HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
LESSON 5: ROAD MATERIALS RCU
Road Materials AGGREGATE FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
AGGREGATES ▪ The bituminous pavement is a combination of mineral
aggregate and bituminous binders.
▪ In building and construction, material used for mixing with
cement, bitumen, lime and other adhesive to form concrete ▪ Mineral aggregate gives pavement strength, durability,
or mortar. resistance to wear and tear from traffic and weather.
▪ Aggregates creates strength and durability ▪ Bituminous binders holds the aggregates together,
providing flexibility and preventing cracking.
TWO CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
AGGREGATE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE
Fine Aggregates PAVEMENT
▪ Consist of sand, crushed stones or crushed slags.
ORGANIC IMPURITIES
Coarse Aggregate
▪ Consist of gravel(pebbles)fragments of broken stone, slag ▪ Under AASHTO T-21 standard test, the aggregate is
and other coarse substances treated with a mixture of Sodium Hydrau chloride solution
and when the treated aggregate turns dark, organic
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGGREGATES materials are said to present in he aggregate.
Granite Aggregates STRENGTH OF FINE AGGREGATE
▪ It comes in a variety of shades, like grey, red and pink.
▪ is measured by the compression tests of sand cement
Limestone Aggregates mortar.
▪ This type of aggregate is one of the most commonly used
in railroad construction and reinforced concrete aside from SOUNDNESS OF FINE AGGREGATE
granite and gravel.
▪ is measured by their resistance to deterioration under the
Gravel/Ballast Aggregates action of solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate.
▪ Are sourced by sifting quarried rock.
Department of Public Works and Highways standard
AGGREGATES, IN ORDER TO BE CLASSIFIED AS GOOD specifications classify aggregate under item 703, and
QUALITY, MUST UNDERGO VARIOUS TEST SUCH AS: specifically provides that:
Test for Strength 1. Aggregate shall consist of hard, durable particles
▪ The criterion for aggregate strength test is the Los Angeles of fragments of crushed stone, crushed slug or
Rattler Test(AASHTO T-96). crushed or natural gravel.
2. Coarse Aggregate is the material retained on the
Test for Soundness 2.00 mm (No.10) sieve and shall have a percentage
▪ Refers to the resistance of the materials to deterioration of water not more than 50 for sub-base and not
from the effects of action like freezing and thawing. more than 45 for base and surface courses as
determined by AASHTO designation test T-96.
3. Fine Aggregate is the material passing the No.10
Test for Affinity and Swell
sieve (2.00 mm) consisting of natural, crushed sand
▪ A strong and durable pavement must have binder which
and fine mineral particles.
adhere or stick firmly to the aggregate particles. 4. For Base Course The fraction passing the 0.425
▪ Affinity is the bond between binder and aggregates. mm (No.40) sieve shall have a liquid limit of not
▪ Swell checks how the aggregates respond to water. more than 25 and a Plastic Index (PI) not greater
Shape and Texture of Aggregates than 6.
▪ A relatively rounded smooth aggregate particle like natural 5. For Surface Course The fraction passing the 0.425
gravel is recommended for Portland cement concrete mm (No.40) sieve shall have a liquid limit not more
than 35 and a Plasticity Index not less than 4 nor
pavement because the mixture is workable.
exceed 9.
Test for Resistance to Polishing Higher Liquid Limit = weaken the base course material
▪ One good criterion for pavement design is the high
coefficient of friction between the tire and the road surface. Lower Plastic Index = more stable.
HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
LESSON 5: ROAD MATERIALS RCU
MINERAL FILLER THE DPWH SPECIFICATIONS CLASSIFY BITUMINOUS
TACK COAT UNDER ITEM 302 WHICH PROVIDES THAT:
▪ The strength of the road pavement will be increased if the
dust additives which dense the graded mixture is added. 1. Bituminous materials shall be either Rapid Curing
Cut Back of Emulsified asphalt.
DUST ADDITIVE IS CLASSIFIED INTO: 2. Tack coat shall be applied only to dry surfaces or
slightly moist. No tack coat shall be applied when
1. Finely powdered limestone the weather is either foggy rainy.
2. Slag 3. Immediately prior to the application of the tack coat,
3. Hydrated lime the road surface shall be slightly sprayed with water
4. Portland cement but not to be saturated.
5. Trap rock dust 4. The rate of application of either the Rapid Curing
6. Fly Ash cut back or emulsified is within the range of 0.2 to
0.7 liter per sq.m.
BITUMINOUS MATERIALS 5. Tack coat shall be sprayed only as far in advance
on the surface course as will permit it to dry in a
▪ Bituminous Material or Asphalt is a viscous liquid used as a tacky condition.
binder for aggregates in road construction. It is in a liquid
form when mixed or combined with aggregates. Bitumen-Rubber Mixture
BITUMINOUS BINDERS ▪ An appraisal of the real economic value of the addition of
rubber to asphalt must wait on further observation of the
Asphalt cement behaviour of experimental pavements under influence of
▪ is used as binder for almost all high types of bituminous age, weather and traffic.
pavement and is also a semi solid hydrocarbons retained
after fuel and lubricating oils are removed from petroleum. Epoxy Resin as Binders
The softest grade use for pavement is the 200-300
penetration and the hardest is the 60-70 penetration. ▪ Epoxy binders are produced in a clear, dark, rigid and
flexible forms for application to either concrete or asphalt
CUTBACK OR LIQUID ASPHALT pavement.
▪ The liquid asphalt is a petroleum product consisting of PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH BITUMINOUS BINDERS
asphalt cement with a liquid distillate (diesel, kerosene or
gasoline). The less viscous asphalt contains up to 50% 1. The thickness of asphalt film in the pavement
diluent and the more viscous contains diluent as little as ranges from 0.005 to 0.010 mm. Test results
15%. showed that the thicker the asphalt film, the lesser
is the process of aging.
▪ The use of cutback is being frowned on for two reasons: a. 2. Mixtures that are too dry, cracks and breaks
It is a usable fuel. b. It is an air pollutant. easily.
3. Higher asphalt content and lower percentage of
▪ Cutback or liquid asphalt is classified into: a. Slow Curing voids may cause instability of the pavement.
(SC) road soils. b. Medium Curing (MC) cutback asphalt. 4. Improper construction procedures can age
asphalt prematurely.
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT 5. Storing the mixed materials for an extended period
of mixing temperature produces a substantial
▪ is a kind of mixtures wherein the minute globules of asphalt reduction of asphalt penetration.
disperses in water. 6. Climatic conditions can seriously affect the
behaviour of asphalt binder.
OXIDIZED ASPHALT AND ROAD TAR 7. Different brand or source has variability in
behaviour. The viscosity of some asphalts varies
▪ is suitable only for roofing and similar applications. with temperature from that of others.
8. An asphalt meeting a specified penetration
ROAD TAR requirement at 77F but with high viscosity
temperature will become hard and brittle at lower
▪ is a by-product of distillation process of coal. Tars are temperature.
produced from gashouse coal tar; cook oven tars and water
tar.
HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING
LESSON 5: ROAD MATERIALS RCU
BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT SEAL COAT AND RETREATED
▪ The bituminous pavement is a combination of mineral ▪ It is the application of asphalt binder to a pavement surface
aggregates and bituminous binders. covered with aggregate.
QUALITIES OF AN ASPHALT ROAD ARMOR COAT
1. The surface must be free from cracks or raveling ▪ It is a surface treatment using a thin bituminous binder
due to shrinkage and fatigue failure. covered by mineral aggregate applied to an earth, gravel or
2. It must withstand weather conditions, including water bound macadam surface or to stabilize the base.
the effects of surface water, heat, cold, and
oxidation. PRIME COAT OR TACK COAT
3. It must be resistant to internal moisture, such as
water vapor. ▪ Its purpose to plug the capillary voids in the pavement in
4. It must possess a tight or porous impermeable order to stop the upward movement of moisture and to
surface, as the case may be, suitable for the improve the adhesion between the base and the surface
underlying base or sub-base. course.
5. It must be a smooth riding and skid-free surface.
COLD LAID ASPHALT
ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
▪ Cold laid asphalt is a mixture containing coarse and fine
▪ The term asphalt concrete refers to a dense graded road aggregates and liquid asphalt or emulsion.
surface made of hot mineral aggregate plant mixed with
hot asphalt normally laid at a high temperature of about SLURRY SEALS
275F to 300F.
▪ It is a combination of sand, crushed stone, emulsified
BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT FAILURE asphalt and water.
▪ Are caused by excessive loads creating deflection on
the road surface with insufficient underlying layer
strength.
THE MACADAM ASPHALT MAT
▪ The bituminous Macadam Road has large amount of voids
in the lower part of the aggregate layers. The Bituminous
Macadam base of surface is composed of three layers of
progressively smaller, clean, sharp angular stones
binded with asphalts.
SURFACE TREATMENT
▪ The road surface treatment is a method applied to
upgrade an untreated surface and to rejuvenate an
existing pavement.
Dust palliatives
▪ It is a surface treatment or application of asphalt to control
dust and fine sand along the highway.
SHEET ASPHALT
▪ It is a mixture of sand fillers and asphalt cement. It is about
1-1/2" thick cover asphalt concrete or slab of Portland
cement concrete.