the
case of Puri Jagannath temple from the main temple to Gudicha and back. This
ritualistic religious journey is called rath yatra often accompanied by music,
dances, chanting of god's name or mantra etc. In some temples it may be a
short journey and the small chariot will be pulled along the four prakara clock-
wise round the garbagriha.
5 .

1330 ,
.
133
.
.
.
.

,
30 133
. 1990
2000 1 .
. .
● 1975
.
● 1979 - 15 -

[Link]’s College of Engineering 50

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
, . .
.
● 1990-91 1990 6
. .
2000 1 .

●
. .
● ' '
.
● , ,
.

●
.
.
● 30 .
.
● ,
.
● ,
.

- 133
- 95
-38
-3-8 3681
- 7000
- 2500
1500
- 3000 .

- 10

[Link]’s College of Engineering 51

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
-3
-3
- 30
- 10
( , ) - 30
/ - 45
- 10 .

2004 -
, .
● ‘ '
4 .
● .
● 2017 15,
.

.
.
Write and explain abpout Tiruvalluvar statue in Kanyakumari.
Features of Thiruvalluvar Statue
The Thiruvalluvar Statue is designed in such a way that it depicts the structure
of Thirukural. The Thirukural is structured into 133 chapters, each containing
10 couplets (or Kurals), totaling to 1,330 couplets. The 133 chapters are
grouped into three cantos/books – Aram (Book of Virtue or Dharma), Porul
(Book of Polity or Artha) and Inbam (Book of Love or Kama). The three fingers
on the right hand that points skywards denotes the three cantos – Aram, Porul
and Inbam.
The statue and pedestal together is 133 feet high denoting the 133 chapters
of the Thirukural. The pedestal on which the sculpture of Valluvar stands is
38 feet high representing the 38 chapters of Aram. The statue itself
represents the Book of Porul and Inbam. The entire design artistically
symbolizes that it is on the foundation of virtue or Dharma that one can earn

[Link]’s College of Engineering 52

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
wealth and love.
The statue weighs 7,000 tons and the head stands at a height of 200 feet
above the sea level. There is a bend around the waist of the statue signifying a
dance pose of the deity Nataraja ( a form of Lord Shiva). Visitors are permitted
to climb up around 140 steps to reach the feet of the statue.
Construction of the majestic Thiruvalluvar statue
The foundation stone for the statue was laid by the then Prime Minister Morarji
Desai on 15th April 1979. However, the installation and sculpting work led by
Dr. V. Ganapathy Sthapathy, started a decade later in the year 1990. The
project constructed at a cost of more than INR 6.14 crores employed around
150 workers, 500 sculptors, supervisors and assistants. The stones were
arranged from workshops in Kanyakumari, Ambasamudram and
Sholingannallur.
The statue was placed on its pedestal on 19th October 1999 and was
inaugurated on 1st January 2000 by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr.
M. Karunanidhi.
Construction
Thiruvalluvar Statue and the adjacent Vivekananda Rock Memorial at sunrise
The project was conceived by then Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi in December
1975. On 15 April 1979, the then Prime Minister Morarji Desai laid the
foundation stone for the statue, in the presence of the then Chief Minister, M.
G. Ramachandran. However, the actual sculpting work, led by Dr. V. Ganapati
Sthapathy, former principal of the Government College of Architecture
at Mahabalipuram, began a decade later on 6 September 1990, on the tiny
island adjacent to the Vivekananda Rock Memorial when funds were
allocated in the 1990–91 budget.
Sthapathy was chosen for the project over 300 master builders because his
suggestion for an all- stone monument to the poet-philosopher prevailed. He
observed that stone would be more durable than metal, citing that the Statue
of Liberty, which is made of copper, required extensive renovation just a
century after its installation. Initially, the project stalled, perhaps owing to
Karunanidhi's election loss, but then recommenced in 1997 when he returned
to office. At the cost of more than ₹61.4 million (equivalent to ₹220 million or

[Link]’s College of Engineering 53

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
US$2.8 million in 2020), the project employed about 150 workers, sculptors,
assistants and supervisors, who worked about 16 hours a day to complete the
work.
The bend around the waist depicting a dance pose made the design
challenging. However, the problem was tackled well in advance by the sculptor
by creating a full-length
wooden prototype before construction. Study of this prototype led to the
identification of an energy line (known in Vastu as kayamadhyasutra), currently
an empty cavity in the center of the statue from top to bottom.
The stonework was divided amongst three workshops,
in Kanniyakumari, Ambasamudram and Sholinganallur. Ambasamudram
contributed 5,000 tonnes (4,900 long tons; 5,500 short tons) of stones, while
Sholinganallur was quarried for 2,000 tonnes (2,000 long tons; 2,200 short
tons) of high-quality granite stones for the outer portion of the statue. While the
largest of the 3,681 stones were 4 metres (13 ft) long and weighed over 15
tonnes (15 long tons; 17 short tons), the majority weighed 3 to 8 tonnes (3.0 to
7.9 long tons; 3.3 to 8.8 short tons). Stones of such proportions were
previously used only in Mayan temples in South America. An interesting detail
is a 6-metre-high (19 ft) face, with the ears, nose, eyes, mouth, forehead all
made of individual stones carved by hand. The work was done mostly by hand,
with each carver wearing down 40 to 50 sharp chisels a day. The sculptors'
team considered that the manual method on granite stones is the most
dependable since machines may tend to break stones and precision is difficult.
Stumps of palmyra tree and poles
of casuarina (ironwood) were used for scaffolding. It took 18,000 casuarina
poles tied together with two truckloads of ropes to reach the top of the
statue.[3] The statue was placed on its pedestal on 19 October 1999.
The statue was unveiled on the millennium day of 1 January 2000. The statue
was inaugurated on 1 January 2000 by Dr. M. Karunanidhi, the then chief
minister of Tamil Nadu. Besides Indian political leaders and celebrities, foreign
delegates including those from Malaysia, Singapore,
and Sri Lanka, participated in the opening ceremony. Several Tamil teachers from
the state of Tamil Nadu took out a rally from Kottaram to Kanniyakumari carrying

[Link]’s College of Engineering 54

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
Tirukkural placards to mark the ceremony.[2] More than fifty thousand people
gathered for the event. The chief minister, after unveiling the statue, called it a
"beacon of light to guide human life for all time to come."
The monument was hit by the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004
but stood unaffected. The statue is designed to survive earthquakes of
unexpected magnitude, such as magnitude 6 on the Richter Scale occurring
within 100 kilometres (62 mi). This is far beyond that of any event recorded in
the regional history because the bedrock in the region is ancient and without
known local faults.
6 .

,
, , , , ,
. ,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.
1.
●

[Link]’s College of Engineering 55

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
( )
.
● .

.
2.
● .
.
● , ,
.
3.
●
.
● ,
.
● , , , ,
.
● , .
●
.
4.
● .
●
.
● .
● , ,
.
5.
● , , , ,
.
●
.
●

[Link]’s College of Engineering 56

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025

.
6.
●
.
●
.
● .
7.
●
.
● .
● , , ,
.
● , , , ,
.
● , .
.
8.
● ' '
, ,

.
● , ,
.
● ,

.
9.
● .
● .
● .
.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 57

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
● , , , , , , , ,

.
10.
● , .
.
●
.

.
●
.
.

.
.
Write and explain about the Handicrafts of Tribal people.
Tribes and Their Handicrafts
The tribal areas are characterized by their aloofness, a lower level of economic activity
and a closed social structure. The verdant forests of the Blue Mountains have been their
homes for ages. Living amid the beautiful surroundings has probably made them artisans
of equally beautiful handicrafts.
There are 38 tribes and sub-tribes in Tamil Nadu. Literacy rate of population is very low
compared to the other categories of population. Most of the tribes are cultivators,
agriculture labourers or dependents on forests for their [Link]
Tribes of Tamil Nadu are concentrated mainly in the district of Nilgiris. Of all the distinct
tribes, Kodas, Thodas, Irulas, Kurumbas and Badugas form the larger groups, who
mainly had a pastoral existence. Other tribes include Kattunayakan and Paliyan.
mits and their embroidery work. The Thoda women are deft in Well known among those
groups are the Thoda people embroidery work. Their traditional garment is of thick white
cotton cctie cloth with red, black or blue stripes, which is further embellished with hand
embroidery. Woolen or cotton thread is used for embroidery work. To suit modern taste

[Link]’s College of Engineering 58

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
and needs, a variety of items like cell phone pouch, table cloth, scarf shawl, skirts and
ktops, bags, waist coat, etc., are also made. Though the pastoral Thodas herded
buffaloes and dealt in dairy produce, change in land use has deprived them of the
pasture lands. However their unique craft has survived and stood the test of time.
The Kodas are village artisans who are good in carpentry, black smithy and pottery. As
time changed, only a few families are engaged in these skills as a means of living.
The Kurumba people are experts in basketry and other related bamboo works. The
traditional occupation of the Kurumbas is gathering food, collection of honey and forest
produce. They are good at herbal medicine and traditional healing. Now, they are mainly
engaged in agriculture and those who do not own lands, work as casual agricultural
labourers. The other group is not known for traditional handicrafts. They are generally
food/forest- produce gatherers, now working as casual agriculture or estate labourers.
(Recent Inclusion of Tribe Narikoravan or Kurivikaran: The Government of India has
recently included, among other tribes, the nomadic tribe Narikoravan or Kuruvikaran in
the List of Scheduled Tribes on the recommendation of the Government of Tamil Nadu.)
(Previously, they were in the list of MBC. They are an indigenous group and the main
occupation of the people who originally belong to the indigenous tribes, is hunting. But as
they were prohibited entry into the forests to pursue their livelihood, they were forced to
take up other alternative such as selling beaded ornaments to survive. So they migrated
from place to place to find a market for their beads. Children accompany the adults
wherever they go, which means they are deprived of schooling. During the British rule,
they were placed under the Criminal Tribes and after independence, they became the
denotified tribe in 1952.)
7 .
,
●

.
.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 59

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
.
.
.

, .
.
, , , ,
. ,
.

. , ,
, .
.
.
.

. ,
.
.
, , , .
, ,
. , ,
.
.
.

. ,
.

, .
,
.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 60

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025

. .
.
● ( )
● ( )
● (
● ( )
● ( )
● ( )
● ( )
● ( )
● ( )

.
.

.
Briefly Explain about the Musical Instruments in Tamil Nadu.
Music of Tamil Nadu has a long tradition and history going back thousands of
years. Music is a very important aspect of marriage and temple festival Tamil
people.
The tradition of Tamil music goes back to the earliest period of Tamil history.
Many poems of the Sangam literature, the classical Tamil literature of the early
common era, were set to music. There are various references to this ancient
musical tradition found in the ancient Sangam books such as Ettuthokai and
Pathupattu. The early narrative poem Silappatikaram, belonging to the post-
Sangam period also mentions various forms of music practiced by the Tamil
people. Music was also utilised in the compositions of the Tamil Saiva saints
such as Appar, Thirugnana Sambanthar and Manikkavasagar during the Hindu
revival period between the sixth and the tenth centuries CE. The musical poet
(sandakkavi) Arunagirinathar further embellished the Tamil musical tradition
through his compositions of Tamil hymns known as Thiruppugazh.
PANNISAI

[Link]’s College of Engineering 61

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
Pann, which is the classical music form of Southern India, has a long history in
Tamil Nadu. Later the name was mistakenly changed as Carnatic music. Even
today Pannisai is sung in temple festivals. Tamil Nadu has produced a number
of famous performers, as well as a closely related classical dance form
Bharatha Natyam. Chennai hosts a large cultural event, the annual Madras
Music Season, which includes performances by hundreds of artists.
MRIDANGAM
It is locally called as the King of Percussion. It is a percussion from India of
ancient origin, primarily an accompaniment in Carnatic Music performances. It
is also used in different versions of Folk and regional art performances. This
instrument is made of two sided jackfruit tree wood drum, with animal skin hide
woven tight on both the sides of the hallow wooden drum. This is usually tuned
with a small wooden block and a small stone. The performer plays mirudangam
in such a manner with relevant notes to raise and lower the pitch as required.
Performer sits on the floor, the weight of the Mridangam rests upon small
cushion placed the right foot. The musical display as Thani Avarthanam of this
instrument is a treat to the ears.
VEENA
Veena is a stringed instrument and different versions of Veena are available.
The traditional Veena has three parts such as Fingerboard, resonator and Peg
box. The Thanjavur Veena is made of a Single Jack wood tree block, locally
called as Palaa Maram. The pot like portion is carved out of a tool called
Kolavu Uli. The bridge is placed on the flat top of the body of the veena and the
neck attached to the stem is usually carved like that of Yali or Dragon. Twenty
four metallic frets are fixed on the stem by mixing bees wax and
charcoalpowder. Frets are made of Brass. The veena has seven strings. Of
them, four are main strings that pass over the frets and are attached to the
pegs of the neck. Pegs and knobs are made of rose wood. The other strings
are used as side strings for rhythmic accompaniment. These strings pass over
an arched bridge made of brass. The veena is played by sitting cross-legged
upon the floor and holding the veena in front. The

small gourd on the left touch the left thigh, the left arm passing round the stem

[Link]’s College of Engineering 62

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
so that the fingers rest easily upon the frets. The main body of the instrument is
placed on the ground, partially supported by the right thigh. Rudra Veena,
Vichitra Veena, Saraswati Veena and Mahanataka Veena are some versions of
the Veenas available presently. Veenai Balachandar [1927-90] and present day
m/s. Veenai Gayathri, Rajesh Vaidya, Jayanthi Kumaresh, Ayyagiri
Syamsundaram and Nirmala Rjasekar are noted Vidwans of this instrument.
NADASWARAM
It is also called as Nayanam locally. It is another Wind Instrument like the Flute
and Shenoi. It is a traditional Classical instrument originated in Tamiladu.
Artistes of Andhrapradesh, Kerala and Karnataka also practice and play this
instrument. Nadaswaram is a South Indian format of shehnai but bigger than
Shenoi. It is with a simple double reed, than the more complex quadruple reed.
The Nadaswaram has seven finger-holes, and five additional holes drilled at
the bottom which can be plugged with wax to modify the tone. This instrument
is played during auspicious moments in the Temples and Social functions that
include Wedding etc.,
TABLA
It is derived from the Arabic word called as TABLA. The tabla is like Bongos
and it is a membranophone percussion used popularly in the Hindustani
Classical form of Music. This is used as percussion in traditional music of India,
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The instrument
consists of a pair of hand drums of contrasting sizes. The one on the right hand
is called Tabla and on the left hand is called Dagga. Tabla is also used in
Indonesian folk and traditional popular music Genre of Dangdut.
FLUTE
The Flute is generally made out of medium or long Bamboo Pipes. It is believed, as per
scholars, flute is more than 30000 years old. It has relevance to the Flute of Sri Krishna
[Lord Vishnu] called as Vamsee. Flute is made in the form of an open Cylindrical air
column. Size varies from artiste to artiste. Sound is produced from a flute, blowing by
mouth onto a sharp edge causing the air to vibrate in the tube. Transverse or side-blown
flutes are available and played by the artistes. Theobald Boeham developed the modern
day Flute and experimented it from 1832 – 1847. produced a 16 holes, bowl shaped
head fitted a cylindrical body with open-standing keys and finger pad to play on larger

[Link]’s College of Engineering 63

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
holes.
VIOLIN
Violin is the most commonly used member of the modern string family which produces
maximum sound compared to the instruments of that group first known during the 16th
century in Italy. Violin is also known as fiddle usually with four strings tuned in perfect
fifth. It is a member of smallest violin family members like Viola and Cello. In Latin Violino
means ‘small viola’. Strings characteristically produce a fundamental resonance and all
the string harmonics. The sound of the instrument is enhanced by the body and air
resonances. The violinist produces sound by drawing a bow across one or more strings
with fingers of the other hand controlling the strings. Strings are occluded with wax to
bring the strings back to correct mode for sruthi or pitch. The violin is played by
musicians in a wide variety of musical genres including Classical, Jazz, Folk Music, rock
too.
8 .

.
.
, ,
, . ,
.
.
. ‘ ’
.

.
. ,
, .
.
, .

[Link]’s College of Engineering 64

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
. , ,
, , , ,

. , , ,
.

.
.
1947
.

, , ,
. ' '
.
, ,
.
, ..

.
, ,
. .
.
.

,
●

[Link]’s College of Engineering 65

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
●

.
.
(21 )
(21 )
(17 19 )
(16
100
(7 )
(7 )
, (1000 ), ,
(100 ), , ( ),
(1000 ), , , , ,
, .
.
. 24 .

, ,
.
,
,
.
Write in detail about the musical instrument ‘Yazh’
Yaazh
Yaal or Yaazh (w) is a direct ancestor of modern day Veena or Lute. The Yaazh is an
harp used in ancient Tamil music. It was named so, because the tip of stem of this
instrument was carved into the head of the animal called Yali. The yaazh is an open -
stringed polyphonous instrument, with a wooden boat-shaped skin-covered resonator

[Link]’s College of Engineering 66

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
and an ebony stem. It was strung with gut strings that run from a curved ebony neck to a
boat or trough -shaped resonator. The gut strings are called as 'narambu in Tamil. The
Sangam literature mentions the yaazh harp parts and its types. Attestations of the yaazh
are as early as 200 BC in Tamil Sangam literature and the harp was the first musical
instrument played by Tamil people. The document begins as early as 500 BC and
sangam people using a harp with 100 strings was named as aathi yaazh ( ).
In Thirukkural also, Thiruvalluvar mentions about the yaazh. The many major Tamil
classical literary masterpieces written during Sangan Age dating back 200 BC have
mentioned the yaazh. Silapathikaaram writtin by Ilango Adigal menions four kinds of
yaazhs viz, Periyaazh with 21 strings; Makarayaazh with 19 strings, Cakotayaazh with 14
strings and Cenkottiyaazh with 7 strings. The Perumpaanatruppadai says that the strings
of a yaach should not have any twist in them. It is in the list of musical instruments used
by Tamil people in Thirumarai dated from 6th to 11th century AD.
9 .

.
.
.
, " " ' '
. ,
, . 19

. ' ' .
, ,

. +
.
,
. " " .
, .

[Link]’s College of Engineering 67

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
.
,
. .
" ", "
" .
.
, (pr) ,
.
.
,
,

.
Write in detail about the importance of Temples in the lives of Tamil people.
Temples
There are 26 Jain caves, 200 stone beds, and 60 inscriptions in the Paandiya
country. The Jain monks also wrote Tamil epics, Tamil grammar books, and dictionaries.
The Sitthanavaasal caves of the 7th and 8th centuries AD are an excellent example of
Jains’ painting and caves. Moreover, the names of the Jain monks who lived in the
Sitthanavaasal hills are inscribed in the form of the Ezhadi pattam Jain bed inscriptions,
in the Tamil Brahmi script of the 2nd century BC and the Tamil script of the 8th century
AD.
Kazhugumalai Jain sculptures and circular (ancient Tamil scripture) inscriptions of
the 8th century AD are examples of the renaissance of Jainism in Tamil Nadu. Paandiya
king Paraanthaka Nedunchezhiyan built the Kazhugumalai monolithic temple.
The Melsithaamur Jains’ Mutt is the religious headquarters of the Tamil Jains. There are
Jain cave temples, beds, temples, and Chitharal Rock Jain Temple.
The Kunthavai Jinaalayam (temple) is found in the Jain temple at Tirumala in
Tiruvannamalai district. Historian Arani R. Vijayan has written the book. Historian Arani
R. Vijayan has written a book on this Jinaalayam.
The Jain monasteries are found in the following places. Kazhugumalai Jain sculptures
and inscriptions, Thirailokkiyanaathar Temple, Kongarpuliyankulam Jain Hills,
Karungaalakkudi Jain beds, Jain Hills, Madurai, Yaanai Malai, Madurai, Kizhavalavu,

[Link]’s College of Engineering 68

Code & Subject: GE1209 & Department: Tamil Year: 2024-2025
Maangulam, Sithanavasal, Jain beds and Inscriptions, Arma Mountain Cave,
Onampaakkam, Cholapaadiyapuram, Nekanoorpatty, Ennaayiram, Mel Sithaamoor Jains
Temple, Anumanthakudi Jains Temple, Karanthai Aadhishwaraswami Jinaalayam,
Kumbakonam Chandraprabha Bhagavaan Jinaalayam, Kumbakonam Swethaambarar
Jains Temple, Samanak Kanchi, SeeyaMangalam, Dheepangudi Dheepanaickaswami
Jinaalayam, Bharsuva Jinaalayam, Poondi Arukar Temple, Mannaarkudi
Mallinaathaswami Jinaalayam, Vijayamangalam Jains Temple, Thirunaathar Hills.

[Link]’s College of Engineering 69