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Internal and External Division Theorems

The document presents theorems on internal and external division of a line segment defined by two points A and B. It provides proofs for the positions of points that divide the segment in specified ratios, along with formulas for calculating the coordinates of these points. Additionally, it notes the midpoint formula and discusses the centroid of a triangle and tetrahedron in relation to these divisions.

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krishnapatil9911
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46 views2 pages

Internal and External Division Theorems

The document presents theorems on internal and external division of a line segment defined by two points A and B. It provides proofs for the positions of points that divide the segment in specified ratios, along with formulas for calculating the coordinates of these points. Additionally, it notes the midpoint formula and discusses the centroid of a triangle and tetrahedron in relation to these divisions.

Uploaded by

krishnapatil9911
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Theorem :- (Internal division)

Let 𝐴(𝑎) and 𝐵(𝑏) be any two points in the space and 𝑅(𝑟̅ ) be a point on the
line segment 𝐴𝐵 dividing it internally in the ratio 𝑚 ∶ 𝑛 then 𝑟̅ =
Proof :- As R is a point on the line segment AB (A-R-B) and
𝐴𝑅 and 𝑅𝐵 are in same direction.

= ,

So, 𝑛(𝐴𝑅) = 𝑚(𝑅𝐵)


As 𝑚𝑅𝐵 and 𝑛𝐴𝑅 have same direction and magnitude,
∴ 𝑚 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑛 𝐴𝑅
∴ 𝑚 (𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝑅 ) = 𝑛 (𝑂𝑅 − 𝑂𝐴)
∴ 𝑚 𝑏 − 𝑟̅ = 𝑛 (𝑟̅ − 𝑎)
∴ 𝑚𝑏 − 𝑚𝑟̅ = 𝑛𝑟̅ − 𝑛𝑎
∴ 𝑚𝑏 + 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑚𝑟̅ + 𝑛𝑟̅ = (𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑟̅

∴ 𝑟̅ =
Theorem :- (External Division )
Let 𝑨(𝒂) and 𝑩(𝒃) be any two points in the space and 𝑹(𝒓) be a point on the
𝒎𝒃 𝒏𝒂
line segment 𝑨𝑩 dividing it externally in the ratio 𝒎 ∶ 𝒏 then 𝒓 =
𝒎 𝒏
Proof:- As the point R divides the line segment AB externally, (𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝑅 or 𝑅 − 𝐴 − 𝐵)
Assume that 𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝑅 and 𝐴𝑅 ∶ 𝐵𝑅 = 𝑚 ∶ 𝑛

∴ =
𝑛(𝐴𝑅) = 𝑚(𝐵𝑅 )
As, 𝑛(𝐴𝑅 ) and 𝑚(𝐵𝑅 ) have same magnitude and direction
∴ 𝑛 𝐴𝑅 = 𝑚 𝐵𝑅
∴ 𝑛 (𝑟̅ − 𝑎) = 𝑚 𝑟̅ − 𝑏
∴ 𝑛𝑟̅ − 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑚𝑟̅ − 𝑚𝑏
∴ 𝑚𝑏 − 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑚𝑟̅ − 𝑛𝑟̅
𝑟 = (𝑚 − 𝑛) 𝑟̅

∴ 𝑟̅ =
Note :-
1) Mid Point Formula :- If 𝑅(𝑟̅ ) is the mid-point of the line segment AB then

𝑚 = 𝑛 so 𝑚 ∶ 𝑛 = 1 ∶ 1, ∴ 𝑟̅ = .
2) Whenever the ratio in which point R divides the join of two points A and B is
required, it is convenient to take the ratio as 𝑘 ∶ 1.

Then, 𝑟̅ = if division is internal,

And 𝑟̅ = if division is external.

(2) In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , centroid G divides the medians internally in ratio 2 ∶ 1 and is given by
̅
𝑔̅ =

(3) In tetrahedron ABCD, centroid G divides the line joining the vertex of tetrahedron

to centroid of opposite triangle in the ratio 3 ∶ 1 is given by 𝑔̅ =

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