.

IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Module -2a : Single Phase AC

Circuit
 .IN
R-L Circuit

C
 Consideran circuit of resistance ‘R’Ω connected in series with

N
an Inductor of ‘L’ Henry across an A C supply of ‘V’ volts.

SY
R L

U VR Vl
VT
i

v= Vm Sinωt

v= Vm Sinωt --------1

 VR = Voltage drop across ‘R’ and Vꓡ= Voltage drop across ‘∟’
 .IN
A
VR =

C
IR VL

N
Vl = IXl ,where Xl = 2πfl Ω

SY
The vector sum
U
𝑽 = 𝑽R +𝑽∟
VT
φ B
O
Where VR I
phasor diagram VR is in phase with current
VL leads current by angle of 90
i = Im Sin(ωt –φ)----------- 2
 bycomparing equation 1 and 2 in R-L the current
lags the voltage by an of φ
φ
VT
U
SY
N
C
.IN
V
I
 .IN
Considering a triangle OAB
A

C
N
V= VR𝟐 + VL𝟐

SY
VL = IXL
V= (IR)𝟐 + (I XL )𝟐
U
VT
B V= I R𝟐 + X L 𝟐
O VR = IR

Where R𝟐 + XL 𝟐 = 𝐙, 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭

Module – 2 : Single Phase AC Circuit

 .IN
Impedance Triangle

C
B

N
SY
VL
XL =
𝑰
U
VT
O VR A
R=
𝑰

 Z= R+jXL Ω = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿∟𝟐
𝑹
Power factor Cos φ =
𝒛
 .IN
Power of circuit
p=vi =Vm Sinωt x Im Sin(ωt−φ )

C
Instantenuous power

N
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝑨−𝑩) 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝑨+𝑩)
P =Vm Im sinωt Sin(ωt−φ ) sinA sinB = -

SY
𝟐 𝟐
cos(ωt− ωt−φ ) cos(ωt+ ωt−φ )
U
P =Vm Im [ - ]
VT
𝟐 𝟐
Vm Im
P= [cos(ωt − ωt +φ) − cos(ωt + ωt − φ)]
𝟐

Vm Im
P= [cos(φ) − cos(2ωt − φ)]
𝟐
The average power consumed over a cycle
Vm Im
𝟐𝝅
[cos(φ) −cos(2ωt −φ)] 𝒅ω𝒕
Pav =
𝟎 𝟐
𝟐𝝅
 .IN
Vm Im 0

C
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
Pav = [ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 𝒅𝝎𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐ω𝒕 − 𝝋) 𝒅𝝎𝒕]

N
𝟒𝝅 𝟎 𝟎

SY
{ the average value of cos (2wt-φ) =0}.

U
Vm Im𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 𝟐𝝅 Vm Im𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋
– 0]
VT
Pav = [𝝎𝒕] = [𝟐π
𝟒π 𝟎 𝟒π

Vm Im𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 Vm Im𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋
Pav =
𝟒π
[𝟐π ] =
𝟐

Vm Im𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 Vrms Irms𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋

Pav = 𝟐 𝟐
=

P= V I 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋
 .IN
R-C Circuit

C
 Consider
an circuit of resistance ‘R’Ω connected in series with

N
an Capacitor of ‘C’ Farads across an A C supply of ‘V’ volts.

SY
R C

U
VT
i VR VC

v= Vm Sinωt

V= Vm Sinωt --------1

 VR = Voltage drop across ‘R’ and VC= Voltage drop across ‘C’
 .IN
 VR =IR O

C
φ VR B I
 Vc = IXc

N
SY
 where Xc = 1/2πfc Ω

 The U
vector sum
VT
Vc
𝑽 = 𝑽R +𝑽𝐜
 Phasor diagram Where A
VR is in phase with current
Vc lags current by angle of 90
i = Im Sin(ωt +φ)--------- 2
 bycomparing equation 1 and 2 in R-C the current leads
the voltage by an of φ
φ
VT
U
SY
N
C
.IN
V
I
 .IN
A
Considering a triangle OAB

C
N
VR = IR
B

SY
O

U Vc = IXc
VT

V= VR𝟐 + Vc𝟐
A

V= (IR)𝟐 + (I Xc )𝟐
V= I R𝟐 + X c 𝟐
Where R𝟐 + Xc 𝟐 = 𝐙, 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭
Module – 2 : Single Phase AC Circuit
 .IN
Impedance triangle

C
N
R
Z= R-jXc Ω = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝒄𝟐

SY
φ
𝑽∠𝟎
Z= U =Z∠−φ Z
Xc
VT
𝑰∠φ
𝑹
Power factor Cos φ =
𝒛
 .IN
Power of circuit
p=vi =Vm Sinωt x Im Sin(ωt+φ )

C
Instantenuous power

N
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝑨−𝑩) 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝑨+𝑩)
P =Vm Im sinωt Sin(ωt + φ ) sinA sinB = -

SY
𝟐 𝟐
cos(ωt− ωt+φ ) cos(ωt+ ωt+φ )
U
P =Vm Im [ - ]
VT
𝟐 𝟐
Vm Im
P= [cos(ωt − ωt − φ) − cos(ωt + ωt + φ)]
𝟐

Vm Im
P= [cos(− φ) − cos(2ωt + φ)]
𝟐
The average power consumed over a cycle
Vm Im
𝟐𝝅
[cos(φ) −cos(2ωt −φ)] 𝒅ω𝒕
Pav =
𝟎 𝟐
𝟐𝝅
 .IN
Vm Im 0

C
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
Pav = [ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 𝒅𝝎𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐ω𝒕 + 𝝋) 𝒅𝝎𝒕]

N
𝟒𝝅 𝟎 𝟎

SY
{ the average value of cos (2wt-φ) =0}.

U
Vm Im𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 𝟐𝝅 Vm Im𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋
– 0]
VT
Pav = [𝝎𝒕] = [𝟐π
𝟒π 𝟎 𝟒π

Vm Im𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 Vm Im𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋
Pav =
𝟒π
[𝟐π ] =
𝟐

Vm Im𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 Vrms Irms𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋

Pav = 𝟐 𝟐
=

P= V I 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋
 .IN
Power factor (pf):

C
 It is defined as the cosine of angle between applied

N
voltage and current. I,e cosφ

SY
where φ – is the angle between applied voltage and current
U
VT
 Power

.IN
C
 Real or True or Active power(P): It is defined as the product

N
of applied voltage an active component of the current and

SY
the unit is Watts(W)
U P= V I cosφ watts
VT
 Apparent Power (S): It is defined as the product of RMS value
of voltage and current and unit is VA(volt ampere)
S= V I VA
 Reactive power(Q): It is defined as the product of applied
voltage an reactive component of the current and the unit
is VAR(Volt ampere reactive
Q= V I sinφ VAR
 .IN
Formulas of R-L and R- C circuit

C
 V= Vm I=
Im
ω =2πf

N
𝟐 𝟐

SY
 R-L circuit (current lags voltage by an angle of φ)

V= U
Vm sinωt and I = Im sin(ωt -φ)
VT
Z= R + jXL Ω = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿∟𝟐
 R-C circuit((current leads voltage by an angle of φ)
 V= Vm sinωt and I = Im sin(ωt +φ)

Z= R - jXc Ω = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝒄𝟐
𝑹
Power factor Cos φ =
𝒛
 .IN
C
N
 Active power P= V I cosφ watts

SY
 Apparent power S= V I VA
U
 Reactive power Q= V I sinφ VAR
VT
 .IN
1. A circuit consists of resistance of 20Ω and an Inductance

C
of 50mH is connected in series across the supply of 250V

N
,50Hz . Determine the current ,power consumed by the

SY
circuit and power factor of the circuit.
 GivenU
: R= 20Ω , L= 50mH = 50 x𝟏𝟎−𝟑 and V=250∠𝟎 f=50Hz
VT
I=? P =? Pf=?
Wkt The Impeadance of R –L circuit is
Z =R+jXL
Therefore XL = 2πfL = 2* 3.142*50* 50 x𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 15.7Ω
Z =R+jXL = 20+ j15.7 Ω = 25.42 ∠𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟖
 .IN
C
N
SY
U
VT
The current lags the voltage by an angle of
Φ = voltage angle –current angle = 0 - (-38.18) = 38.18

1916.85 W
 .IN
C
N
SY
Solution :
U
VT
 .IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

(0-72.56) = -72.56

= 561.8W
 .IN
[Link] Alternating Voltage of V=160+j120 V is applied to a circuit

C
and the current is given by I =6- j2 A .Find the values of circuit

N
elements assuming supply frequency as 50Hz and also

SY
determine the Power factor
U
Solution : Given V= 160+j120 V I = 6-j2 A
VT
Z=? , f=50Hz And cosφ =?

V=160+j120 = 200∟36.85 V

I =6- j2 = 6.32∟-18.43 A (‘-’ negative signs indicates lagging)

The current lags the voltage by an angle of

Φ = 36.86- ( -18.43)= 55.29
 .IN
 Therefore this the R-L circuit

C
N
𝑽 200∟36.85
Z= = 31.64∟55.29 = 18+j26 Ω

SY
 =
𝑰 6.32∟−18.43

U
Z = 18+j26 Ω = R +jXL
VT
The circuit elements are R and L
R= 18Ω and XL= 26 Ω
XL= 2π f L
XL 26 =0.082H
L= =
2π f 2∗𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟐∗𝟓𝟎

Power factor pf= cosφ= cos(55.29) = 0.56 Lagging

 .IN
[Link] Alternating Voltage of V=160+j120 V is applied to a circuit

C
and the current I =6+ j8 A drawn from the supply .Find the

N
values of circuit elements assuming supply frequency as 50Hz

SY
and also determine the Power consumed
U
Solution : Given V= 160+j120 V I = 6+j8 A
VT
Z=? , f=50Hz And P =?

V=160+j120 = 200∟36.85 V

I =6+ j8 = 10∟53.13 A (‘+’ positive signs indicates leading )

The current leads the voltage by an angle of

Φ = 36.85 -53.13 = -16.27
 .IN
 Therefore this the R-c circuit

C
𝑽 200∟36.85 20∟-16.27 = 19.9-j 5.6Ω

N
 Z= =
10∟53.13
=

SY
𝑰
Z = 19.9-j5.6 Ω = R -jXc
U
The circuit elements are R and C
VT
R= 19.9Ω and Xc= 5.6 Ω
Xc= 1/2π f C
1 1
C= = =0. 56mF
2π fXc 2∗𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟐∗𝟓𝟎∗𝟓.𝟔
Power factor pf= cosφ= cos(16.27) = 0.95 Leading
P = V I cosφ= 200 X 10 x cos(16.27) = 1919.90 Watts
 .IN
5. Given V= 200 sin 377t volts and I = 8 sin (377t-𝟑𝟎𝟎 )A for

C
an AC circuit determine :i) frequency ii) power factor

N
iii)True power iv) Apparent power v) Reactive power.

SY
 Given : V= 200 sin 377t volts I = 8 sin (377t-𝟑𝟎𝟎 )
U
From above equation V= Vmsinωt I = Imsin(ωt -φ)
VT
Vm=200 V , Im = 8 and ω =2πf = 377

377 377
f= = = 60Hz
2π 2∗3.142
 φ is an angle between voltage and current
 Therefore φ = 0-(-30) = 𝟑𝟎𝟎
 Pf= cos φ = cos(30) = 0.866 lagging
 .IN
C
Vm=200 V , Im = 8A

N
SY
Vm 200
 V= = = 141.42 V
2 2
Im U 8
VT
 I= = = 5.656 A
2 2
 Truepower P= V I cosφ = 141.42 * 5.656* cos(30) = 692.8
Watts
 Apperent power S=VI = 141.42 * 5.656 = 800 VA
 Reactive Power Q= V I sinφ = 141.42 * 5.656* sin(30) =
400 VAR
 .IN
C
6. Given V= 200 sin (377t -30) volts and I = 8 sin (377t+90)A for

N
an AC circuit determine :i) frequency ii) power factor iii)True

SY
power iv) Apparent power v) Reactive power

 Given : V= 200 sin (377t -30) volts I = 8 sin (377t+𝟗𝟎𝟎 )

U
VT
From above equation V= Vmsin(ωt - φ) I = Imsin(ωt +φ)
Vm=200 V , Im = 8 ω =2πf = 377

377 377
f= = = 60Hz
2π 2∗3.142
 φ is an angle between voltage and current
 Therefore φ = -30 -90 = −𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
 Pf= cos φ = cos(120) = 0.5 leading
 .IN
C
Vm=200 V , Im = 8A

N
SY
Vm 200
 V= = = 141.42
2 2
Im U 8
VT
 I= = = 5.656
2 2
 True power P= V I cosφ = 141.42 * 5.656* cos(120) = 399.9Watts
 Apperent power S=VI = 141.42 * 5.656 = 800 VA
 Reactive Power Q= V I sinφ = 141.42 * 5.656* sin(120) =
692.70VAR
 .IN
R-L- C Circuit

C
 Consideran circuit of resistance ‘R’Ω connected in series

N
with an Inductance of ‘L’ Henry and capacitance of ‘c’

SY
farads across an A C supply of ‘V’ volts.

U
VT

 v= Vm Sinωt --------1
 VR = Voltage drop across ‘R’ ,VL = Voltage drop across ‘L’ and
Vc= Voltage drop across ‘C’
 .IN
VR = IR

C
N
SY
VL= IXL where XL = 2πfL Ω
U
VT
Vc = IXc where Xc = 1/2πfc Ω

The vector sum

𝑽 = 𝑽R +VL+𝑽𝐜
Phasor diagram
 .IN
Case i) when Xl > Xc and Vl > Vc

C
VL

N
SY
B B
V
(VL - VC)
U (VL - VC)
VT
φ A φ
I
O VR A
O VR I

VC
By phasor diagram the current lags the voltage by an
angle of ‘φ’ .
Therefore when Xl > Xc the circuit behaves like inductive
circuit.
Module – 2 : Single Phase AC Circuit
 .IN
Consider a triangle OAB

C
N
SY
U
VT

Z= R+ jXL-jXc Ω
 .IN
Case ii) when Xc > XL and VC > VL

C
VL

N
SY
A VR A
O φ φ I
VR I O
U (Vc- VL)
VT
B
(Vc - VL) V
B

VC
By phasor diagram the current leads the voltage by an
angle of ‘φ’ .
Therefore when Xc > XL the circuit behaves like
capacitive circuit.
Module – 2 : Single Phase AC Circuit
 .IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Z= R+ jXL-jXc Ω
 .IN
Caseiii) when Xc=XL and VC = VL

C
N
VL

SY
U
VT
O I
VR = V

VCBy phasor diagram the current is in phase with the

voltage .
Therefore when Xc=XL the circuit behaves like Resistive
circuit.
Module – 2 : Single Phase AC Circuit
VT
U
SY
N
C
.IN
 .IN
Formulas on R-L-C Circuit

C
N
 R-L-C Circuit When XL > Xc Z= R+ jXL-jXc Ω

SY
= 𝑹𝟐 + (𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝒄)𝟐
U
VT
 When Xc > XL Z= R+ jXL-jXc Ω = 𝑹𝟐 + (𝑿𝒄 − 𝑿𝑳)𝟐
 When XL = Xc Z= R
 Z= V/I Ω 𝑹
Power factor Cos φ =
𝒛

 Active power P= V I cosφ watts

 Apparent power S= V I VA
 Reactive power Q= V I sinφ VAR
 .IN
7. A single phase voltage of 220+j0 V,50Hz applied across the circuit of
resistance of 20Ω and an Inductance of 20mH and capacitance of 120μF

C
are connected in series. Determine the current ,power consumed by the

N
circuit , power factor of the circuit and energy stored in an Inductor and

SY
draw phasor diagram.
 Given: V=220+j0 = 220∠𝟎 , f=50Hz
U
R= 20Ω , L= 20mH = 20 x𝟏𝟎−𝟑 , C= 120μF = 120 x𝟏𝟎−𝟔 F and
VT
I=? P =? Pf=? and energy stored in an Inductor E=?
The circuit elements are R, L and C
Therefore Z= R +jXL – jXc

XL= 2π f L = 2X 3.142X 50X 20 x𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 6.28Ω

1 1
Xc = =
2πfC 2∗𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟐∗𝟓𝟎∗120 x𝟏𝟎−𝟔 = 26.52Ω
 .IN
 Z= R +jXL – jXc = 20+j 6.28 – j26.52

C
Z = 20-j20.24 Ω

N
 = 28.45∟-45.3

SY
𝑽 220∟𝟎
I = = == 7.7∟45.3 A
U
𝒁 28.45∟−45.3
VT
The current is leading the voltage by an angle of
φ =0- 45.3 = -45.3
Power factor pf= cosφ= cos(45.3) = 0.703 Leading
P = V I cosφ= 220 X 7.7 x cos(45.3) = 1191.55Watts

E = ½ L I2 = ½ X 20 x𝟏𝟎−𝟑 X 7.72 =0.59 Joules

 .IN
Phasor diagram

C
 VR = IR = 7.7x20 = 154V

N
 VL= IXL =7.7x 6.28 = 48.36V

SY
 Vc = Ixc = 7.7X 26.52= 204.2V
U
VT
VL = 48.36
I
O Φ = 45.3 VR

(Vc - VL)
V

VC = 204.2
 .IN
Concept of Admittance(Y)

C
 Admittance is defined as the reciprocal of the Impedance.

N
Unit is mho or simens.

SY
𝟏
Y=
U 𝒁
VT
𝟏
= =G ± jB
𝑹±𝒋𝑿
𝟏
Where G = Conductance
𝑹
𝟏
and B = susceptance
𝑿
 .IN
[Link] impedances Z1= 0.167 –j0.167 Ωand Z2= 0.1 + j0.05 Ω

C
are connected in parallel across 100V 50Hz supply. Find the

N
current in each branch, power factor and total current.

SY
Given : z1= 0.167 –j0.167 = 0.23∠ − 𝟒𝟓 Ω I1
Z1
U
Z2= 0.1 + j0.05 = 0.1118∠𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟔 Ω
VT
V= 100∠𝟎 V f=50Hz I Z2
I2
I1= ? I2= ? I =? and pf=?
Z1X Z2 V
ZT = Z1|| Z2 = Z1+Z2
0.23∠−𝟒𝟓X0.1118∠𝟐𝟔.𝟓𝟔 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟓∠−𝟏𝟖.𝟒𝟒
=
0.23∠−𝟒𝟓+0.1118∠𝟐𝟔.𝟓𝟔 =
𝟎.𝟐𝟖∠−𝟐𝟑.𝟐𝟏
ZT = 0.089∠𝟒. 𝟕𝟕
 .IN
𝑽
I= = 100∠𝟎
= 1123 ∠ − 𝟒. 𝟕𝟕

C
𝒁𝑻 0.089∠𝟒.𝟕𝟕

N
Φ = (0-4.77) = -4.77

SY
Pf =cos(-4.77) =0.99 lagging
U
VT
𝑰 𝒁𝟐 1123 ∠−𝟒.𝟕𝟕 𝑿0.1118∠𝟐𝟔.𝟓𝟔
I1 = =
𝒁𝟏+𝒁𝟐 0.23∠−𝟒𝟓+0.1118∠𝟐𝟔.𝟓𝟔
I1= 311.7+j 309.5 = 439.33∠𝟒𝟓
𝑰 𝒁𝟏 1123 ∠−𝟒.𝟕𝟕 𝑿0.23∠−𝟒𝟓
I2 = =
𝒁𝟏+𝒁𝟐 0.23∠−𝟒𝟓+0.1118∠𝟐𝟔.𝟓𝟔
I2= 𝟖𝟎𝟖. 𝟒 − 𝐣𝟒𝟎𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 = 𝟗𝟎𝟑. 𝟖∠ − 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟔
VT
U
SY
N
C
.IN
VT
U
SY
N
C
.IN
VT
U
SY
N
C
.IN
 .IN
C
N
SY
U
VT
Given :z1= R+jXL=20+j15= 25∠𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔
Ω 20+j15
I =10∠ − 𝟑𝟎
Z2= R-jXc=30 - j20= 36∠ − 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟗 Ω
I= 10∠ − 𝟑𝟎 A I1=? I2 =? P=? 30 - j20

I Z2 =
10∠−𝟑𝟎 𝑿36∠−𝟑𝟑.𝟔𝟗
I1 = 25∠𝟑𝟔.𝟖𝟔+36∠−𝟑𝟑.𝟔𝟗
Z1 +Z2
I1= 7.17∠ − 𝟓𝟖
 .IN
I Z𝟏 10∠−𝟑𝟎 𝑿25∠𝟑𝟔.𝟖𝟔
I2 = = I2= 4.97∠𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟒

C
Z1 +Z2 25∠𝟑𝟔.𝟖𝟔+36∠−𝟑𝟑.𝟔𝟗

N
SY
ZT = Z1|| Z2 = Z1X Z2
Z1+Z2

=
U
25∠𝟑𝟔.𝟖𝟔 x 36∠−𝟑𝟑.𝟔𝟗
=
𝟗𝟎𝟎∠𝟑.𝟏𝟕
VT
25∠𝟑𝟔.𝟖𝟔+36∠−𝟑𝟑.𝟔𝟗 =17.92∠𝟖. 𝟖𝟓
𝟓𝟎∠−𝟓.𝟔𝟖
V= I ZT = 10∠ − 𝟑𝟎 x17.92∠8.85 =179.2∠ − 𝟐𝟏. 𝟏𝟓
Φ =(-21.15-(-30)) =8.85
Pf =cosφ =cos(8.85)=0.98 lagging
P =VI cosφ = 179.2 X10X 0.98 = 1756.16watts
 .IN
[Link] the total current, active power , reactive power ,apperent

C
power and power factor of the circuit

N
Soln:Z1 = 5+j10 = 11.18∟63.43,

SY
Z 2 = 10+j0 = 10∟0,
U
and Z3 = 6-j8 = 10∟-53.13
VT
Z2 x Z3
Z2 ||Z3 = ( )
Z2+Z3
=5.59∟-26.57= 5-j2.5
Z2 x Z3
ZT = Z1 + ( )
Z2+Z3
ZT = (5+j10) +(5-j2.5)
= 10+j7.5 = 12.5∟36.86
 .IN
V 230∟0

C
I =( ) = ( ) = 18.4∟-36.8A
ZT 12.5∟𝟑𝟔.𝟖

N
SY
Φ = 0-(-36.8) =36.8
U
VT
Pf =Cos (36.8) = 0.8 lagging
P = VI cosø = 230*18.4*0.8 = 3385.6W
Q = VI sinø = 230*18.4* sin(36.8) =
2535.06VAR
S = VI = 230*18.4 = 4232VA
 .IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Module -2b : Three Phase AC Circuit

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
Advantages of 3- phase over single phase

C
N
• The output of the three phase machine is always greater than single

SY
phase machine of the same size.
U
• The 3-φ system gives a steady output.
VT
• The three phase motor is self started where as single phase motors are
not self started.
• The single phase can be obtained by 3-phase but 3-phase cannot be
obtained by 1-φ.
• For transmission and distribution , three phase system requires less
copper or conducting material compare to 1-phase .
• The power factor of the single phase motor is poor than 3-phase motors.
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
Generation of 3-phase voltage system N

C
N
 Consider an armature winding
B2

SY
are divided into 3 groups of an Y1
alternator they are displaced
by an angle of 120 ˚ from each U
VT
other , three alternating R2 R1
voltages are developed as
shown in fig.
B1
Y2
 The coils are named as R1-R2,
Y1-Y2 and B1-B2
S
Emerson Classification: Public
• Let eR , ey and eB are voltages

.IN
induced in the coil R1-R2 ,Y1-Y2 and eB

C
B1-B2 respectively

N
SY
• All the voltages are of same magnitude and
frequency but they displaced by 120˚ apart
from each other. U
VT
e
• Let us assume R are the reference the
eR
equations of the induced emf’s are

• eR = Em sinωt
• ey = Em (sinωt -120)
• eB =Em (sinωt - 240) = Em (sinωt +120) eY

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Emerson Classification: Public

 Three phase Load Connection

.IN
IR R
STAR CONNECTION R1

C
• The star connection is formed by IRN

N
connecting terminating ends of all the VRN

SY
three windings together at a common Zph1
point called Netural (N). VRY
• I,e R2,Y2 and B2 together.
U
• The remaining ends brought together for R2
VT
B2 Y2 VBR
supply connections I,e to R-Y-B. N
• The connection is as shown in the fig.

• VRY , VYB and VBR are line voltages IYN Y1 IY

Y
• IR , IY and IB are line currents. B1
VYB
• VRN , VYN and VBN are Phase voltages
IB
• IRN , IYN and IBN are phase currents
B
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
DELTA CONNECTION IR R

C
B2 R1
• The delta connection is formed by

N
connecting the terminating end of one

SY
winding to starting end of the another
winding to from a closed loop. VRY

U
• The supply connection is take out from the
VT
each junction.
IBR
• The connection is as shown in the fig. R2 IY
B1
• VRY , VYB and VBR are line voltages Y2
Zph2 IYB Y1 Y
VYB IB VYB
• IR , IY and IB are line currents. B

• VRY , VYB and VBR are Phase voltages

• IRY , IYB and IBR are phase currents

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
Balanced load

C
N
• The load is said to be balanced when magnitude of the

SY
impedances Zph1,Zph2 and Zph3 are equal and phase angles of
all of them are equal and of same nature either inductive,
U
capacitive or resistive.
VT
• Symmetrical system
• The system in which the 3 voltages are of equal magnitude and
frequency and displaced by 120 phase angle is called
symmetrical system.
• Phase sequence
• The sequence in which a three voltages reaches their maximum
positive values is called phase sequence ex : R-Y-B sequence
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
Relations for star connected load IR R
R1
Relationship between phase and line values of

C
voltage and current in star connected load IRN

N
VRN
• Consider a three loads are connected in star

SY
Zph1
pattern in R-Y-B sequence. VRY

• Let VRY , VYB and VBR

U are line voltages (VL)
R2
VT
Y2
• IR , IY and IB are line currents (IL) B2
N
VBR

• VRN , VYN and VBN are Phase

IYN IY
voltages(Vph) Y1
Y
• IRN , IYN and IBN are phase currents (Iph) B1
• From the fig we come to know that VYB

• IR = IRN therefore IL = Iph IB

• Line currents = phase currents B
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
Line voltages

C
N
• 𝑽𝑹𝒀 = 𝑽𝑹𝑵 + 𝑽𝑵𝒀

SY
• = 𝑽𝑹𝑵 - 𝑽𝒀𝑵 --------------1

• 𝑽𝒀𝐵 = 𝑽𝒀𝑵 + 𝑽𝑵𝑩 U

VT
• = 𝑽𝒀𝑵 - 𝑽𝑩𝑵 -------------2

• 𝑽𝑩𝑹 = 𝑽𝑩𝑵 + 𝑽𝑵𝑹

• = 𝑽𝑩𝑵 - 𝑽𝑹𝑵 ------------3

• consider the equation 1 the phasor diagram is as shown in the fig

• where VR, VY and VB are displaced by 120 apart from each other
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
-VY
VB

C
VRY

N
B

SY
C

U
VT
O A
VR

𝑽𝑹𝒀 = 𝑽𝑹𝑵 + 𝑽𝑵𝒀

= 𝑽𝑹𝑵 - 𝑽𝒀𝑵 --------------1
= = 𝑽𝑹 - 𝑽𝒀
VY

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
Therefore in star connection line currents are equal to phase currents
and line voltages are 𝟑 times of phase voltages.

C
N
• Complete Phasor diagram

SY
• wkt
• 𝑽𝑹𝒀 = 𝑽𝑹𝑵 - 𝑽𝒀𝑵 ---------1 U
VT

• 𝑽𝒀𝐵 = 𝑽𝒀𝑵 - 𝑽𝑩𝑵 --------2

• 𝑽𝑩𝑹 = 𝑽𝑩𝑵 - 𝑽𝑹𝑵 -------3

Emerson Classification: Public

 Relation ship in DELTA

.IN
CONNECTION IR R

C
B2 R1
• Consider a three loads are connected in Delta

N
pattern in R-Y-B sequence

SY
• The connection is as shown in the fig.
VRY
VRY , VYB and VBR
• Let
U are line voltages
VT
(VL) IBR
R2 IY
• IR , IY and IB are line currents (IL) B1 Zph2 IYB Y1 Y
Y2 VYB
VYB IB
• VRY , VYB and VBR V
are Phase voltages( ph)
B
• IRY , IYB and IBR are phase currents (Iph)
• From the fig we come to know that

• Line Voltages(VL)= phase voltages (Vph)

Emerson Classification: Public
 Apply KCL to the node R,Y,B

.IN
• At node R : 𝑰𝑹 - 𝑰𝑹𝒀 + 𝑰𝑩𝑹

C
• 𝑰𝑹 = 𝑰𝑹𝒀 - 𝑰𝑩𝑹 --------------1

N
SY
• At node Y : 𝑰𝒀 - 𝑰𝒀𝑩 + 𝑰𝑹𝒀
• U
𝑰𝒀 = 𝑰𝒀𝑩 - 𝑰𝑹𝒀 -------------2
VT

• At node B : 𝑰𝑩 - 𝑰𝑩𝑹 + 𝑰𝒀𝑩

• 𝑰𝑩 = 𝑰𝑩𝑹 - 𝑰𝒀𝑩 ------------3
• consider the equation 1 the phasor diagram is as shown in the fig
• where VRY, VYB and VBR are displaced by 120 apart from each other,

similarly the phase currents IRy , IYB and IBR are displaced by 120
apart from each other
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
𝑰𝑹 = 𝑰𝑹𝒀 - 𝑰𝑩𝑹 --------------1
IBR

C
N
SY
U
VT
A
O IRY

IR B
-IBR
IYB

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
• 𝑰𝑹 = 𝑰𝑹𝒀 - 𝑰𝑩𝑹 --------------1

C
• 𝑰𝒀 = 𝑰𝒀𝑩 - 𝑰𝑹𝒀 -------------2

N
SY
• 𝑰𝑩 = 𝑰𝑩𝑹 - 𝑰𝒀𝑩 ------------3
U
VT

Emerson Classification: Public

Measurement of Three phase Power in star connection

.IN
C
P = 3 Vph Iph Cos Φ

N
V

SY
L
In star connection IL = Iph and VL = √3Vph and Vph =
√3
U
VT
3 VL IL Cos Φ
P=
√3

√3∗√3 VL IL Cos Φ
P=
√3

P = √3 VL IL Cos Φ
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
Measurement of Three phase Power in delta connection

C
N
P = 3 Vph Iph Cos Φ

SY
IL
In delta connection V = V , IL = √3 Iph and Iph
U L ph =
√3
VT
3 VL IL Cos Φ
P=
√3

√3∗√3 VL IL Cos Φ
P=
√3

P = √3 VL IL Cos Φ
Emerson Classification: Public
 List of formulas

.IN
C
1. In star connection I = I and VL = √3V

N
L ph ph

SY
2. In delta connection IL = √3Iph and VL = Vph
U
3. P =√3 VL IL Cos Φ Watt or P= 3 Vph Iph Cos Φ
VT
4. Q = √3 VL IL Sin Φ VAR
5. S = = √3 VL IL VA

Emerson Classification: Public

 Formulas

.IN
C
• For R-L circuit: Z= R+jXL where XL = 2πfL Ω

N
SY
• For R-C circuit: Z= R-jXc where Xc = 1/2πfc Ω
• For R- L -C circuit: Z= R+jXL -jXc
U
VT
𝑽𝒑𝒉
• Zph=
𝑰𝒑𝒉

• [Note: Until unless the voltage is mentioned as phase voltage

take it as a line voltage]
Star connection is also denoted as - Y
Delta connection is also denoted as -∆
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
1. A balanced star connected load of (8+j6)Ωis connected to a 3-φ
230V supply. Find the line current, phase current, power factor, active

C
power, reactive volt ampere, total volt ampere.

N
SY
• Given : Zph = 8+j6 = 10∠𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔 Ω(star connected)
• 𝑽𝑳 =230∠𝟎 U
VT
𝑰𝑳 = ? 𝑰𝒑𝒉 = ? pf= =? P= ? Q=? S=?
• In star connection : IL = Iph and VL = √3Vph
VL 230∠𝟎
•V = = ph = 132.79 ∠𝟎 V
√3 √3
𝑽𝒑𝒉 132.79∠𝟎
• Iph= = = 13.27∠ − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔 𝑨
𝒁𝒑𝒉
Emerson Classification: Public
10∠𝟑𝟔.𝟖𝟔
 .IN
I = I = 13.27∠ − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔 𝑨
L ph=

C
N
• Φ = 0-(-36.86) = 36.86

SY
U
• Cos φ = Cos(36.86) = 0.8 lagging
VT

• P =√3 VL IL Cos Φ = √3 *230* 13.27*0.8 = 4.2 KW

• Q =√3 VL IL sin Φ = √3 *230* 13.27*sin (36.86) = 3.1 KVAR
• S =√3 VL IL = √3 *230* 13.27 = 5.2 KVA

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
2. A balanced Delta connected load of (8+j6)Ωis connected to a 3-φ
230V supply. Find the line current, phase current, power factor, active

C
power, reactive volt ampere, total volt ampere.

N
SY
• Given : Zph = 8+j6 = 10∠𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔 Ω(Delta connected)
• 𝑽𝑳 =230∠𝟎
U
VT
𝑰𝑳 = ? 𝑰𝒑𝒉 = ? pf= =? P= ? Q=? S=?
• In Delta connection : VL = Vph and IL = √3Iph
• V = V 230∠𝟎V
L ph =

𝑽𝒑𝒉 230∠𝟎
• Iph= = = 23∠ − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝑨
𝒁𝒑𝒉 10∠𝟑𝟔.𝟖𝟔
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
IL = √3I = √3* 23∠ − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔 = 39.83 ∠ − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔 𝑨
ph

C
N
• Φ = 0-(-36.86) = 36.86

SY
U
• Cos φ = Cos(36.86) = 0.8 lagging
VT

• P =√3 VL IL Cos Φ = √3 *230* 39.83*0.8 = 12.6 KW

• Q =√3 VL IL sin Φ = √3 *230* 39.83*sin (36.86) = 9.3 KVAR
• S =√3 VL IL = √3 *230* 39.83 = 15.86 KVA

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
3. A resistance of 100 ohms is connected in series with an inductance of
1mH in each phase of a 400V star connected 50Hz three phase supply.

C
Calculate i) impedance per phase (ii) Total current (iii) power factor (iv)

N
active power (v) reactive power (vi) apparent power.

SY
Given: R = 100, L = 1mH = 1x𝟏𝟎−𝟑 H ,
VL = 400∠𝟎 V, f= 50Hz U
VT
Zph = ? , IL = ? , Cos Φ =? , P = ?, Q=?,S =?
The phase consists of R in series with L Zph = R + j XL
XL = 2π fL = 2* 3.142* 50* 1x𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 0.314Ω
Zph = R + j XL = 100+j0.314 = 100∠𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟗Ω
In star connection : IL = Iph and VL = √3Vph
VL 400∠𝟎
• Vph = = = 230.94 ∠𝟎 V
√3 √3
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
𝑽𝒑𝒉 230.94∠𝟎
Iph= = = 2.3∠ − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟗 𝑨
𝒁𝒑𝒉 100∠𝟎.𝟏𝟕𝟗

C
N
I = I = 2.3∠ − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟗 𝑨

SY
L ph

Φ =0- (-0.179) = 0.179

U
VT
Cos Φ = Cos ( 0.179) = 0.99 lagging

P =√3 VL IL Cos Φ = √3*400*2.3 *0.99 = 1577.55 =1.5KW

Q =√3VLILsinΦ = √3 * 400*2.3* sin(0.179) = 4.978VAR,
S = √3 VL IL = √3 *400*2.3= 1593.48VA
Emerson Classification: Public
 4. A resistance of 50 ohms is connected in series with a capacitance of 150μF in each

.IN
phase of a 450V delta connected 50Hz three phase supply. Calculate capacitive

C
reactance (ii) impedance per phase (iii) line current and phase current (iv) power

N
factor (v) active power (vi) reactive power (vii) apparent power.

SY
• Given : R =50 Ω C = 150 μ F = 150 X𝟏𝟎−𝟔 F VL= 450∠𝟎
1
• XC = 1 / 2∏fC =
2 ∗∏∗50∗150∗𝟏𝟎U = 21.22 Ω
VT
−𝟔

• Z ph= R – j Xc =50-j21.22 = 54.31∠-22.99

• In Delta connection : VL = Vph and IL = √3Iph
•V = V 450∠𝟎
L ph =

V ph 450∠𝟎
• I ph = = 54.31∠−22.99 = 8.28 ∠22.99 A
Zph
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
IL = √3I = √3* 8.28∠𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟗 = 14.34 ∠𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟗 𝑨
ph

C
N
• Φ = 0-22.99 =-22.99

SY
• Cos Φ = cos ( -22.99) = 0.92 leading
U
VT
• P = √3 VL IL Cos Φ = √3* 450 * 14.34 *0.92 = 10282.76W =
10.28KW
• Q = √3 VL IL sin Φ = √3* 450 * 14.34 *sin(22.99) =
4365.37VAR
• S = √3 VL IL = √3 *450 * 14.34 = 11176.92VA

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
C
N
SY
U
VT
• Given:

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Emerson Classification: Public

 5. Arms of a 3-φ load consists of an inductor of 0.15H and a resistance

.IN
of 25Ω and capacitance of 120μF are connected series the supply

C
voltage is 415V, 50Hz ,the load is connected in delta. Calculate the line

N
current ,phase current, power and reactive power.

SY
• Given : R =25 Ω, L= 0.15 H ,C = 120 μ F = 120 X𝟏𝟎−𝟔 F , VL= 415∠𝟎 ,
f=50Hz
U
VT
• 𝑰𝑳 = ? 𝑰𝒑𝒉 = ? P= ? Q=?
The phase consists of R in series with L and C Zph = R + j XL -jXc
• XL = 2π fL = 2* 3.142* 50* 0.15= 47.13Ω
1
• XC = 1 / 2∏fC = = 26.56 Ω
2 ∗∏∗50∗120∗𝟏𝟎 −𝟔

• Zph = R + j XL –jXc = 25+ j47.13- j26.56

• Zph = 25+j20.57= 32.37∠𝟑𝟗. 𝟒𝟒 𝛀
Emerson Classification: Public
 In Delta connection : VL= Vphand IL = √3Iph

.IN
C
• V = V 415∠𝟎V

N
L ph =

SY
𝑽𝒑𝒉 415∠𝟎
• Iph= = = 12.81 ∠-39.44 A
32.37∠𝟑𝟗.𝟒𝟒 𝛀
𝒁𝒑𝒉
U
VT
• IL = √3I = √3* 12.81∠ − 𝟑𝟗. 𝟒𝟒 = 22.18 ∠ − 𝟑𝟗. 𝟒𝟒 𝑨
ph

• Φ= (0-(-39.44)) =39.44
• Cos Φ = cos ( 39.44) = 0.77 lagging
• P = √3 VL IL Cos Φ = √3* 415 * 22.18 *0.77= 12312.6W = 12.312KW
• Q = √3 VL IL sin Φ = √3* 415 * 22.18 *sin(39.44) = 10128.12VAR
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
Wattmeter

C
N
• A wattmeter is an instrument used to measure

SY
power in a AC circuit which has two coils such
as current and voltage coil.
U
• A current coil is connected in series and voltage
VT
coil is connected in parallel with the supply.
• The terminals of the Wattmeter are :
(i) Mains -M
(ii) Load- L
(iii) Common- C
(iv) Voltage –V

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
Determination of three phase power using Two wattmeter
method

C
N
• Consider a three phase Star connected load

SY
L M

U
VT

L M

• The W1 is connected between phase R and B

• The W2 is connected between phase Y and B
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
C
N
VB

SY
U
VT
VR
30
0

IR

IY -VB
VY VRB

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

• Hence the three phase power in star connection can be

measured by 2 wattmeter's

Emerson Classification: Public

Determination of three phase power using Two wattmeter method

.IN
C
• Consider a three phase delta connected load

N
SY
U R
VT
IRY
VRY IBR
B
Y
VYB IYB

The W1 is connected between phase R and B

The W2 is connected between phase Y and B
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
C
N
VBR IBR

SY
U
VT
VRY

IRY

IY
-VBR =VRB
IYB -IBR IR

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
Power Factor Expression

C
N
SY
U
VT

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
Power Factor Expression

C
N
SY
U
VT

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
Effect of Power factor on two wattmeter reading

C
N
SY
U
VT

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Emerson Classification: Public

Both reads same reading
 List of formulas

.IN
C
1. In star connection I = Iph and VL = √3Vph
L

N
2. In delta connection IL = √3Iph and VL = Vph

SY
3. P =√3 VL IL Cos Φ W or P= 3 Vph Iph Cos Φ
U
4. W1= VL IL Cos (30-φ) and W2= VL IL Cos (30+φ)
VT
5. P=W1+ W2 = √3 VL IL Cos Φ
6. (W1- W2) = VL IL Sin Φ
7. Q = √3 VL IL Sin Φ VAR
8. S = = √3 VL IL VA
9. Pf = cosφ =cos [tan -1 √3 (W1− W2)
(W1+ W2 )
][ ]
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
1. A balanced three phase star connected system draws power from 440V supply. The two
wattmeters connected indicate W1 = 5kW & W2 = 1.2kW. Calculate power, power factor &

C
current in the circuit.

N
• Given W1=5*𝟏𝟎𝟑 w and W2=1.2*𝟏𝟎𝟑 W VL=440 V P=? Pf=? IL

SY
=?

U
• P = W1 + W2 = (5+1.2 ) KW = 6.2KW,
VT

√3 (3.8∗ 𝟑)
• Pf = cosφ =cos [tan-1 [
√3 (W1− W2)
(W1+ W2 )
]
] =cos [tan-1[ 𝟏𝟎
(6.2∗𝟏𝟎𝟑 )
]]
=cos [ tan-1 [6.58/6.2] ]= 0.68
• P =√3 VL IL Cos Φ
• IL = √3 Cos Φ V = √3x 0.68 x𝟒𝟒𝟎 = 11.96A
P
L
6.2 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑
Emerson Classification: Public
2. Three similar coils each having resistance of10 ohm & a reactance of 8 ohms are

.IN
connected in star across a 400V, 3 phase supply. Determine the line current, total
power & readings of each of the two wattmeter's connected to measure the power.

C
N
• Given: R = 10Ω, XL =8Ω , Zph = 10+j8 = 12.08∠𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟓 Ω(star connected)
• 𝑽𝑳 =400∠𝟎

SY
𝑰𝑳 = ? P= ? W1=? W2=?
• In star connection : I = I and VL = √3V
L ph ph

•V =
VL 400∠𝟎 U
VT
ph = = 230.9 ∠𝟎 V
√3 √3

𝑽𝒑𝒉 230.9∠𝟎
• Iph= = = 19.11∠ − 𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟓 𝑨
𝒁𝒑𝒉 12.08∠𝟑𝟖.𝟔𝟓

I = I = 19.11∠ − 𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟓
L ph=

Φ=(0-(-38.65)) =38.65
P =√3 V I Cos Φ =P =√3 x400 X19.11x Cos (38.65) = 10339W
L L

W1= VL IL Cos (30-φ) = 400 X 19.11x cos(30-38.65)= 7557.05W

W2= VL IL Cos (30+φ)= 400 X 19.11x cos(30+38.65)= 2782.90W
Emerson Classification: Public
3. A 3phase delta connected balanced load consumes a power of 60KW

.IN
taking a lagging current of 200 A at a line voltage of 400V, 50Hz. Find
parameter of each phase.

C
• Given : P=60KW = 60 X𝟏𝟎−𝟑 , IL =200A(lagging) V= 400∠𝟎 𝑽 , f=50Hz

N
SY
• Zph=?
• P =√3 VL IL Cos Φ
Cos φ = = P
U 60 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑
= 0.433 and φ = 64.34˚
VT
√3ILV √3x 200
L x𝟒𝟎𝟎
Therefore V= 400∠𝟎 , IL =200∠ − 𝟔𝟒. 𝟑𝟒A (lagging )
In Delta connection : VL = Vph = 400∠𝟎 and IL = √3I ph

Iph=
𝑰𝑳
=
200∠−𝟔𝟒.𝟑𝟒 = 115.𝟒𝟕∠ − 𝟔𝟒. 𝟑𝟒𝑨
√3 √3
𝑽𝒑𝒉 400∠𝟎
Zph= = = 3.46∠𝟔𝟒. 𝟑𝟒 𝑨 = 1.49+ j3.11 =R+jXL
𝑰𝒑𝒉 115.𝟒𝟕∠−𝟔𝟒.𝟑𝟒𝑨
𝑿𝑳 𝟑.𝟏𝟏
R= 1.49 Ω XL=3.11Ω L= = = 9.9mH
𝟐π𝒇 𝟐𝒙𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟐𝒙 𝟓𝟎
Emerson Classification: Public
 .IN
C
N
The two wattmeters reading when pf is

SY
U
VT

Emerson Classification: Public

 .IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Emerson Classification: Public