SAMPLE QUESTION FOR CLASS 12TH
CHAPTER 1 (SOLUTION)
Q.1 If Kf for water is 1.86 Kkgmol-1 what is the freezing point of 0.1 molal solution of a
substance which undergoes no dissociation or association of solute?
Q.2 Give two examples each of a solution:
a. Showing positive deviation from Raoult’s Law.
b. Showing negative deviation from Raoult’s Law.
Q.3 Given reason for the following: –
a. Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water.
b. To avoid bends scuba divers use air diluted with helium.
c. Cold drinks bottles are sealed under high pressure of CO2
Q.4 For a dilute solution containing 2.5 g of a non-volatile non-electrolyte solute in 100 g of
water, the elevation in boiling point at 1 atm pressure is 20C. Assuming concentration of
solute is much lower than the concentration of solvent, determine the vapor pressure
(mm of Hg) of the solution.
Q.5 15.0 g of an unknown molecular substance was dissolved in 450 g of water. The resulting
solution was fund to freeze at -0.340C. What is the molar mass of this substance? (Kf for
water =1.86 Kkg mol-1).
Q.6 a. What are ideal solutions? Write two examples
b. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving
1.0g of polymer of molar mass 185000 in 450 ml of water at 370C.
Q.7 a. Describe a method of determining molar mass of a non - volatile solute from vapour
pressure lowering.
b. How much urea (mol. mass 60 g/mol) must be dissolved in 50g of water so that the
vapour pressure at the room temperature is reduced by 25%? Also calculate the molality
of the solution obtained.
Q.8 2g of C6H5COOH dissolved in 25g of benzene shows depression in freezing point equal
to 1.62K. Molar freezing point depression constant for benzene is 4.46Kk gmol-1. What
is the percentage association of acid if it forms a dimer in solution?
Q.9 a. State Henry’s Law.
b. If is bubbled through water at 393 K, how many millimoles of O2 gas would be
dissolved in 1L of water? Assume that O2 exerts a pressure of 0.95 bar. (Given KH for O2
= 46.82 bar at 393K).
Q. 10 Define azeotropes with one example of each type.
a. Minimum Boiling Azeotropes
b. Maximum Boiling Azeotropes
CHAPTER 2 (ELECTROCHEMISTRY)
Q.1 Determine the values of equilibrium constant (Kc) and ΔG° for the following reaction:
Ni(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Ni2+ (aq) + 2Ag(s) E° = 1.05 V (1F = 96500 C mol-1)
Q.2 A zinc rod is dipped in 0.1 M solution of ZnSO4. The salt is 95% dissociated at this
dilution at 298 K. Calculate the electrode potential.
[ E°Zn2+ /Zn = – 0.76 V]
Q.3 State Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Why does the conductivity of a
solution decrease with dilution?
Q.4 From the given cells: Lead storage cell, Mercury cell, Fuel cell and Dry cell
Answer the following:
a. Which cell is used in hearing aids?
b. Which cell was used in Apollo Space Programme?
c. Which cell is used in automobiles and inverters?
d. Which cell does not have long life?
Q.5 Calculate the degree of dissociation (a) of acetic acid if its molar conductivity (Λm) is
39.05 S cm2 mol-1.
Given: λ°(H+) = 349.6 S cm2 mol-1 and λ°(CH3COO–) = 40.9 S cm2 mol-1
Q.6 The conductivity of 0.20 M solution of KCl at 298 K is 0.025 S cm-1. Calculate its molar
conductivity.
Q.7 Define conductivity and molar conductivity for the solution of an electrolyte. Discuss
their Variation with change in temperature.
Q.8 Calculate the time to deposit 1.27 g of copper at cathode when a current of 2A was
passed through the solution of CuSO4.
Q.9 Silver is uniformly electro-deposited on a metallic vessel of surface area of 900 cm2 by
passing a current of 0.5 ampere for 2 hours. Calculate the thickness of silver deposited.
[Given: the density of silver is 10.5 g cm-3 and atomic mass of Ag = 108 amu.]
Q.10 Conductivity of 2.5×10-4 M methanoic acid is 5.25×10-5 S [Link] its molar
conductivity and degree of dissociation.
Given: λ0(H+) = 349.5 Scm2 mol-1 and λ0(HCOO–) = 50.5 Scm2 mol-1.
Q.11 a. Define molar conductivity of a substance and describe how for weak and strong
electrolytes, molar conductivity changes with concentration of solute. How is such change
explained?
Q.12 (a) What type of a cell is the lead storage battery? Write the anode and the cathode
reactions and the overall reaction occurring in a lead storage battery while operating.
Q.13 Write the name of the cell which is generally used in transistors. Write the reactions
taking place at the anode and the cathode of this cell.
Q.14 Write the name of the cell which is generally used in hearing aids. Write the reactions
taking place at the anode and the cathode of this cell.
Q.15 (a) What are fuel cells? Explain the electrode reactions involved in the working of H2 –
O2 fuel cell.
Q.16 Define molar conductivity of a solution and explain how molar conductivity changes
with change in concentration of solution for a weak and a strong electrolyte.
CHAPTER 3 (CHEMICALKINETICS)
Q.1 Express the rate of the following reaction in terms of the formation of ammonia :
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
Q.2 For a first order reaction, show that time required for 99% completion is twice the time
required for completion of 90% reaction.
Q.3 For a reaction R → P, half-life (t1/2) is observed to be independent of the initial
concentration of reactants. What is the order of reaction?
Q.4 (a) Explain the following terms:
1. Order of a reaction 2. Molecularity of a reaction
(b) The rate of a reaction increase s four times when the temperature changes from 300 K
to 320 K. Calculate the energy of activation of the reaction, assuming that it does not
change with temperature. (R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1)
Q.5 A reaction is of first order in reactant A and of second order in reactant B. How is the rate
of this reaction affected when
a. the concentration of B alone is increased to three times
b. the concentrations of A as well as B are doubled?
Q.6 The rate constant for a reaction of zero order in A is 0.0030 mol L-1s-1. How long will it
take for the initial concentration of A to fall from 0.10 M to 0.075 M?
Q.7 What do you understand by the rate law and rate constant of a reaction? Identify the
order of a reaction if the units of its rate constant are:
a. L-1 mol s-1 b. L mol-1 s-1
Q.8 The thermal decomposition of HCO2H is a first order reaction with a rate constant of 2.4
×10-3s-1 at a certain temperature. Calculate how long will it take for three-fourths of initial
quantity of HCO2 H to decompose. (log 0.25 = -0.6021)
Q.9 A reaction is of second order with respect to a reactant. How is its rate affected if the
concentration of the reactant is a. doubled b. reduced to half?
Q.10 Nitrogen pentoxide decomposes according to equation:
2N2O5(g) → 4 NO2(g) + O2(g).
This first order reaction was allowed to proceed at 40°C and the data below were
collected:
-5[N2OJ (M) Time (min)
0.400 0.00
0.289 20.0
0.209 40.0
0.151 60.0
0.109 80.0
a. Calculate the rate constant. Include units with your answer.
b. What will be the concentration of N2O5 after 100 minutes?
c. Calculate the initial rate of reaction.
CHAPTER 4 (d AND f BLOCK ELEMENT)
Q.1 Explain the following observations :
a. Transition elements generally form coloured compounds.
b. Zinc is not regarded as a transition element.
Q.2 a. Generally there is an increase in density of elements from titanium (Z = 22) to copper
(Z = 29) in the first series of transition elements.
b. Transition elements and their compounds are generally found to be good catalysts in
chemical reactions.
Q.3 a. Copper (I) ion is not known in aqueous solution.
b. Actinoids exhibit greater range of oxidation states than lanthanoids.
Q.4 Assign reasons for each of the following:
a. Which metal in the first transition series (3d series) exhibits +1 oxidation state most
frequency and why?
b. Manganese exhibits the highest oxidation state of +7 among the 3d series of transition
elements
Q.5 How would you account for the following :
a. Cr2+ is reducing in nature while with the same d-orbital configuration (d4) Mn3+ is an
oxidising agent.
b. In a transition series of metals, the metal which exhibits the greatest number of oxidation
states occurs in the middle of the series.
Q.6 Complete the following chemical equations:
a. MnO4 (aq) + S2O32- (aq) + H2O (1) →
b. Cr2O72- (aq) + Fe2+ (aq) + H+ (aq) →
Q.7 What is Lanthanoid contraction? What are its two consequences?
Q.8 What is meant by ‘disproportionation’? Give an example of a disproportionation reaction
in aqueous solution.
Q.9 Describe the preparation of potassium permanganate. How does the acidified
permanganate solution react with oxalic acid? Write the ionic equations for the reactions.
Q.10 Describe the oxidising action of potassium dichromate and write the ionic equations for
its reaction with a. iodine b. H2S
CHAPTER 5 (CO- ORDINATION COMPOUND)
Q.1 What is the IUPAC name of the complex
A. [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2? B. [CO(NH3)6]3+
Q.2 Describe the shape and magnetic behaviour of following complexes:
a. [CO(NH3)6]3+ b. [Ni(CN)4]2- (At. No. Co = 27, Ni = 28)
Q.3 [Fe(H2O)6] is strongly paramagnetic whereas [Fe(CN)6]3- is weakly paramagnetic.
3+
Explain. (At. no. Fe = 26)
Q.4 Explain why [Co(NH3)6]3+ is an inner orbital complex whereas [Ni(NH3)6]2+ is an outer
orbital complex. (At. no. Co = 27, Ni = 28)
Q.5 Write the IUPAC name of the complex [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+.What type of isomerism does it
exhibit?
Q.6 Give an example of linkage, coordination of ionization isomerism.
Q.7 [Fe(H2O)6]3+ is strongly paramagnetic whereas [Fe(CN)6]3- is weakly paramagnetic.
Explain.
Q.8 For the complex [Fe(en)2Cl2],Cl, (en = ethylene diamine), identify
a. the oxidation number of iron, b. the hybrid orbitals and the shape of the complex,
c. the magnetic behaviour of the complex d. the number of geometrical isomers,
e. whether there is an optical isomer also, and
f. name of the complex. (At. no. of Fe = 26)
Q.9 Compare the following complexes with respect to their shape, magnetic behaviour and
the hybrid orbitals involved:
a. [CoF4]2- b.[Cr(H2O)2(C2O4)2]– c.[Ni(CO)4] (Atomic no:Co = 27,Cr = 24,Ni = 28)
Q.10 Giving a suitable example for each, explain the following:
a. Crystal field splitting b. Linkage isomerism c. Ambidentate ligand
CHAPTER 6 (HALOALKANE AND HALOARENE)
Q.1 Arrange the following in increasing order of boiling point:
a. CH3CH2CH2CH2Br b. (CH3)[Link] c. (CH3)[Link]
Q.2 a. Write the IUPAC name of (CH3)[Link](Cl)CH3.
b. Draw the structure of 2-bromopentane.
Q.3 a. Predict the order of reactivity of the following compounds in SN1 reaction :
C6H5CH2Br, C6H5C(CH3) (C6H5)Br, C6H5CH(C6H5)Br, C6H5CH(CH3)Br
b. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of reactivity towards SN2
displacement:
2-Bromo-2-Methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane, 2-Bromopentane
Q.4 How are the following conversions carried out?
a. Benzyl chloride to benzyl alcohol,
[Link] magnesium bromide to 2-methyl- propan-2-ol.
Q.5 a. Chlorobenzene is extremely less reactive towards a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
Give two reasons for the same.
b. Haloalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution whereas haloarenes undergo electrophilic
substitution. Explain.
Q.6 What happens when
a. Chlorobenzene is treated with Cl2/FeCl3,
b. Ethyl chloride is treated with AgNO2,
c. 2-bromopentane is treated with alcoholic KOH?
Write the chemical equations in support of your answer.
Q.7 Explain why:
a. The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
b. Alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water.
c. The C – Cl bond length in chlorobenzene is shorter than that in CH3 – Cl.
Q.8 Write the equations for the preparation of 1-bromobutane from :
a. 1-butanol b. but-l-ene
Q.9 Give reasons:
a. n-Butyl bromide has higher boiling point than t-butyl bromide.
b. Racemic mixture is optically inactive.
c. The presence of nitro group (-NO2) at o/p positions increases the reactivity of haloarenes
towards nucleophilic substitution reactions
Q.10 How can the following conversions be carried out :
a. Aniline to bromobenzene b. Chlorobenzene to 2-chloroacetophenone
c. Chloroethane to butane
CHAPTER 7 (ALCOHOL, PHENOL AND ETHER)
Q.1 Give the IUPAC name of the following compounds:
A. B.
Q.2 a. The C-O bond is much shorter in phenol than in ethanol. Give reason.
b. Ortho nitrophenol has lower boiling point than [Link]?
Q.3 Explain the following reactions with an example for each:
a. Reimer-Tiemann reaction b. Friedel-Crafts reaction.
Q.4 How would you obtain
a. Ethane-1, 2-diol from ethanol? b. Acetophenone from phenol?
Q.5 a. What happens when phenol is oxidized by Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4?
b. What happens when phenol is heated with zinc dust?
Q.6 Illustrate the following reactions giving a chemical equation for each:
a. Kolbe’s reaction b. Williamsons synthesis of an ether
Q.7 How are the following conversions carried out?
a. Propene to propan-2-ol b. Ethyl magnesium chloride to propan-1-ol.
Q.8 Explain the following giving one example for each:
a. Hydroboration oxidation reaction b. Friedel-Craft’s acetylation of anisole.
Q.9 a. Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their acid strength: p-
cresol, p-nitrophenol, phenol
b. Write the mechanism (using curved arrow notation) of the following reaction:
Q.10 Write the mechanism of the following reaction:
CHAPTER 8 (ALDEHYDE, KETONE AND CARBOXYLIC ACID)
Q.1 a. Draw the structure of 4-chloropentan-2-one.
b. Draw the structure of 1-phenylpentan- 1-one.
Q.2 a. Arrange the following compounds in an increasing order of their reactivity in
nucleophilic addition reactions : ethanal, propanal, propanone, butanone
b. Rearrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their boiling points:
CH3 — CHO, CH3 — CH2 — OH, CH3 — CH2— CH3
Q.3 Write the equations involved in the following reactions:
a. Wolff-Kishner reduction b. Etard reaction c. Cannizzaro reaction
Q.4 Write structures of compounds A, B and C in each of the following reactions:
SnCl2/HCl [Link]
CH3CN A B C
Q.5 Describe how the following conversions can be brought about:
a. Cyclohexanol to cyclohexan-1-one b. Ethylbenzene to benzoic acid
c. Bromobenzene to benzoic acid
Q.6 Give chemical tests to distinguish between
a. Propanal and Propanone, b. Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone.
Q.7 A. Illustrate the following name reactions :
a. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction b. Wolff-Kishner reduction reaction
B. How are the following conversions carried out:
a. Ethyl cyanide to ethanoic acid b. Butan-l-ol to butanoic acid
c. Methylbenzene to benzoic acid.
Q.8 (a) An organic compound ‘A’ with molecular formula C8H8O forms an orange red
precipitate with 2,4-DNP reagent and gives yellow precipitate on heating with I2 and
NaOH. It neither reduces Tollen’s reagent nor Fehling’s reagent nor does it decolourize
bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent. On drastic oxidation with chromic acid, it gives a
carboxylic acid ‘W having molecular formula C7H6O2. Identify the compounds ‘A’ and ‘B’
and explain the reactions involved.
Q.9 Give reasons:
a. Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones towards nucleophilic reagents.
b. Electrophilic substitution in benzoic acid takes place at meta position.
c. Carboxylic acids do not give the characteristic reactions of carbonyl group.
Q.10 Account for the following:
a. CH3CHO is more reactive than CH3COCH3 towards reaction with HCN.
b. Carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol.
CHAPTER 9 (AMINES)
Q.1 Why is an alkylamine more basic than ammonia?
Q.2 Arrange the following compounds in an increasing order of basic strengths in their
aqueous solutions: NH3, CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N
Q.3 An aromatic compound ‘A’ of molecular formula C7H6O3 undergoes a series of reactions
as shown below. Write the structures of A, B, C, D and E in the following reactions:
Q.4 a. Arrange the following compounds in an increasing order of basic strength:
C6H5NH2, C6H5N(CH3)2, (C2H5)2NH and CH3NH2
b. Arrange the following compounds in a decreasing order of pKb values:
C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NH and C6H5NH
Q.5 Out of CH3—NH2 and (CH3)3N, which one has higher boiling point?
Q.6 Describe the following giving the relevant chemical equation in each case :
a. Carbylamine reaction b. Hofmann’s bromamide reaction
Q.7 How are the following conversions carried out:
a. Aniline to p-hydroxyazobenzene b. Ethanoyl chloride to Ethanenitrile.
Q.8 Give reasons for the following:
a. Acetylation of aniline reduces its activation effect.
b. CH3NH2 is more basic than C6H5NH2.
c. Although —NH2 is o/p directing group, yet aniline on nitration gives a significant
amount of m-nitroaniline.
Q.9 Complete the following reaction equations:
a. C6H5Cl + CH3COCl →
b. C2H5NH2 + C6H5SO2Cl →
c. C2H5NH2 + HNO2 →
Q.10 Account for the following :
a. Primary amines (R-NH2) have higher boiling point than tertiary amines (R3N).
b. Aniline does not undergo Friedel – Crafts reaction
c. (CH3)2NH is more basic than (CH3)3N in an aqueous solution.
CHAPTER 10 (BIOMOLECULES)
Q.1 a. Write the structure of the product obtained when glucose is oxidised with nitric acid.
b. Write a reaction which shows that all the carbon atoms in glucose are linked in a straight
chain.
Q.2 Which component of starch is a branched polymer of a-glucose and insoluble in water?
Q.3 Write the products of hydrolysis of lactose.
Q.4 a. What is a glycosidic linkage?
b. What are three types of RNA molecules which perform different functions?
Q.5 Differentiate between fibrous proteins and globular proteins. What is meant by the
denaturation of a protein?
Q.6 a. What are essential and non-essential amino acids? Give two examples of each type.
b. What are the hydrolysis products of sucrose?
Q.7 a. Write the structural and functional differences between DNA and RNA
b. Name two components of starch.
Q.8 a. Which one of the following is a polysaccharide:
Starch, Maltose, Fructose, Glucose?
b. What one difference between a-helix and P-pleated sheet structure of protein.
c. Write the name of the disease caused by the deficiency of Vitamin B12.
Q.9 a. What type of linkage is present in disaccharides?
b. Write one source and deficiency disease of vitamin B12.
Q.10 a. What type of linkage is present in proteins?
b. Give one example each of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins.
c. Draw pyranose structure of glucose.